最近学着搭建一台Linux服务器作为交叉编译的主机之用，服务器端选择了Ubuntu12.04 LTS桌面版，客户端采用Windows XP平台，使用SSH工具软件putty登录到Linux主机，建立scrathbox2交叉编译环境工具链，模拟arm环境。
主要步骤如下：
一、使用U盘安装Ubuntu12.04 LTS桌面版本。
使用UtralIOS软碟通为Ubuntu12.04桌面版制作U盘启动盘，再电脑上安装Ubuntu12.04。
可以参考这两篇文章：u盘安装Ubuntu12.04和Ubuntu 12.04硬盘安装与U盘安装（图文）
最重要的莫过于分区了，这个要依据具体情况而定，由于是作为Linux主机之用，硬盘大小共500G，4G内存，所以我选择了三分区方案：
磁盘分区 挂载目录 大小 文件系统
sda1 / 50G ext4
sda5 /swap 4G ext4
sda6 /home 446G ext4
二、配置网络，apt-get代理安装软件，公司上网代理等。
我按照类似于这片博文ubuntu12.04 server 配置网络修改网络配置文件/etc/network/interfaces 的方法没有成功，最后直接编辑网络，采用【System Settings】->【NetWork】界面的方式编辑网络配置，主要是输入IP地址、子网掩码、网关、DNS服务器地址等，可以参考百度文库的这篇文章：Ubuntu 11.04 下如何手动设置 IP。
除此之外，由于我们公司设置了代理，只能通过代理上网，需要在Proxy中设置代理网址。
另外，关于设置apt-get代理安装相关软件，方法可以参照这篇文章：Ubuntu 12.04 apt-get/wget/gem 使用代理安装软
三、配置NFS、TFTP
(1)配置nfs
首先安装nfs，使用如下命令：
sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server
主要是修改/etc/exports文件，可以参考这篇文章：ubuntu12.04的NFS配置
我修改后的/etc/exports配置文件如下：
# /etc/exports: the access control list for filesystems which may be exported
# to NFS clients. See exports(5).
#
# Example for NFSv2 and NFSv3:
# /srv/homes hostname1(rw,sync,no_subtree_check) hostname2(ro,sync,no_subtree_check)
#
# Example for NFSv4:
# /srv/nfs4 gss/krb5i(rw,sync,fsid=0,crossmnt,no_subtree_check)
# /srv/nfs4/homes gss/krb5i(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)
#
#/ *(ro,sync,no_subtree_check,no_root_squash)
/home *(rw,sync,no_subtree_check,no_root_squash)
(2)配置tftp
安装tftp客户端
sudo apt-get install tftpd
然后修改/etc/inetd.conf配置文件。
可以参考这篇文章：ubuntu 12.04搭建tftp服务器的安装、设置、调试
主要是修改/etc/xinetd.d/tftp和/etc/inetd.conf这两个配置文件：
A、/etc/xinetd.d/tftp
service tftp
{
disable = no
socket_type = dgram
protocol = udp
wait = yes
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.tftpd
server_args = /
source = 11
cps = 100 2
flags =IPv4
} B 、/etc/inetd.conf
# /etc/inetd.conf: see inetd(8) for further informations.
#
# Internet superserver configuration database
#
#
# Lines starting with "#:LABEL:" or "#<off>#" should not
# be changed unless you know what you are doing!
#
# If you want to disable an entry so it isn't touched during
# package updates just comment it out with a single '#' character.
#
# Packages should modify this file by using update-inetd(8)
#
# <service_name> <sock_type> <proto> <flags> <user> <server_path> <args>
#
#:INTERNAL: Internal services
#discard stream tcp nowait root internal
#discard dgram udp wait root internal
#daytime stream tcp nowait root internal
#time stream tcp nowait root internal
#:STANDARD: These are standard services.
#:BSD: Shell, login, exec and talk are BSD protocols.
#:MAIL: Mail, news and uucp services.
