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  • MySQL之Join

    参见MySQL(以5.1为例)中官方手册:MySQL官方手册-JOIN

    假设有以下几个表

    t1
    idbook
    1 java
    2 c++
    3 php
    t2
    idauthor
    2 zhang
    3 wang
    4 li
    t3
    authoryear
    zhang 2003
    ma 2006
    liu 2011

    Inner Join 内连接
    将两个表中存在连接关系的字段,组成的记录集,叫做内连接。
    内连接等价于

    mysql> select t1.id as id,book,author from t1, t2 where t1.id=t2.id;
    +------+------+--------+
    | id   | book | author |
    +------+------+--------+
    |    2 | c++  | zhang  |
    |    3 | php  | wang   |
    +------+------+--------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> select * from t1 inner join t2 using (id);
    +------+------+--------+
    | id   | book | author |
    +------+------+--------+
    |    2 | c++  | zhang  |
    |    3 | php  | wang   |
    +------+------+--------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    可以看出,两者是等价的。没有Using子句的Inner Join相当于是求两个表的笛卡尔积。


    Cross Join 交叉连接
    在Mysql中,Cross Join可以用逗号表达式表示,例如(t1, t2)。在Mysql中,Cross Join 和 Inner Join 是等价的,但是在标准SQL中,它们并不等价,Inner Join 用于带有on表达式的连接,反之用Cross Join。以下两个SQL语句是等价的。
    Cross Join 指的是两个table的笛卡尔积。以下三句SQL是等价的。

    mysql> select * from t1 inner join t2;
    mysql> select * from t1 cross join t2;
    mysql> select * from (t1, t2);
    mysql> select * from t1 nature join t2;
    结果集:
    +------+------+------+--------+
    | id   | book | id   | author |
    +------+------+------+--------+
    |    1 | java |    2 | zhang  |
    |    2 | c++  |    2 | zhang  |
    |    3 | php  |    2 | zhang  |
    |    1 | java |    3 | wang   |
    |    2 | c++  |    3 | wang   |
    |    3 | php  |    3 | wang   |
    |    1 | java |    4 | li     |
    |    2 | c++  |    4 | li     |
    |    3 | php  |    4 | li     |
    +------+------+------+--------+

    下面两句SQL也是等价的。

    mysql> select * from table1 left join (table2, table3) on (table2.id = table1.id and table2.author = table3.author);
    mysql> select * from table1 left join (table2 cross join table3) on (table2.id = table1.id and table2.author = table3.author);
    结果集:
    +------+------+------+--------+--------+------+
    | id   | book | id   | author | author | year |
    +------+------+------+--------+--------+------+
    |    1 | java | NULL | NULL   | NULL   | NULL |
    |    2 | c++  |    2 | zhang  | zhang  | 2003 |
    |    3 | php  | NULL | NULL   | NULL   | NULL |
    +------+------+------+--------+--------+------+

    Natural Join 自然连接
    NATURAL [LEFT] JOIN:这个句子的作用相当于INNER JOIN,或者是在USING子句中包含了联结的表中所有公共字段的Left JOIN(左联结)。
    也就是说:下面两个SQL是等价的。

    mysql> select * from table1 natural join table2;
    mysql> select * from table1 inner join table2 using (id);
    
    结果集:
    +------+------+--------+
    | id   | book | author |
    +------+------+--------+
    |    2 | c++  | zhang  |
    |    3 | php  | wang   |
    +------+------+--------+

    同时,下面两个SQL也是等价的。

    mysql> select * from table1 natural left join table2;
    mysql> select * from table1 left join table2 using(id);
    结果集:
    +------+------+--------+
    | id   | book | author |
    +------+------+--------+
    |    1 | java | NULL   |
    |    2 | c++  | zhang  |
    |    3 | php  | wang   |
    +------+------+--------+
    

      

     

