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  • PCIE 调试过程记录

    遇到的问题

    • PCIE link不稳定
    • 配置空间读写正常，Memory mapping空间读写异常

    缘由

    之前对PCIE的认识一直停留在概念的阶段，只知道是一个高速通讯协议，主要用于板内、板间的高速BUS。正好公司最近在调试一个PowerPC平台的PCIE BUS的BSP。需要一些PCIE的硬件、软件知识。下面通过解决实际问题过程的方法来进一步理解PCIE总线协议。但也仅仅限于工程应用（实际产品中调试、应用）层面。

    具体解决过程

    启动u-boot后，可以看到PCIE link status信息log 
    u-boot下的pcie link status 
    从log上分析：系统启动了3个PCIE controller，PCIE 号为：0.0.0 2.0.0 4.0.0。 
    三个数字的具体含义为：0.0.0 ：Bus Number Device Number Function Number。 
    这三个Host Bridge 下面分别挂了一个EP设备，PCIE 号为：1.0.0 、3.0.0 、5.0.0。 
    正常看到这些PCIE bridge 和EP说明PCIE 读PCIE的配置空间是正确的，PCIE在physical 的link状态是OK的。 
    可以使用pci header + PCIE号的方式查看Bridge和EP的Config 信息。 
    pci config space 
    若出现读取配置信息不稳定的情况，则说明PCIE link 不稳定。需要进一步排查硬件，软件辅助查看link status的方法是查看PCIE Host Bridge的link status的寄存器值。PCIE 规范里有一个LTSSM（Link Training and Status State Machine），各种status的code规范里都有定义。 
    这个LTSSM在PCIE Extend Config Space里面。在P3041中的offset为0x404。 
    可以使用命令：pci display.b 0.0.0 404查看LTSSM状态。 
    正常情况下的输出： 
    LTSSM 
    PCIE 初始化完成后会进入L0状态。异常状态见PCIE link 异常log。 
    物理层link 不稳定，怀疑以下原因： 
    - 高速串行信号质量问题 
    - Serdes电源问题 
    - 时钟问题

    Serdes电源经过测量后，基本排除。 
    高速信号完整性问题经过示波器测量后，也基本排除。 
    时钟问题，最开始只是简单测试了下时钟的频率和幅值。没有实质性去分析时钟的jitter等时钟质量问题。后分析原理图发现，pcie的Host和EP端使用了不同的pcie时钟IC，也就是说使用了非同源时钟。在没有详细查看pcie specification关于pcie时钟的情况下，将host和EP端的时钟改为同源时钟（当然是选择飞线喽），pcie物理层link问题解决。 
    项目没有那么紧张的时候，反思此事，仔细查看pcie specification中关于时钟的要求，并没有要求Host和EP端必须使用同源时钟。只是对同源、非同源时钟的精度做了要求。 
    同源情况下要求100M. +-600ppm 
    非同源时钟要求100M. +-300ppm 
    哦，原来是这样，接着去看原理图中选用的PCIE时钟IC，发现EP端的pcie时钟IC为25M输入然后倍频出来100M时钟的，且使用了一个带有SSC功能的IC，原理配配置上打开了该功能。根据pcie规范中介绍的，该功能 
    为pcie一项技术，该功能为了减少板级EMI对时钟做了特殊能量扩散处理。有SSC功能的时钟超出300ppm的抖动，但在600ppm内。 
    这样得出一个结论，我们使用了非同源的设计，EP端使用的pcie时钟IC的jitter超出了300ppm。看来不能稳定的link也是情理之中。这样看来就有另一种解决方法，把EP端PCIE侧的SSC功能关闭，去实践发现将SSC功能关闭后，可以正常稳定link。 
    我们使用的pcie时钟芯片支持SSC且配置打开，时钟ppm在300到600之间。又非同源，因此link不稳定。将此功能关闭，时钟在300ppm，因此可以稳定link。

    解决方法： 
    - 飞线统一成同一时钟源。 
    - 将EP端的时钟IC的SSC功能关闭。

    PCIE memap空间读写异常

    问题：

    • pcie可以正常读写配置空间，但无法正常读写memap 空间

    最后定位问题： 
    一个address是36bit的，但软件定义为一个32bit的变量，从而导致软件读写pcie memap空间失败（读错了位置）。 
    解决方法：fixed the software bug。☺

