并发编程（六）并发容器

1.7中HashMap死循环分析

put()方法

public V put(K key, V value) {
        if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
            inflateTable(threshold);
        }
        if (key == null)
            return putForNullKey(value);
        int hash = hash(key);
        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                e.recordAccess(this);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }

        modCount++;
        addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
        return null;
    }

void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
    if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {
        resize(2 * table.length);//扩容操作
        hash = (null != key) ? hash(key) : 0;
        bucketIndex = indexFor(hash, table.length);
    }

    createEntry(hash, key, value, bucketIndex);
}

void resize(int newCapacity) {
    Entry[] oldTable = table;
    int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
    if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
        threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        return;
    }

    Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity];
    transfer(newTable, initHashSeedAsNeeded(newCapacity));
    table = newTable;
    threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
}

/**
 * Transfers all entries from current table to newTable.
 */
void transfer(Entry[] newTable, boolean rehash) {
    int newCapacity = newTable.length;
    for (Entry<K,V> e : table) {
        while(null != e) {
            Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
            if (rehash) {
                e.hash = null == e.key ? 0 : hash(e.key);
            }
            int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
            e.next = newTable[i]; //1.7中使用头插法插入
            newTable[i] = e;
            e = next;
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Returns index for hash code h.
 */
static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
    // assert Integer.bitCount(length) == 1 : "length must be a non-zero power of 2";
    return h & (length-1);
}

综合来说，HashMap一次扩容的过程：

1、取当前table的2倍作为新table的大小

2、根据算出的新table的大小new出一个新的Entry数组来，名为newTable

3、轮询原table的每一个位置，将每个位置上连接的Entry，算出在新table上的位置，并以链表形式连接

4、原table上的所有Entry全部轮询完毕之后，意味着原table上面的所有Entry已经移到了新的table上，HashMap中的table指向newTable

单线程下扩容 

并发下扩容

 HashMap之所以在并发下的扩容造成死循环，是因为，多个线程并发进行时，因为一个线程先期完成了扩容，将原Map的链表重新散列到自己的表中，并且链表变成了倒序，后一个线程再扩容时，又进行自己的散列，再次将倒序链表变为正序链表。于是形成了一个环形链表，当get表中不存在的元素时，造成死循环。

 1.8中HashMap使用尾插法，避免了扩容时产生链表死循环。

ConcurrentHahsMap实现分析

1.7下的实现

static final class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {//segment本身也是锁

transient volatile HashEntry<K,V>[] table;

/**
 * ConcurrentHashMap list entry. Note that this is never exported
 * out as a user-visible Map.Entry.
 */
static final class HashEntry<K,V> {
    final int hash;
    final K key;
    volatile V value;
    volatile HashEntry<K,V> next;


/**
 * Creates a new, empty map with a default initial capacity (16),
 * load factor (0.75) and concurrencyLevel (16).
 */
public ConcurrentHashMap() {
   this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
}


**
 * Creates a new, empty map with the specified initial
 * capacity, load factor and concurrency level.
 *
 * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity. The implementation
 * performs internal sizing to accommodate this many elements.
 * @param loadFactor  the load factor threshold, used to control resizing.
 * Resizing may be performed when the average number of elements per
 * bin exceeds this threshold.
 * @param concurrencyLevel the estimated number of concurrently
 * updating threads. The implementation performs internal sizing
 * to try to accommodate this many threads.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is
 * negative or the load factor or concurrencyLevel are
 * nonpositive.
 */
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public ConcurrentHashMap17(int initialCapacity,
                         float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
    if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    if (concurrencyLevel > MAX_SEGMENTS)
        concurrencyLevel = MAX_SEGMENTS;
    // Find power-of-two sizes best matching arguments 找到一个离并发度最近的2的平方数作为segment数组大小
    int sshift = 0;
    int ssize = 1;
    while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) {
        ++sshift;
        ssize <<= 1;
    }
    this.segmentShift = 32 - sshift;
    this.segmentMask = ssize - 1;
    if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
        initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
    int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
    if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
        ++c;
    int cap = MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY;
    while (cap < c)
        cap <<= 1;
    // create segments and segments[0]
    Segment<K,V> s0 =
        new Segment<K,V>(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
                         (HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap]);
    Segment<K,V>[] ss = (Segment<K,V>[])new Segment[ssize];
    UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(ss, SBASE, s0); // ordered write of segments[0]
    this.segments = ss;
}

