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  • MySQL 之 数据操作及单表查询

    1、数据操作

    (1)insert 增加数据

    1. 插入完整数据(顺序插入)
        语法一:
        INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);
    
        语法二:
        INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);
    
    2. 指定字段插入数据
        语法:
        INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);
    
    3. 插入多条记录
        语法:
        INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n);
            
    4. 插入查询结果
        语法:
        INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n)
                        SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2
                        WHERE …;
    

    (2)delete 删除数据

    语法:
        DELETE FROM 表名  WHERE CONITION;
    
    示例:
        DELETE FROM mysql.user 
            WHERE password=’’;
    

    (3)update 修改数据

    语法:
        UPDATE 表名 SET 字段1=值1, 字段2=值2  WHERE CONDITION;
    
    示例:
        UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’) 
            where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;
    

    (4)select 查询数据

    语法
    SELECT DISTINCT FROM 表名;
    

    2、单表查询

    单表查询的语法
    SELECT DISTINCT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                                  WHERE 条件
                                  GROUP BY field
                                  HAVING 筛选
                                  ORDER BY field
                                  LIMIT 限制条数;
                        
    单表查询的关键字执行的优先级
        from
        where
        group by
        select
        distinct
        having
        order by
        limit
        
    单表查询的执行过程
        1.找到表:from
        2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录
        3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组
        4.执行select(也可以distinct去重)
        5.将分组的结果进行having过滤
        6.将结果按条件排序:order by
        7.限制结果的显示条数
    

    (1)前期建数据库和表

    # 建表和数据准备
      # 创建表
    create table employee(
    id int not null unique auto_increment,
    emp_name varchar(20) not null,
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
    age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
    hire_date date not null,
    post varchar(50),
    post_comment varchar(100),
    salary double(15,2),
    office int, #一个部门一个屋子
    depart_id int
    );
    
      # 插入记录
    insert into employee(emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
    #以下是教学部
    ('cai','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
    ('liu','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
    ('ling','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
    ('yongliang','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
    ('marry','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
    ('tom','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
    ('liangliang','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
    #以下是销售部门
    ('阿哥','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),
    ('丫头','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
    ('小丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
    ('月亮','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
    ('太阳','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
    #以下是运营部门
    ('老才','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), 
    ('老李','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
    ('老王','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
    ('老德','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
    ('老赵','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
    ;
    

    (2)简单查询

    # 查看表中所有
    select * from 表;   
    # 指定列查询
    select emp_name,salary from employee;
    # 在列中使用四则运算
    select emp_name,salary*12 from employee;
    # 重命名
    select emp_name,salary*12 as annul_salary from employee;
    select emp_name,salary*12 annul_salary from employee;
    # 去重 distinct
    select distinct post from employee;
    select distinct sex,post from employee;
    # 定义显示格式
     concat()函数     # 用于拼接字符串
    select concat('姓名 :',emp_name),concat('年薪:',salary*12) from employee;
     concat_ws()函数  第一个参数为分隔符
    select concat_ws('|','a','b','c');
    # 条件判断
    case when语句 == if条件判断句
    select
           (
               case
               when emp_name = 'cai' then
                   emp_name
               when emp_name = 'liu' then
                   CONCAT(emp_name,'_haha')
               else
                   concat(emp_name, 'hehe')
               end
           ) as new_name
       from
           employee;
    

    (3)根据条件筛选行 where

    # 比较运算 = > < >= <= !=/<>
    select * from employee where age>18;
    select * from employee where salary<10000;
    select * from employee where salary=20000;
    # between 在一个范围内;  between a and b    #[a,b]
    select * from employee where salary between 10000 and 20000;
    # in集合查询 ; in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
    select * from employee where salary in (17000,19000);
    # like 模糊查询
       # _ 通配符  表示一个字符长度的任意内容
    select * from employee where emp_name like 'c__';
       # % 通配符  表示任意字符长度的任意内容
    select * from employee where emp_name like 'c%';
    select * from employee where emp_name like '%u';
    select * from employee where emp_name like '%a%';
    # regexp 正则匹配
    select * from employee where emp_name regexp '^cai';
    

    (4)逻辑运算 and or not

    # and
    	select * from employee where age>18 and post='teacher';
    # or
    	select * from employee where salary<10000 or salary>30000;
    # not
    	select * from employee where salary not in (10000,17000,18000);
    

    (5)关于 null

    # 关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
      # 查看岗位描述为NULL的员工信息
    select * from employee where post_comment is null;
      # 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
    select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
    

    (6)5个聚合函数

    ​ 强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组

    count     # 统计次数
    max		  # 求最大值
    min		  # 求最小值
    avg		  # 求平均值
    sum 	  # 求和
    

    (7)分组聚合 group by

    ​ 如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义

    ​ 多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据

    # 单独使用group by关键字分组
        select post from employee group by post;
        #注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数
    
    #group by关键字和group_concat()函数一起使用
      #按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
       select post,group_concat(emp_name) from employee group by post;
       select post,group_concat(emp_name) as emp_members from employee group by post;
    
    # group by与聚合函数一起使用
       #按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
        select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;
       # 查询各部门年龄在20岁以上的人的平均薪资
    	select post,avg(salary) from employee where age>20 group by post;
    

    (8)过滤 having (group by + 聚合函数)

    # having与where不一样的地方在于:
    	执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having 
    	1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
    	2. having发生在分组group by之后,因而having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
    
    
    # 查询平均薪资大于1w的部门
    select avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
    # 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
    select post,group_concat(emp_name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;
    # 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
    select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
    # 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
    select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) between 10000 and 20000;
    

    (9)排序 order by

    # 升序  asc (默认升序)
    select * from employee order by salary;
    select * from employee order by salary asc;
    # 降序  desc 
    select * from employee order by salary desc;
    
    # 按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
    select * from employee order by age,salary;
    select * from employee order by age,salary desc;
    select * from employee order by age desc,salary;
    

    (10)限制查询的记录数 limit

    # 取前n条
    select * from 表 order by 列 limit n; 
    # 从m+1开始,取n条
    select * from 表 order by 列 limit m,n; 
    # 从m+1开始,取n条
    select * from 表 order by 列 limit n offset m; 
    

    小结: select * from 表 where 条件 group by 分组 having 过滤 order by 排序 limit n;

    3、在命令提示符窗口中遇到的编码问题解决方法:

    1.临时解决问题 在客户端执行 set xxxx = utf8;
    2.永久解决问题 在my.ini添加 set xxxx = utf8;
    3.实时解决问题 create table 表名() charset=utf8;
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/caiyongliang/p/13857775.html
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