#:INFO: Info services
#:BOOT: TFTP service is provided primarily for booting. Most sites
# run this only on machines acting as "boot servers."
#tftp dgram udp4 wait nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.tftpd --tftpd-timeout 300 --retry-timeout 5 --mcast-port 1758 --mcast-addr 239.239.239.0-255 --mcast-ttl 1 --maxthread 100 --verbose=5 /srv/tftp
#:RPC: RPC based services
#:HAM-RADIO: amateur-radio services
#:OTHER: Other services
#tftp dgram udp wait nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.tftpd /home
tftp dgram udp wait nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.tftpd /
四、给部门的各个员工在/home目录下分配账户
主要使用adduser命令，会提示为每个账号分配密码。
五、配置Samba服务
为第四步的普通用户创建Samba服务，使其可以在windows下共享自己在Ubuntu12.04下/home目录的普通用户目录。
安装samba，命令如下：
samba的安装
sudo apt-get install samba
sudo apt-get install smbfs
修改/etc/samba/smb.conf 配置文件。
可以参照这篇博文：实战Ubuntu 12.04 配置Samba共享服务
我的/etc/samba/smb.conf配置文件如下：
#
# Sample configuration file for the Samba suite for Debian GNU/Linux.
#
#
# This is the main Samba configuration file. You should read the
# smb.conf(5) manual page in order to understand the options listed
# here. Samba has a huge number of configurable options most of which
# are not shown in this example
#
# Some options that are often worth tuning have been included as
# commented-out examples in this file.
# - When such options are commented with ";", the proposed setting
# differs from the default Samba behaviour
# - When commented with "#", the proposed setting is the default
# behaviour of Samba but the option is considered important
# enough to be mentioned here
#
# NOTE: Whenever you modify this file you should run the command
# "testparm" to check that you have not made any basic syntactic
# errors.
# A well-established practice is to name the original file
# "smb.conf.master" and create the "real" config file with
# testparm -s smb.conf.master >smb.conf
# This minimizes the size of the really used smb.conf file
# which, according to the Samba Team, impacts performance
# However, use this with caution if your smb.conf file contains nested
# "include" statements. See Debian bug #483187 for a case
# where using a master file is not a good idea.
#
#======================= Global Settings =======================
[global]
## Browsing/Identification ###
# Change this to the workgroup/NT-domain name your Samba server will part of
workgroup = CSDN_WorkGroup
# server string is the equivalent of the NT Description field
server string = MyServer
# Windows Internet Name Serving Support Section:
# WINS Support - Tells the NMBD component of Samba to enable its WINS Server
# wins support = no
# WINS Server - Tells the NMBD components of Samba to be a WINS Client
# Note: Samba can be either a WINS Server, or a WINS Client, but NOT both
; wins server = w.x.y.z
# This will prevent nmbd to search for NetBIOS names through DNS.
dns proxy = no
# What naming service and in what order should we use to resolve host names
# to IP addresses
; name resolve order = lmhosts host wins bcast
#### Networking ####
# The specific set of interfaces / networks to bind to
# This can be either the interface name or an IP address/netmask;
# interface names are normally preferred
; interfaces = 127.0.0.0/8 eth0
# Only bind to the named interfaces and/or networks; you must use the
# 'interfaces' option above to use this.
# It is recommended that you enable this feature if your Samba machine is
# not protected by a firewall or is a firewall itself. However, this
# option cannot handle dynamic or non-broadcast interfaces correctly.
; bind interfaces only = yes
#### Debugging/Accounting ####
# This tells Samba to use a separate log file for each machine
# that connects
log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
# Cap the size of the individual log files (in KiB).
max log size = 1000
# If you want Samba to only log through syslog then set the following
# parameter to 'yes'.
# syslog only = no
# We want Samba to log a minimum amount of information to syslog. Everything
# should go to /var/log/samba/log.{smbd,nmbd} instead. If you want to log
# through syslog you should set the following parameter to something higher.
syslog = 0
# Do something sensible when Samba crashes: mail the admin a backtrace
panic action = /usr/share/samba/panic-action %d
####### Authentication #######
# "security = user" is always a good idea. This will require a Unix account
# in this server for every user accessing the server. See
# /usr/share/doc/samba-doc/htmldocs/Samba3-HOWTO/ServerType.html
# in the samba-doc package for details.
security = user
# You may wish to use password encryption. See the section on
# 'encrypt passwords' in the smb.conf(5) manpage before enabling.
; encrypt passwords = yes
# If you are using encrypted passwords, Samba will need to know what
# password database type you are using.
; passdb backend = tdbsam
obey pam restrictions = yes
# This boolean parameter controls whether Samba attempts to sync the Unix
# password with the SMB password when the encrypted SMB password in the
# passdb is changed.
unix password sync = yes
# For Unix password sync to work on a Debian GNU/Linux system, the following
# parameters must be set (thanks to Ian Kahan <<kahan@informatik.tu-muenchen.de> for
# sending the correct chat script for the passwd program in Debian Sarge).
passwd program = /usr/bin/passwd %u
passwd chat = *Entersnews*spassword:* %n
*Retypesnews*spassword:* %n
*passwordsupdatedssuccessfully* .