ConcurrentHashMap初始化方法是通过initialCapacity、loadFactor和concurrencyLevel(参数concurrencyLevel是用户估计的并发级别，就是说你觉得最多有多少线程共同修改这个map，根据这个来确定Segment数组的大小concurrencyLevel默认是DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;)等几个参数来初始化segment数组、段偏移量segmentShift、段掩码segmentMask和每个segment里的HashEntry数组来实现的。

get()

public V get(Object key) {
        Segment<K,V> s; // manually integrate access methods to reduce overhead
        HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
        int h = hash(key);//hash值的高位定位segment ,hash值的全部用于定位table
        long u = (((h >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask) << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
        if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(segments, u)) != null &&
            (tab = s.table) != null) {
            for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
                     (tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
                 e != null; e = e.next) {//遍历链表定位
                K k;
                if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
                    return e.value;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

private int hash(Object k) {
    int h = hashSeed;

    if ((0 != h) && (k instanceof String)) {
        return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
    }

    h ^= k.hashCode();

    // Spread bits to regularize both segment and index locations,
    // using variant of single-word Wang/Jenkins hash.
    h += (h <<  15) ^ 0xffffcd7d;
    h ^= (h >>> 10);
    h += (h <<   3);
    h ^= (h >>>  6);
    h += (h <<   2) + (h << 14);
    return h ^ (h >>> 16);
}
HashEntry属性定义使用了 final和volatile get()方法不需要加锁，也能获取到最新的值

put()

public V put(K key, V value) {
        Segment<K,V> s;
        if (value == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = hash(key);
        int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
        if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObject          // nonvolatile; recheck
             (segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null) //  in ensureSegment
            s = ensureSegment(j);
        return s.put(key, hash, value, false);
    }

private Segment<K,V> ensureSegment(int k) {//初始化segment的槽
    final Segment<K,V>[] ss = this.segments;
    long u = (k << SSHIFT) + SBASE; // raw offset
    Segment<K,V> seg;
    if ((seg = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u)) == null) {
        Segment<K,V> proto = ss[0]; // use segment 0 as prototype
        int cap = proto.table.length;
        float lf = proto.loadFactor;
        int threshold = (int)(cap * lf);
        HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = (HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap];
        if ((seg = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u))
            == null) { // recheck
            Segment<K,V> s = new Segment<K,V>(lf, threshold, tab);
            while ((seg = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(ss, u))
                   == null) {
                if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(ss, u, null, seg = s))//循环CAS操作，保证Segment初始化只有一个线程成功
                    break;
            }
        }
    }
    return seg;
}

final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {//segment方法
    HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
        scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value);
    V oldValue;
    try {
        HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
        int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
        HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tab, index);
        for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
            if (e != null) {
                K k;
                if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                    (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                    oldValue = e.value;
                    if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
                        e.value = value;
                        ++modCount;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                e = e.next;
            }
            else {
                if (node != null)
                    node.setNext(first);//把当前的头结点变成下一个节点，（头插法）
                else
                    node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
                int c = count + 1;
                if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
                    rehash(node);
                else
                    setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
                ++modCount;
                count = c;
                oldValue = null;
                break;
            }
        }
    } finally {
        unlock();
    }
    return oldValue;
}

/**
 * Sets next field with volatile write semantics.  (See above
 * about use of putOrderedObject.)
 */
final void setNext(HashEntry<K,V> n) {
    UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(this, nextOffset, n);
}

private HashEntry<K,V> scanAndLockForPut(K key, int hash, V value) {//segment方法，尝试一定次数循序拿锁
    HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(this, hash);
    HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
    HashEntry<K,V> node = null;
    int retries = -1; // negative while locating node
    while (!tryLock()) {
        HashEntry<K,V> f; // to recheck first below
        if (retries < 0) {
            if (e == null) {
                if (node == null) // speculatively create node
                    node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, null);
                retries = 0;
            }
            else if (key.equals(e.key))
                retries = 0;
            else
                e = e.next;
        }
        else if (++retries > MAX_SCAN_RETRIES) {
            lock();//循序拿锁失败则 阻塞式拿锁
            break;
        }
        else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
                 (f = entryForHash(this, hash)) != first) {
            e = first = f; // re-traverse if entry changed
            retries = -1;
        }
    }
    return node;
}

