DirectX11 学习笔记6

这个样例是在之前的样例基础上 。把之前d3dx10math数学库换成了最新的d3dxmath。长处就不说了。先上效果图

所有代码。以及效果文件

文件结构

所有代码：

依照上图的文件顺序

#pragma once
#include <D3DX10math.h>
#include <xnamath.h>
class XCamera
{
public:
	XCamera()
	{
		m_positionX = 0.0f;
		m_positionY = 0.0f;
		m_positionZ = 0.0f;

		m_rotationX = 0.0f;
		m_rotationY = 0.0f;
		m_rotationZ = 0.0f;
	}
	void setPosition(float x,float y,float z)
	{
		m_positionX = x;
		m_positionY = y;
		m_positionZ = z;
	}
	void setRotation(float x,float y,float z)
	{
		m_rotationX = x;
		m_rotationY = y;
		m_rotationZ = z;
	}
	D3DXVECTOR3 getPosition()
	{
		return D3DXVECTOR3(m_positionX, m_positionY, m_positionZ);
	}
	D3DXVECTOR3 getRotation()
	{
		return D3DXVECTOR3(m_rotationX, m_rotationY, m_rotationZ);
	}
	void render(XMMATRIX& viewMatrix)
	{
		XMVECTOR up, position, lookAt;
		float yaw, pitch, roll;
		XMMATRIX rotationMatrix;

		// 设置up向量为(0,1,0).
		up=XMVectorSet(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

		// 设置摄像机的位置.
		position=XMVectorSet(m_positionX, m_positionY,m_positionZ, 0.0f);
		
		// 设置摄像机lookat的方向.
		//lookAt=XMVectorSet(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
		lookAt=XMVector3Normalize(position);
		lookAt=lookAt*(-1);
		// 得到弧度单位的欧拉旋转 yaw (Y axis), pitch (X axis), 以及 roll (Z axis) .
		// 1 = PI/180 =  0.0174532925
		pitch = m_rotationX * 0.0174532925f; 
		yaw   = m_rotationY * 0.0174532925f;
		roll  = m_rotationZ * 0.0174532925f;

		// 得到旋转矩阵.
		rotationMatrix=XMMatrixRotationRollPitchYaw(pitch,yaw,roll);

		// 变换lookat和up向量，一般view可以在原点被正确旋转.
		lookAt=XMVector3TransformCoord(lookAt,rotationMatrix);
		up=XMVector3TransformCoord(up,rotationMatrix);

		// 平移旋转后的摄像机位置.
		lookAt = position + lookAt;

		// 创建观察矩阵.
		viewMatrix=XMMatrixLookAtLH( position, lookAt, up);
	}
	void getViewMatrix(XMMATRIX& viewMatrix)
	{
		render(viewMatrix);
	}
private:
	float m_positionX, m_positionY, m_positionZ;//摄像机在世界坐标系中的位置
	float m_rotationX, m_rotationY, m_rotationZ;//摄像机的欧拉旋转角度
};

#pragma once
#pragma comment(lib, "dxgi.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3d11.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3dx11.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3dx10.lib")
#include <dxgi.h>
#include <d3dcommon.h>
#include <d3d11.h>
#include <d3dx11.h>
#include <d3dcompiler.h>
#include <d3dx10math.h>
#include <xnamath.h>

XMMATRIX m_projectionMatrix; //投影矩阵
XMMATRIX m_worldMatrix;//世界坐标系矩阵
XMMATRIX m_orthoMatrix;//正交投影矩阵
class XD3Device
{
public:
	XD3Device();
	//3D设备全部初始化
	bool init(int, int, bool, HWND, bool, float, float);
	//关闭设备
	void close();
	//開始渲染设备
	void begin(float, float, float, float);
	//显示到前景
	void end();

public:
	bool m_vsync_enabled; //是否启用垂直同步
	IDXGISwapChain* m_swapChain; //交换链对象
	ID3D11Device* m_device;  //设备对象
	ID3D11DeviceContext* m_deviceContext; //设备上下文对象
	ID3D11RenderTargetView* m_renderTargetView; //渲染目标视图
	ID3D11Texture2D* m_depthStencilBuffer; //深度模板缓冲
	ID3D11DepthStencilState* m_depthStencilState; //深度磨成状态
	ID3D11DepthStencilView* m_depthStencilView; //深度目标视图
	ID3D11RasterizerState* m_rasterState; //光栅化状态

public:
	void getWordMatrix(XMMATRIX& world){world=m_worldMatrix;}
	void getProjMatrix(XMMATRIX& proj){proj=m_projectionMatrix;}
};
void XD3Device::begin(float red, float green, float blue, float alpha)
{
	float color[]={red,green,blue,alpha};
	//清除后缓冲.
	m_deviceContext->ClearRenderTargetView(m_renderTargetView, color);