# This boolean controls whether PAM will be used for password changes
# when requested by an SMB client instead of the program listed in
# 'passwd program'. The default is 'no'.
pam password change = yes
# This option controls how unsuccessful authentication attempts are mapped
# to anonymous connections
map to guest = bad user
########## Domains ###########
# Is this machine able to authenticate users. Both PDC and BDC
# must have this setting enabled. If you are the BDC you must
# change the 'domain master' setting to no
#
; domain logons = yes
#
# The following setting only takes effect if 'domain logons' is set
# It specifies the location of the user's profile directory
# from the client point of view)
# The following required a [profiles] share to be setup on the
# samba server (see below)
; logon path = \%Nprofiles\%U
# Another common choice is storing the profile in the user's home directory
# (this is Samba's default)
# logon path = \%N\%Uprofile
# The following setting only takes effect if 'domain logons' is set
# It specifies the location of a user's home directory (from the client
# point of view)
; logon drive = H:
# logon home = \%N\%U
# The following setting only takes effect if 'domain logons' is set
# It specifies the script to run during logon. The script must be stored
# in the [netlogon] share
# NOTE: Must be store in 'DOS' file format convention
; logon script = logon.cmd
# This allows Unix users to be created on the domain controller via the SAMR
# RPC pipe. The example command creates a user account with a disabled Unix
# password; please adapt to your needs
; add user script = /usr/sbin/adduser --quiet --disabled-password --gecos "" %u
# This allows machine accounts to be created on the domain controller via the
# SAMR RPC pipe.
# The following assumes a "machines" group exists on the system
; add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -g machines -c "%u machine account" -d /var/lib/samba -s /bin/false %u