rehash()扩容

/**
 * Doubles size of table and repacks entries, also adding the
 * given node to new table
 */
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private void rehash(HashEntry<K,V> node) {//扩容操作
    /*
     * Reclassify nodes in each list to new table.  Because we
     * are using power-of-two expansion, the elements from
     * each bin must either stay at same index, or move with a
     * power of two offset. We eliminate unnecessary node
     * creation by catching cases where old nodes can be
     * reused because their next fields won't change.
     * Statistically, at the default threshold, only about
     * one-sixth of them need cloning when a table
     * doubles. The nodes they replace will be garbage
     * collectable as soon as they are no longer referenced by
     * any reader thread that may be in the midst of
     * concurrently traversing table. Entry accesses use plain
     * array indexing because they are followed by volatile
     * table write.
     */
    HashEntry<K,V>[] oldTable = table;
    int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
    int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;//变为原来的2倍大小
    threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
    HashEntry<K,V>[] newTable =
        (HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[newCapacity];
    int sizeMask = newCapacity - 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity ; i++) {
        HashEntry<K,V> e = oldTable[i];
        if (e != null) {
            HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
            int idx = e.hash & sizeMask;
            if (next == null)   //  Single node on list
                newTable[idx] = e;
            else { // Reuse consecutive sequence at same slot
                HashEntry<K,V> lastRun = e;
                int lastIdx = idx;
                for (HashEntry<K,V> last = next;
                     last != null;
                     last = last.next) {
                    int k = last.hash & sizeMask;
                    if (k != lastIdx) {
                        lastIdx = k;
                        lastRun = last;
                    }
                }
                newTable[lastIdx] = lastRun;
                // Clone remaining nodes
                for (HashEntry<K,V> p = e; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
                    V v = p.value;
                    int h = p.hash;
                    int k = h & sizeMask;
                    HashEntry<K,V> n = newTable[k];
                    newTable[k] = new HashEntry<K,V>(h, p.key, v, n);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    int nodeIndex = node.hash & sizeMask; // add the new node
    node.setNext(newTable[nodeIndex]);
    newTable[nodeIndex] = node;
    table = newTable;
}

remove()

public V remove(Object key) {
    int hash = hash(key);
    Segment<K,V> s = segmentForHash(hash);
    return s == null ? null : s.remove(key, hash, null);
}

/**
 * Remove; match on key only if value null, else match both.
 */
final V remove(Object key, int hash, Object value) {
    if (!tryLock())
        scanAndLock(key, hash);
    V oldValue = null;
    try {
        HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
        int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
        HashEntry<K,V> e = entryAt(tab, index);
        HashEntry<K,V> pred = null;
        while (e != null) {
            K k;
            HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
            if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                V v = e.value;
                if (value == null || value == v || value.equals(v)) {
                    if (pred == null)
                        setEntryAt(tab, index, next);
                    else
                        pred.setNext(next);
                    ++modCount;
                    --count;
                    oldValue = v;
                }
                break;
            }
            pred = e;
            e = next;
        }
    } finally {
        unlock();
    }
    return oldValue;
}

size() 统计ConcurrentHashMap元素个数（一般不提倡使用，还有相同的containsValue(Object value)方法，同样存在对整个segment加锁的情况，不提倡使用）

/**
     * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.  If the
     * map contains more than <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt> elements, returns
     * <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt>.
     *
     * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map
     */
    public int size() {
        // Try a few times to get accurate count. On failure due to
        // continuous async changes in table, resort to locking.
        final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
        int size;
        boolean overflow; // true if size overflows 32 bits
        long sum;         // sum of modCounts
        long last = 0L;   // previous sum
        int retries = -1; // first iteration isn't retry
        try {
            for (;;) {
                if (retries++ == RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
                        ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation//segment全部加锁
                }
                sum = 0L;
                size = 0;
                overflow = false;
                for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
                    Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
                    if (seg != null) {
                        sum += seg.modCount;
                        int c = seg.count;
                        if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0)
                            overflow = true;
                    }
                }
                if (sum == last)
                    break;
                last = sum;
            }
        } finally {
            if (retries > RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
                for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
                    segmentAt(segments, j).unlock();
            }
        }
        return overflow ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : size;
    }

 JDK1.8中的ConcurrentHashMap()

取消了Segment，采用 数组+链表(n)+红黑树（logN）结构

数据结构

static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
        final int hash;
        final K key;
        volatile V val;
        volatile Node<K,V> next;

        Node(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {
            this.hash = hash;
            this.key = key;
            this.val = val;
            this.next = next;
        }

 

TreeNode 红黑树下的节点

static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;//链表节点数达到8个时变为红黑树

static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;//红黑树节点变为6个时重新成为链表

static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {
        TreeNode<K,V> parent;  // red-black tree links
        TreeNode<K,V> left;
        TreeNode<K,V> right;
        TreeNode<K,V> prev;    // needed to unlink next upon deletion
        boolean red;

TreeBin 红黑树的根节点

static final class TreeBin<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {
        TreeNode<K,V> root;
        volatile TreeNode<K,V> first;
        volatile Thread waiter;
        volatile int lockState;
        // values for lockState//读写锁状态
        static final int WRITER = 1; // set while holding write lock
        static final int WAITER = 2; // set when waiting for write lock
        static final int READER = 4; // increment value for setting read lock

HashMap与ConcurrentHashMap中Node区别：

HashMap中TreeNode继承自LinkedHashMap 

static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> {
        TreeNode<K,V> parent;  // red-black tree links
        TreeNode<K,V> left;
        TreeNode<K,V> right;
        TreeNode<K,V> prev;    // needed to unlink next upon deletion
        boolean red;