	//清除深度缓冲.
	m_deviceContext->ClearDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH, 1.0f, 0);

}
void XD3Device::end()
{
	//渲染完毕后，把后缓冲内容present到前缓冲
	if(m_vsync_enabled)
	{
		// 锁定屏幕刷新率.
		m_swapChain->Present(1, 0);
	}
	else
	{
		// 尽可能快的present后缓冲.
		m_swapChain->Present(0, 0);
	}

}
void XD3Device::close()
{
	// 释放交换链资源前，先设置为窗体模式，否则可能会产生异常.
	if(m_swapChain)
	{
		m_swapChain->SetFullscreenState(false, NULL);
	}

	if(m_rasterState)
	{
		m_rasterState->Release();
		m_rasterState = 0;
	}

	if(m_depthStencilView)
	{
		m_depthStencilView->Release();
		m_depthStencilView = 0;
	}

	if(m_depthStencilState)
	{
		m_depthStencilState->Release();
		m_depthStencilState = 0;
	}

	if(m_depthStencilBuffer)
	{
		m_depthStencilBuffer->Release();
		m_depthStencilBuffer = 0;
	}

	if(m_renderTargetView)
	{
		m_renderTargetView->Release();
		m_renderTargetView = 0;
	}

	if(m_deviceContext)
	{
		m_deviceContext->Release();
		m_deviceContext = 0;
	}

	if(m_device)
	{
		m_device->Release();
		m_device = 0;
	}

	if(m_swapChain)
	{
		m_swapChain->Release();
		m_swapChain = 0;
	}

}
XD3Device::XD3Device()
{
	m_swapChain = 0;
	m_device = 0;
	m_deviceContext = 0;
	m_renderTargetView = 0;
	m_depthStencilBuffer = 0;
	m_depthStencilState = 0;
	m_depthStencilView = 0;
	m_rasterState = 0;
}
//Initialize函数包括完毕D3D设置的全部代码。

bool XD3Device::init(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, bool vsync, HWND hwnd, bool fullscreen, 
						  float screenDepth, float screenNear)
{
	HRESULT result;
	//IDXGIFactory* factory;
	//IDXGIAdapter* adapter;
	//IDXGIOutput* adapterOutput;
	//unsigned int numModes, stringLength;
	//DXGI_MODE_DESC* displayModeList;
	//DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC adapterDesc;
	//int error;
	DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc;
	//D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel;
	ID3D11Texture2D* backBufferPtr;
	D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthBufferDesc;
	D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC depthStencilDesc;
	D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC depthStencilViewDesc;
	D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC rasterDesc;
	D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;
	float fieldOfView, screenAspect;


	// 保存垂直同步设置
	m_vsync_enabled = vsync;

	// 初始化交换链描写叙述
	ZeroMemory(&swapChainDesc, sizeof(swapChainDesc));
	//MessageBox(hwnd, L"Could 2", L"Error", MB_OK); 
	// 用1个后缓冲
	swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;

	//帧缓冲的大小和应用程序窗体大小相等.
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Width = screenWidth;
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Height = screenHeight;

	// 后缓冲的surface的格式为DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM.
	// surface的每一个像素用4个无符号的8bit[映射到0-1]来表示。
NORM表示归一化。

	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;

	// 假设使用垂直同步。设置后缓冲的刷新率。.
	//刷新率就是一秒钟把后缓冲内容在屏幕上画出的次数。
	//假设开启垂直同步，则锁定刷新率，则fps是固定的
	if(m_vsync_enabled)
	{
		swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
		swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
	}
	else
	{
		swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 0;
		swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
	}

	// 设置后缓冲的用途
	// 我们的渲染目标缓冲为后缓冲。

	swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;

	// 后缓冲输出的窗体句柄.
	swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd;

	// 不使用多重採样
	swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
	swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;

	// 设置全屏或者窗体模式.
	if(fullscreen)
	{
		swapChainDesc.Windowed = false;
	}
	else
	{
		swapChainDesc.Windowed = true;
	}
	//MessageBox(hwnd, L"Could 1", L"Error", MB_OK); 
	// 设定扫描线ordering以及缩放为unspecified.
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;