    这个问题定位主要需要一些关于PICE的一些地址的知识，要理解他们之间的关系。

    • PCIE空间的BAR
    • CPU访问PCIE设备的高速外设（IO）的地址

    • 应用层访问PCIE memap的地址

      来张图吧， 
      PCIE addresses

      上图中，有几个关键的Address，Virtual Address这个大家比较好理解，但凡有一点在linux下开发经验的程序员都知道linux下的应用程序只能访问Virtual Address，那如果我们需要访问一些指定的Physical Address怎么办，这在driver开发当中十分常见。linux提供了mamap系统调用，用于Virtual Address和Physical Address的转换。另外，PICE设备在读写时使用PCIE的BAR地址，BAR地址是PCIE控制器以memap 方式读写PCIE EP设备时使用的地址，是PCIE协议使用的地址。

      我们以写PCIE EP的memap空间为例子说明一下地址之间的转换是怎么做的。PCIE的memap空间是OS分配的，一般是一个固定的地址和大小，然后OS启动后，PCIE的应用程序将PCIE的memap的Physical Address通过mamap系统调用映射为Virtual Address，然后应用程序就会通过此地址读写EP设备的memap空间，当CPU发出写EP设备的memap空间时，PCIE控制器会根据设置的BAR地址转换成相应的PICE协议要求的地址。BAR是在PCIE枚举的过程中设置的，一般通过枚举方式设置成合理的地址值，EP这一侧会根据配置的值将自身的memap地址空间映射到设置的地址上去。

    举一个具体的例子： 
    CPU分配的PCIE Physical Address为0xc20000000，设置的BAR地址为0xe0000000。应用层APP实际使用的Virtual Address和OS有关系，不同的进程调用mamap映射为同一个Physical Address可能会产生不同的Virtual Address值。

    总结

    应用层调试方法，config space配置、memap空间的理解 
    Pcie控制器的配置、使用 
    从实际调试PCIE设备的过程看，设备调试和使用主要涉及到两个方面：config space和MMIO space。配置空间主要是用于配置PCIE设备。很多PCI设备仅仅支持64字节的配置空间。PCI和PCIe配置空间的区别如下： 
    PCI/PCI-X和PCIe设备还扩展了0x40和0xFF这段配置空间，这段空间主要存放一些与MSI或者MSI-X 中断机制相关的Capability结构。其中所有能够提交中断请求的PCIe设备，必须支持MSI或者MSI-X 中断机制相关的Capability结构。 
    PCIe设备还支持0x100 -0xFFF这段扩展配置空间。PCIe设备的扩展配置空间最大为4KB，在PCIe总线的扩展配置空间中，存放PCIe所独有的一些Capability结构，而PCI设备不能使用这段空间。 
    在x86处理器中，使用CONFIG_ADDRESS寄存器与CONFIG_DATA寄存器访问0x00-0xFF，而使用ECAM方式访问0x000-0xFFF这段空间；而在PowerPC处理器中，可以使用CFG_DATA和CFG_ADDR寄存器访问0x000-0xFFF。 
    MMIO(Memory mapping I/O)即内存映射I/O，它是PCI规范的一部分，I/O设备被放置在内存空间而不是I/O空间。从处理器的角度看，内存映射I/O后系统设备访问起来和内存一样。这样访问AGP/PCI-E显卡上的帧缓存，BIOS，PCI设备就可以使用读写内存一样的汇编指令完成，简化了程序设计的难度和接口的复杂性。I/O作为CPU和外设交流的一个渠道，主要分为两种，一种是Port I/O，一种是MMIO(Memory mapping I/O)。 
    底层使用pcie接口的软件移植需要考虑以下方面：

    1. 确定address bus的宽度，是32bit还是64bit或者其他。
    2. 确定CPU的大小端，以及PCIE的大小端问题。
    3. check下PICE max payload问题。

    附录

    
$$$develop from single control storeage based on P3041
$$$Hit any key to stop autoboot:  0 
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 33 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 33 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 37 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 02 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 00 01 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 02 01 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 35 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 00 01 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 35 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 49 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 33 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
=> pci display.b 0.0.0 400
00000400: 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 e2 04 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000410: 01 00 00 00 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 40 96 96
00000420: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00000430: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c 41 c2 00 00 00 00 00
    版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，未经博主允许不得转载。 https://blog.csdn.net/zhanglianpin/article/details/77650241
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  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/chengqi521/p/8651641.html
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