ForwardingNode （扩容时，作为一个占位符放在table中，表示当前节点为null或者已经被移除）

/**
     * A node inserted at head of bins during transfer operations.
     */
    static final class ForwardingNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {
        final Node<K,V>[] nextTable;
        ForwardingNode(Node<K,V>[] tab) {
            super(MOVED, null, null, null);
            this.nextTable = tab;
        }

private transient volatile int sizeCtl 控制1.8里table 初始化或扩容操作

/**
     * Table initialization and resizing control.  When negative, the
     * table is being initialized or resized: -1 for initialization,
     * else -(1 + the number of active resizing threads).  Otherwise,
     * when table is null, holds the initial table size to use upon
     * creation, or 0 for default. After initialization, holds the
     * next element count value upon which to resize the table.
     */-1 表示当前线程正在进行初始化，其他表示当前有多少个线程正在进行扩容操作，默认0尚未初始化
    private transient volatile int sizeCtl;

 核心方法

 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    /*利用硬件级别的原子操作，获得在i位置上的Node节点
    * Unsafe.getObjectVolatile可以直接获取指定内存的数据，
    * 保证了每次拿到数据都是最新的*/
    static final <K,V> Node<K,V> tabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i) {
        return (Node<K,V>)U.getObjectVolatile(tab, ((long)i << ASHIFT) + ABASE);
    }

    /*利用CAS操作设置i位置上的Node节点*/
    static final <K,V> boolean casTabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i,
                                        Node<K,V> c, Node<K,V> v) {
        return U.compareAndSwapObject(tab, ((long)i << ASHIFT) + ABASE, c, v);
    }

    /*利用硬件级别的原子操作，设置在i位置上的Node节点
    * Unsafe.putObjectVolatile可以直接设定指定内存的数据，
    * 保证了其他线程访问这个节点时一定可以看到最新的数据*/
    static final <K,V> void setTabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i, Node<K,V> v) {
        U.putObjectVolatile(tab, ((long)i << ASHIFT) + ABASE, v);
    }

get()方法

public V get(Object key) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> e, p; int n, eh; K ek;
        int h = spread(key.hashCode());/*计算hash值*/
        /*根据hash值确定节点位置*/
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
            (e = tabAt(tab, (n - 1) & h)) != null) {
            /*Node数组中的节点就是要找的节点*/
            if ((eh = e.hash) == h) {
                if ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))
                    return e.val;
            }
            /*eh<0 说明这个节点在树上 调用树的find方法寻找*/
            else if (eh < 0)
                return (p = e.find(h, key)) != null ? p.val : null;
            /*到这一步说明是个链表，遍历链表找到对应的值并返回*/
            while ((e = e.next) != null) {
                if (e.hash == h &&
                    ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek))))
                    return e.val;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

put()

public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(key, value, false);
    }

    /** Implementation for put and putIfAbsent */
    final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
        if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = spread(key.hashCode());/*计算hash值*/
        int binCount = 0;
        /*死循环 何时插入成功 何时跳出*/
        for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
            Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
                tab = initTable();/*如果table为空的话，初始化table*/
            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
                /*Node数组中的元素，这个位置没有值 ，使用CAS操作放进去*/
                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
                             new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
                    break;                   // no lock when adding to empty bin
            }
            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                /*正在进行扩容，当前线程帮忙扩容*/
                tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
            else {
                V oldVal = null;
                /*锁Node数组中的元素，这个位置是Hash冲突组成链表的头结点
                * 或者是红黑树的根节点*/
                synchronized (f) {
                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                        /*fh>0 说明这个节点是一个链表的节点 不是树的节点*/
                        if (fh >= 0) {
                            binCount = 1;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
                                K ek;
                                /*put操作和putIfAbsent操作业务实现*/
                                if (e.hash == hash &&
                                    ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                     (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                    oldVal = e.val;
                                    if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                        e.val = value;
                                    break;
                                }
                                Node<K,V> pred = e;
                                /*如果遍历到了最后一个结点，使用尾插法,把它插入在链表尾部*/尾插法
                                if ((e = e.next) == null) {
                                    pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
                                                              value, null);
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        /*按照树的方式插入值*/
                        else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                            Node<K,V> p;
                            binCount = 2;
                            if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
                                                           value)) != null) {
                                oldVal = p.val;
                                if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                    p.val = value;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (binCount != 0) {
                    /*达到临界值8 就需要把链表转换为树结构*/
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                        treeifyBin(tab, i);
                    if (oldVal != null)
                        return oldVal;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        /*Map的元素数量+1，并检查是否需要扩容*/
        addCount(1L, binCount);
        return null;
    }