    Left Join 左外连接
    左外连接A、B表的意思就是将表A中的全部记录和表B中字段连接形成的记录集,这里注意的是最后出来的记录集会包括表A的全部记录。
    左连接表1,表二等价于右连接表二,表一。如下两个SQL是等价的:

    mysql> select * from table1 left join table2 using (id);
    mysql> select * from table2 right join table1 using (id);
    结果集:
    +------+------+--------+
    | id   | book | author |
    +------+------+--------+
    |    1 | java | NULL   |
    |    2 | c++  | zhang  |
    |    3 | php  | wang   |
    +------+------+--------+
    

      

    Right Join 右外连接

    右外连接和左外连接是类似的。为了方便数据库便于访问,推荐使用左外连接代替右外连接。

    Mysql表连接的一些注意事项:

    1、两个表求差集的方法
    如果求 左表 - 右表 的差集,使用类似下面的SQL:

    SELECT left_tbl.* FROM left_tbl LEFT JOIN right_tbl ON left_tbl.id = right_tbl.id WHERE right_tbl.id IS NULL;
    例如
    mysql> select table1.* from table1 left join table2 using(id) where table2.id is null;
    +------+------+
    | id   | book |
    +------+------+
    |    1 | java |
    +------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    

      

    2、Using子句
    Using子句可以使用On子句重写。但是使用Select * 查询出的结果有差别。以下两句话是等价的:

    mysql> select id, book, author from table1 join table2 using (id);
    mysql> select table1.id, book, author from table1 join table2 on table1.id=table2.id;
    结果集:
    +------+------+--------+
    | id   | book | author |
    +------+------+--------+
    |    2 | c++  | zhang  |
    |    3 | php  | wang   |
    +------+------+--------+  

    但是下面两个有些许不同,使用on时候,重复的部分会被输出两次。

    mysql> select * from table1 join table2 using (id);
    +------+------+--------+
    | id   | book | author |
    +------+------+--------+
    |    2 | c++  | zhang  |
    |    3 | php  | wang   |
    +------+------+--------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> select * from table1 join table2 on table1.id=table2.id;
    +------+------+------+--------+
    | id   | book | id   | author |
    +------+------+------+--------+
    |    2 | c++  |    2 | zhang  |
    |    3 | php  |    3 | wang   |
    +------+------+------+--------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

      

     

    3、Straight Join的使用
    STRAIGHT_JOIN 和 JOIN相似,除了大部分情况下,在使用STRAIGHT_JOIN时候,先读右表后读左表。而在大部分情况下是先读左表的。STRAIGHT_JOIN仅用于少数情况下的表连接性能优化,比如右表记录数目明显少于左表。

    4、Mysql表连接的运算顺序
    在MySQL 5.1版本中,INNER JOIN, CROSS JOIN, LEFT JOIN, 和RIGHT JOIN 比逗号表达式具有更高的优先级。
    因此SQL1被解析成SQL3,而不是SQL2。

    SQL1 : SELECT * FROM t1, t2 JOIN t3 ON (t1.i1 = t3.i3);
    SQL2 : SELECT * FROM (t1, t2) JOIN t3 ON (t1.i1 = t3.i3);
    SQL3 : SELECT * FROM t1, (t2 JOIN t3 ON (t1.i1 = t3.i3));  

    因此会报错,找不到i1列。因此以后在写这样的查询的时候,最好写明白,不要省略括号,这样能避免很多错误。

    5、循环的自然连接
    在MySQL 5.1版本中,SQL1等价于SQL3, 而在MySQL以前版本中,SQL1等价于SQL2。

    SQL1 : SELECT ... FROM t1 NATURAL JOIN t2 NATURAL JOIN t3;  
    SQL2 : SELECT ... FROM t1, t2, t3 WHERE t1.b = t2.b AND t2.c = t3.c;  
    SQL3 : SELECT ... FROM t1, t2, t3 WHERE t1.b = t2.b AND t2.c = t3.c AND t1.a = t3.a;  
     
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/carsonzhu/p/4648374.html
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