# This allows Unix groups to be created on the domain controller via the SAMR
# RPC pipe.
; add group script = /usr/sbin/addgroup --force-badname %g
########## Printing ##########
# If you want to automatically load your printer list rather
# than setting them up individually then you'll need this
# load printers = yes
# lpr(ng) printing. You may wish to override the location of the
# printcap file
; printing = bsd
; printcap name = /etc/printcap
# CUPS printing. See also the cupsaddsmb(8) manpage in the
# cupsys-client package.
; printing = cups
; printcap name = cups
############ Misc ############
# Using the following line enables you to customise your configuration
# on a per machine basis. The %m gets replaced with the netbios name
# of the machine that is connecting
; include = /home/samba/etc/smb.conf.%m
# Most people will find that this option gives better performance.
# See smb.conf(5) and /usr/share/doc/samba-doc/htmldocs/Samba3-HOWTO/speed.html
# for details
# You may want to add the following on a Linux system:
# SO_RCVBUF=8192 SO_SNDBUF=8192
# socket options = TCP_NODELAY
# The following parameter is useful only if you have the linpopup package
# installed. The samba maintainer and the linpopup maintainer are
# working to ease installation and configuration of linpopup and samba.
; message command = /bin/sh -c '/usr/bin/linpopup "%f" "%m" %s; rm %s' &
# Domain Master specifies Samba to be the Domain Master Browser. If this
# machine will be configured as a BDC (a secondary logon server), you
# must set this to 'no'; otherwise, the default behavior is recommended.
# domain master = auto
# Some defaults for winbind (make sure you're not using the ranges
# for something else.)
; idmap uid = 10000-20000
; idmap gid = 10000-20000
; template shell = /bin/bash
# The following was the default behaviour in sarge,
# but samba upstream reverted the default because it might induce
# performance issues in large organizations.
# See Debian bug #368251 for some of the consequences of *not*
# having this setting and smb.conf(5) for details.
; winbind enum groups = yes
; winbind enum users = yes
# Setup usershare options to enable non-root users to share folders
# with the net usershare command.
# Maximum number of usershare. 0 (default) means that usershare is disabled.
; usershare max shares = 100
# Allow users who've been granted usershare privileges to create
# public shares, not just authenticated ones
usershare allow guests = yes
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
; guest ok = no
; guest account = nobody
#======================= Share Definitions =======================
# Un-comment the following (and tweak the other settings below to suit)
# to enable the default home directory shares. This will share each
# user's home director as \serverusername
[homes]
comment = Home Directories
browseable = no
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change the
# next parameter to 'no' if you want to be able to write to them.
; read only = yes
read only = no
# File creation mask is set to 0700 for security reasons. If you want to
# create files with group=rw permissions, set next parameter to 0775.
; create mask = 0700
create mask = 0775
# Directory creation mask is set to 0700 for security reasons. If you want to
# create dirs. with group=rw permissions, set next parameter to 0775.
; directory mask = 0700
directory mask = 0775
# By default, \serverusername shares can be connected to by anyone
# with access to the samba server. Un-comment the following parameter
# to make sure that only "username" can connect to \serverusername
# The following parameter makes sure that only "username" can connect
#
# This might need tweaking when using external authentication schemes
; valid users = %S
# Un-comment the following and create the netlogon directory for Domain Logons
# (you need to configure Samba to act as a domain controller too.)
;[netlogon]
; comment = Network Logon Service
; path = /home/samba/netlogon
; guest ok = yes
; read only = yes
# Un-comment the following and create the profiles directory to store
# users profiles (see the "logon path" option above)
# (you need to configure Samba to act as a domain controller too.)
# The path below should be writable by all users so that their
# profile directory may be created the first time they log on
;[profiles]
; comment = Users profiles
; path = /home/samba/profiles
; guest ok = no
; browseable = no
; create mask = 0600
; directory mask = 0700
;[printers]
; comment = All Printers
; browseable = no
; path = /var/spool/samba
; printable = yes
; guest ok = no
; read only = yes
; create mask = 0700
# Windows clients look for this share name as a source of downloadable
# printer drivers
;[print$]
; comment = Printer Drivers
; path = /var/lib/samba/printers
; browseable = yes
; read only = yes
; guest ok = no
# Uncomment to allow remote administration of Windows print drivers.
# You may need to replace 'lpadmin' with the name of the group your
# admin users are members of.
# Please note that you also need to set appropriate Unix permissions
# to the drivers directory for these users to have write rights in it
; write list = root, @lpadmin
# A sample share for sharing your CD-ROM with others.
;[cdrom]
; comment = Samba server's CD-ROM
; read only = yes
; locking = no
; path = /cdrom
; guest ok = yes
# The next two parameters show how to auto-mount a CD-ROM when the
# cdrom share is accesed. For this to work /etc/fstab must contain
# an entry like this:
#
# /dev/scd0 /cdrom iso9660 defaults,noauto,ro,user 0 0
#
# The CD-ROM gets unmounted automatically after the connection to the
#
# If you don't want to use auto-mounting/unmounting make sure the CD
# is mounted on /cdrom
#
; preexec = /bin/mount /cdrom
; postexec = /bin/umount /cdrom
主要是在原来的/etc/samba/smb.conf配置文件基础上将一些默认注释的开关打开。但前提是安装好samba服务，即需要安装samba
和smbfs。
六、安装开发相关的软件
软件列表如下：
1、vim
2、subversion
svn客户端版本控制工具软件，安装之后可以使用svn等命令check out，或者update项目，对项目的源代码进行版本控制管理
3、pulseaudio
4、tftpd
5、tftp
6、nfs-kernel-server
7、openbsd-inetd
8、samba
9、openssh-server
可以使用sudo apt-get installvim命令安装vim编辑器，其他软件安装方法雷同。
注意：如果使用公司代理的话注意得修改/etc/apt/apt.conf配置文件，否则不能顺利安装软件。
七、构建scrathbox2交叉编译工具链，包括qemu，arm-gcc，rpm，kernel等。
像这些东西最好写成Shell自动脚本，包括scrathbox环境的初始化，针对特定开发板的根文件系统rootfs制作，rpm软件打包、libtool工具等等。
总结
觉得搭建交叉编译服务器的难点在于：
1、应该根据实际需求知道该安装那些软件和服务，比如通用的tftp服务、nfs服务、samba服务等等。
2、知道针对以上服务如何修改配置文件，这个也是难点，需要有经验的人加以指导或者上网找相关的资料。