/**
 * Initializes table, using the size recorded in sizeCtl.
 */
private final Node<K,V>[] initTable() {
    Node<K,V>[] tab; int sc;
    while ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
        /*小于0表示有其他线程正在进行初始化操作，把当前线程CPU时间让出来。
        因为对于table的初始化工作，只能有一个线程在进行。*/
        if ((sc = sizeCtl) < 0)
            Thread.yield(); // lost initialization race; just spin
        /*利用CAS操作把sizectl的值置为-1 表示本线程正在进行初始化*/
        else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, -1)) {
            try {
                if ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
                    int n = (sc > 0) ? sc : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                    Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n];
                    table = tab = nt;
                    /*n右移2位本质上就是n变为n原值的1/4，所以
                    * sc=0.75*n */
                    sc = n - (n >>> 2);
                }
            } finally {
                /*将设置成扩容的阈值*/
                sizeCtl = sc;
            }
            break;
        }
    }
    return tab;
}

remove()

public V remove(Object key) {
        return replaceNode(key, null, null);
    }

    /**
     * Implementation for the four public remove/replace methods:
     * Replaces node value with v, conditional upon match of cv if
     * non-null.  If resulting value is null, delete.
     */
    final V replaceNode(Object key, V value, Object cv) {
        int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
        for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
            Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0 ||
                (f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null)
                break;
            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
            else {
                V oldVal = null;
                boolean validated = false;
                synchronized (f) {
                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                        if (fh >= 0) {
                            validated = true;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = f, pred = null;;) {
                                K ek;
                                if (e.hash == hash &&
                                    ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                     (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                    V ev = e.val;
                                    if (cv == null || cv == ev ||
                                        (ev != null && cv.equals(ev))) {
                                        oldVal = ev;
                                        if (value != null)
                                            e.val = value;
                                        else if (pred != null)
                                            pred.next = e.next;
                                        else
                                            setTabAt(tab, i, e.next);
                                    }
                                    break;
                                }
                                pred = e;
                                if ((e = e.next) == null)
                                    break;
                            }
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                            validated = true;
                            TreeBin<K,V> t = (TreeBin<K,V>)f;
                            TreeNode<K,V> r, p;
                            if ((r = t.root) != null &&
                                (p = r.findTreeNode(hash, key, null)) != null) {
                                V pv = p.val;
                                if (cv == null || cv == pv ||
                                    (pv != null && cv.equals(pv))) {
                                    oldVal = pv;
                                    if (value != null)
                                        p.val = value;
                                    else if (t.removeTreeNode(p))
                                        setTabAt(tab, i, untreeify(t.first));
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (validated) {
                    if (oldVal != null) {
                        if (value == null)
                            addCount(-1L, -1);
                        return oldVal;
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

 transfer()扩容

 /**
     * Moves and/or copies the nodes in each bin to new table. See
     * above for explanation.
     */
    private final void transfer(Node<K,V>[] tab, Node<K,V>[] nextTab) {
        int n = tab.length, stride;
        if ((stride = (NCPU > 1) ? (n >>> 3) / NCPU : n) < MIN_TRANSFER_STRIDE)
            stride = MIN_TRANSFER_STRIDE; // subdivide range  每个线程负责一定的长度的Node进行扩容（并发扩容）
        if (nextTab == null) {            // initiating
            try {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n << 1];
                nextTab = nt;
            } catch (Throwable ex) {      // try to cope with OOME
                sizeCtl = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                return;
            }
            nextTable = nextTab;
            transferIndex = n;
        }
        int nextn = nextTab.length;
        ForwardingNode<K,V> fwd = new ForwardingNode<K,V>(nextTab);
        boolean advance = true;
        boolean finishing = false; // to ensure sweep before committing nextTab
        for (int i = 0, bound = 0;;) {
            Node<K,V> f; int fh;
            while (advance) {
                int nextIndex, nextBound;
                if (--i >= bound || finishing)
                    advance = false;
                else if ((nextIndex = transferIndex) <= 0) {
                    i = -1;
                    advance = false;
                }
                else if (U.compareAndSwapInt
                         (this, TRANSFERINDEX, nextIndex,
                          nextBound = (nextIndex > stride ?
                                       nextIndex - stride : 0))) {
                    bound = nextBound;
                    i = nextIndex - 1;
                    advance = false;
                }
            }
            if (i < 0 || i >= n || i + n >= nextn) {
                int sc;
                if (finishing) {
                    nextTable = null;
                    table = nextTab;
                    sizeCtl = (n << 1) - (n >>> 1);
                    return;
                }
                if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc = sizeCtl, sc - 1)) {
                    if ((sc - 2) != resizeStamp(n) << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT)
                        return;
                    finishing = advance = true;
                    i = n; // recheck before commit
                }
            }
            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i)) == null)
                advance = casTabAt(tab, i, null, fwd);
            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                advance = true; // already processed
            else {
                synchronized (f) {
                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                        Node<K,V> ln, hn;
                        if (fh >= 0) {
                            int runBit = fh & n;
                            Node<K,V> lastRun = f;
                            for (Node<K,V> p = f.next; p != null; p = p.next) {
                                int b = p.hash & n;
                                if (b != runBit) {
                                    runBit = b;
                                    lastRun = p;
                                }
                            }
                            if (runBit == 0) {
                                ln = lastRun;
                                hn = null;
                            }
                            else {
                                hn = lastRun;
                                ln = null;
                            }
                            for (Node<K,V> p = f; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
                                int ph = p.hash; K pk = p.key; V pv = p.val;
                                if ((ph & n) == 0)
                                    ln = new Node<K,V>(ph, pk, pv, ln);
                                else
                                    hn = new Node<K,V>(ph, pk, pv, hn);
                            }
                            setTabAt(nextTab, i, ln);
                            setTabAt(nextTab, i + n, hn);
                            setTabAt(tab, i, fwd);
                            advance = true;
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                            TreeBin<K,V> t = (TreeBin<K,V>)f;
                            TreeNode<K,V> lo = null, loTail = null;
                            TreeNode<K,V> hi = null, hiTail = null;
                            int lc = 0, hc = 0;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = t.first; e != null; e = e.next) {
                                int h = e.hash;
                                TreeNode<K,V> p = new TreeNode<K,V>
                                    (h, e.key, e.val, null, null);
                                if ((h & n) == 0) {
                                    if ((p.prev = loTail) == null)
                                        lo = p;
                                    else
                                        loTail.next = p;
                                    loTail = p;
                                    ++lc;
                                }
                                else {
                                    if ((p.prev = hiTail) == null)
                                        hi = p;
                                    else
                                        hiTail.next = p;
                                    hiTail = p;
                                    ++hc;
                                }
                            }
                            ln = (lc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD) ? untreeify(lo) :
                                (hc != 0) ? new TreeBin<K,V>(lo) : t;
                            hn = (hc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD) ? untreeify(hi) :
                                (lc != 0) ? new TreeBin<K,V>(hi) : t;
                            setTabAt(nextTab, i, ln);
                            setTabAt(nextTab, i + n, hn);
                            setTabAt(tab, i, fwd);
                            advance = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

treeifyBin()

/* ---------------- Conversion from/to TreeBins -------------- */

    /**
     * Replaces all linked nodes in bin at given index unless table is
     * too small, in which case resizes instead.
     */
    private final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int index) {
        Node<K,V> b; int n, sc;
        if (tab != null) {
            if ((n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
                tryPresize(n << 1);
            else if ((b = tabAt(tab, index)) != null && b.hash >= 0) {
                synchronized (b) {
                    if (tabAt(tab, index) == b) {
                        TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
                        for (Node<K,V> e = b; e != null; e = e.next) {
                            TreeNode<K,V> p =
                                new TreeNode<K,V>(e.hash, e.key, e.val,
                                                  null, null);
                            if ((p.prev = tl) == null)
                                hd = p;
                            else
                                tl.next = p;
                            tl = p;
                        }
                        setTabAt(tab, index, new TreeBin<K,V>(hd));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

size()

public int size() {
        long n = sumCount();
        return ((n < 0L) ? 0 :
                (n > (long)Integer.MAX_VALUE) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE :
                (int)n);
    }

final long sumCount() {
    CounterCell[] as = counterCells; CounterCell a;
    long sum = baseCount;
    if (as != null) {
        for (int i = 0; i < as.length; ++i) {
            if ((a = as[i]) != null)
                sum += a.value;//两部分组成
        }
    }
    return sum;
}

private final void addCount(long x, int check) {
    CounterCell[] as; long b, s;
    if ((as = counterCells) != null ||
        !U.compareAndSwapLong(this, BASECOUNT, b = baseCount, s = b + x)) {//cas操作，尝试将次数加入到BASECOUNT中，
        CounterCell a; long v; int m;//失败的话则由CountCell进行记录，所以size()方法中统计count包括这两部分
        boolean uncontended = true;
        if (as == null || (m = as.length - 1) < 0 ||
            (a = as[ThreadLocalRandom.getProbe() & m]) == null ||
            !(uncontended =
              U.compareAndSwapLong(a, CELLVALUE, v = a.value, v + x))) {
            fullAddCount(x, uncontended);
            return;
        }
        if (check <= 1)
            return;
        s = sumCount();
    }
    if (check >= 0) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab, nt; int n, sc;
        while (s >= (long)(sc = sizeCtl) && (tab = table) != null &&
               (n = tab.length) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            int rs = resizeStamp(n);
            if (sc < 0) {
                if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
                    sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || (nt = nextTable) == null ||
                    transferIndex <= 0)
                    break;
                if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1))
                    transfer(tab, nt);
            }
            else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc,
                                         (rs << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) + 2))
                transfer(tab, null);
            s = sumCount();
        }
    }
}

@sun.misc.Contended static final class CounterCell {//伪共享
    volatile long value;
    CounterCell(long x) { value = x; }
}

 ConcurrentSkipListMap和ConcurrentSkipListSet存储有序的Map和set

TreeMap和TreeSet（TreeSet是对TreeMap的重新包装）并发编程不安全。

SkipList（跳表）（概率数据结构）

跳跃表其实也是一种通过“空间来换取时间”的一个算法，令链表的每个结点不仅记录next结点位置，还可以按照level层级分别记录后继第level个结点。此法使用的就是“先大步查找确定范围，再逐渐缩小迫近”的思想进行的查找。跳跃表在算法效率上很接近红黑树。

ConcurrentLinkedQueue （LinkedList的并发版本）

无界非阻塞队列，它是一个基于链表的无界线程安全队列。该队列的元素遵循先进先出的原则。头是最先加入的，尾是最近加入的。插入元素是追加到尾上。提取一个元素是从头提取。

oncurrentLinkedQueue.add("c");    

 concurrentLinkedQueue.offer("d"); // 将指定元素插入到此队列的尾部。    

concurrentLinkedQueue.peek(); // 检索并不移除此队列的头，如果此队列为空，则返回 null。    

concurrentLinkedQueue.poll(); // 检索并移除此队列的头，如果此队列为空，则返回 null。

CopyOnWriteArrayList和CopyOnWriteArraySet（写时复制容器）

使用场景：大多数读，偶尔写时（白名单，黑名单）

CopyOnWrite容器即写时复制的容器。通俗的理解是当我们往一个容器添加元素的时候，不直接往当前容器添加，而是先将当前容器进行Copy，复制出一个新的容器，然后新的容器里添加元素，添加完元素之后，再将原容器的引用指向新的容器。

这样做的好处是我们可以对CopyOnWrite容器进行并发的读，而不需要加锁，因为当前容器不会添加任何元素。所以CopyOnWrite容器也是一种读写分离的思想，读和写不同的容器。如果读的时候有多个线程正在向CopyOnWriteArrayList添加数据，读还是会读到旧的数据，因为写的时候不会锁住旧的CopyOnWriteArrayList。

使用CopyOnWriteMap需要注意两件事情：

1. 减少扩容开销。根据实际需要，初始化CopyOnWriteMap的大小，避免写时CopyOnWriteMap扩容的开销。

2. 使用批量添加。因为每次添加，容器每次都会进行复制，所以减少添加次数，可以减少容器的复制次数。

写时复制容器的问题

性能问题

每次修改都创建一个新数组，然后复制所有内容，如果数组比较大，修改操作又比较频繁，可以想象，性能是很低的，而且内存开销会很大。

数据一致性问题。

CopyOnWrite容器只能保证数据的最终一致性，不能保证数据的实时一致性。所以如果你希望写入的的数据，马上能读到，不要使用CopyOnWrite容器。

阻塞队列(BlockingQueue)

队列是一种特殊的线性表，特殊之处在于它只允许在表的前端（front）进行删除操作，而在表的后端（rear）进行插入操作，和栈一样，队列是一种操作受限制的线性表。进行插入操作的端称为队尾，进行删除操作的端称为队头。

在队列中插入一个队列元素称为入队，从队列中删除一个队列元素称为出队。因为队列只允许在一端插入，在另一端删除，所以只有最早进入队列的元素才能最先从队列中删除，故队列又称为先进先出（FIFO—first in first out）线性表。

阻塞队列：

1）支持阻塞的插入方法：意思是当队列满时，队列会阻塞插入元素的线程，直到队列不满。

2）支持阻塞的移除方法：意思是在队列为空时，获取元素的线程会等待队列变为非空

抛出异常：当队列满时，如果再往队列里插入元素，会抛出IllegalStateException（"Queuefull"）异常。当队列空时，从队列里获取元素会抛出NoSuchElementException异常。

返回特殊值：当往队列插入元素时，会返回元素是否插入成功，成功返回true。如果是移除方法，则是从队列里取出一个元素，如果没有则返回null。

一直阻塞：当阻塞队列满时，如果生产者线程往队列里put元素，队列会一直阻塞生产者线程，直到队列可用或者响应中断退出。当队列空时，如果消费者线程从队列里take元素，队列会阻塞住消费者线程，直到队列不为空。

超时退出：当阻塞队列满时，如果生产者线程往队列里插入元素，队列会阻塞生产者线程一段时间，如果超过了指定的时间，生产者线程就会退出

一般在生产者，消费者模式中使用较多；

常用阻塞队列：

·ArrayBlockingQueue：一个由数组结构组成的有界阻塞队列。（有界表示队列有长度，满了以后就后产生阻塞，反正表示无界，但实际过程中，由于系统资源限制，无界也会受空间限制）

·LinkedBlockingQueue：一个由链表结构组成的有界阻塞队列。

·PriorityBlockingQueue：一个支持优先级排序的无界阻塞队列。

·DelayQueue：一个使用优先级队列实现的无界阻塞队列。

·SynchronousQueue：一个不存储元素的阻塞队列。

·LinkedTransferQueue：一个由链表结构组成的无界阻塞队列。

·LinkedBlockingDeque：一个由链表结构组成的双向阻塞队列

ArrayBlockingQueue

是一个用数组实现的有界阻塞队列。此队列按照先进先出（FIFO）的原则对元素进行排序。默认情况下不保证线程公平的访问队列，所谓公平访问队列是指阻塞的线程，可以按照阻塞的先后顺序访问队列，即先阻塞线程先访问队列。非公平性是对先等待的线程是非公平的，当队列可用时，阻塞的线程都可以争夺访问队列的资格，有可能先阻塞的线程最后才访问队列。初始化时有参数可以设置

LinkedBlockingQueue

是一个用链表实现的有界阻塞队列。此队列的默认和最大长度为Integer.MAX_VALUE。此队列按照先进先出的原则对元素进行排序。

Array实现和Linked实现的区别

1. 队列中锁的实现不同

ArrayBlockingQueue实现的队列中的锁是没有分离的，即生产和消费用的是同一个锁；

LinkedBlockingQueue实现的队列中的锁是分离的，即生产用的是putLock，消费是takeLock

2. 在生产或消费时操作不同

ArrayBlockingQueue实现的队列中在生产和消费的时候，是直接将枚举对象插入或移除的；

LinkedBlockingQueue实现的队列中在生产和消费的时候，需要把枚举对象转换为Node<E>进行插入或移除，会影响性能

3. 队列大小初始化方式不同

ArrayBlockingQueue实现的队列中必须指定队列的大小；

LinkedBlockingQueue实现的队列中可以不指定队列的大小，但是默认是Integer.MAX_VALUE

PriorityBlockingQueue

PriorityBlockingQueue是一个支持优先级的无界阻塞队列。默认情况下元素采取自然顺序升序排列。也可以自定义类实现compareTo()方法来指定元素排序规则，或者初始化PriorityBlockingQueue时，指定构造参数Comparator来对元素进行排序。需要注意的是不能保证同优先级元素的顺序。

DelayQueue

是一个支持延时获取元素的无界阻塞队列。队列使用PriorityQueue来实现。队列中的元素必须实现Delayed接口，在创建元素时可以指定多久才能从队列中获取当前元素。只有在延迟期满时才能从队列中提取元素。

DelayQueue非常有用，可以将DelayQueue运用在以下应用场景。

缓存系统的设计：可以用DelayQueue保存缓存元素的有效期，使用一个线程循环查询DelayQueue，一旦能从DelayQueue中获取元素时，表示缓存有效期到了。还有订单到期，限时支付等等

SynchronousQueue

是一个不存储元素的阻塞队列。每一个put操作必须等待一个take操作，否则不能继续添加元素。SynchronousQueue可以看成是一个传球手，负责把生产者线程处理的数据直接传递给消费者线程。队列本身并不存储任何元素，非常适合传递性场景。SynchronousQueue的吞吐量高于LinkedBlockingQueue和ArrayBlockingQueue。

LinkedTransferQueue

多了tryTransfer和transfer方法，

（1）transfer方法

如果当前有消费者正在等待接收元素（消费者使用take()方法或带时间限制的poll()方法时），transfer方法可以把生产者传入的元素立刻transfer（传输）给消费者。如果没有消费者在等待接收元素，transfer方法会将元素存放在队列的tail节点，并等到该元素被消费者消费了才返回。

（2）tryTransfer方法

tryTransfer方法是用来试探生产者传入的元素是否能直接传给消费者。如果没有消费者等待接收元素，则返回false。和transfer方法的区别是tryTransfer方法无论消费者是否接收，方法立即返回，而transfer方法是必须等到消费者消费了才返回。

LinkedBlockingDeque

LinkedBlockingDeque是一个由链表结构组成的双向阻塞队列。所谓双向队列指的是可以从队列的两端插入和移出元素。双向队列因为多了一个操作队列的入口，在多线程同时入队时，也就减少了一半的竞争。

多了addFirst、addLast、offerFirst、offerLast、peekFirst和peekLast等方法，以First单词结尾的方法，表示插入、获取（peek）或移除双端队列的第一个元素。以Last单词结尾的方法，表示插入、获取或移除双端队列的最后一个元素。另外，插入方法add等同于addLast，移除方法remove等效于removeFirst。但是take方法却等同于takeFirst，使用时还是用带有First和Last后缀的方法更清楚。在初始化LinkedBlockingDeque时可以设置容量防止其过度膨胀。另外，双向阻塞队列可以运用在“工作窃取”模式中。

 阻塞队列实现原理：

使用了等待通知模式实现。所谓通知模式，就是当生产者往满的队列里添加元素时会阻塞住生产者，当消费者消费了一个队列中的元素后，会通知生产者当前队列可用。通过查看JDK源码发现ArrayBlockingQueue使用了Condition来实现。其余队列的实现，大家可以自行查看，队列的实现的代码总体来说，并不复杂。

参考：http://enjoy.ke.qq.com/