	// 后缓冲内容呈现到屏幕后。放弃其内容
	swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;

	//不设置标志
	swapChainDesc.Flags = 0;

	// 设置feature level为D3D11
	// 假设显卡不支持D3D11,我们可以通过设置这个參数，使用D3D10,或者9.
	//featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1;
	D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevels[] =
	{
		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0,
		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1,
		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0,
	};
	UINT numFeatureLevels = ARRAYSIZE( featureLevels );
	// 创建交换链。设备以及设备上下文.
	result = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, 0, featureLevels, numFeatureLevels, 
		D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &m_swapChain, &m_device, NULL, &m_deviceContext);
	//MessageBox(hwnd, L"Could 1", L"Error", MB_OK); 
	if(FAILED(result))
	{
		return false;
	}

	// 得到交换链中的后缓冲指针.
	result = m_swapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (LPVOID*)&backBufferPtr);
	if(FAILED(result))
	{
		return false;
	}

	// 用后缓冲创建渲染目标视图.
	result = m_device->CreateRenderTargetView(backBufferPtr, NULL, &m_renderTargetView);
	if(FAILED(result))
	{
		return false;
	}

	//释放后缓冲.(引用计数减1)
	backBufferPtr->Release();
	backBufferPtr = 0;

	// 初始化深度缓冲描写叙述.
	ZeroMemory(&depthBufferDesc, sizeof(depthBufferDesc));

	//设置深度缓冲描写叙述
	depthBufferDesc.Width = screenWidth;
	depthBufferDesc.Height = screenHeight;
	depthBufferDesc.MipLevels = 1;//对于深度缓冲为1
	depthBufferDesc.ArraySize = 1;//对于深度缓冲为1，对于纹理。这2个參数有很多其它用途
	depthBufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
	depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
	depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
	depthBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
	depthBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
	depthBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
	depthBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;

	// 创建深度缓冲.
	result = m_device->CreateTexture2D(&depthBufferDesc, NULL, &m_depthStencilBuffer);
	if(FAILED(result))
	{
		return false;

	}

	// 初始化深度模版状态描写叙述.
	ZeroMemory(&depthStencilDesc, sizeof(depthStencilDesc));

	// 设置深度模版状态描写叙述.
	depthStencilDesc.DepthEnable = true;
	depthStencilDesc.DepthWriteMask = D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL;//D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ZERO禁止写深度缓冲
	depthStencilDesc.DepthFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS;

	depthStencilDesc.StencilEnable = true;
	depthStencilDesc.StencilReadMask = 0xFF;
	depthStencilDesc.StencilWriteMask = 0xFF;

	// 对于front face 像素使用的模版操作操作.
	depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
	depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INCR;
	depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
	depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;

	// 对于back face像素使用的模版操作模式.
	depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
	depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_DECR;
	depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
	depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;

	// 创建深度模版状态。使其生效
	result = m_device->CreateDepthStencilState(&depthStencilDesc, &m_depthStencilState);
	if(FAILED(result))
	{
		return false;

	}

	// 设置深度模版状态.
	m_deviceContext->OMSetDepthStencilState(m_depthStencilState, 1);

	// 初始化深度模版视图.
	ZeroMemory(&depthStencilViewDesc, sizeof(depthStencilViewDesc));

	// 设置深度模版视图描写叙述.
	depthStencilViewDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
	depthStencilViewDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
	depthStencilViewDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = 0;

	// 创建深度模版视图.
	result = m_device->CreateDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilBuffer, &depthStencilViewDesc, &m_depthStencilView);
	if(FAILED(result))
	{
		return false;
	}

	// 绑定渲染目标视图和深度缓冲到渲染管线.
	m_deviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &m_renderTargetView, m_depthStencilView);


	// 设置光栅化描写叙述，指定多边形怎样被渲染.
	rasterDesc.AntialiasedLineEnable = false;
	rasterDesc.CullMode = D3D11_CULL_BACK;
	rasterDesc.DepthBias = 0;
	rasterDesc.DepthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
	rasterDesc.DepthClipEnable = true;
	rasterDesc.FillMode = D3D11_FILL_SOLID;
	rasterDesc.FrontCounterClockwise = false;
	rasterDesc.MultisampleEnable = false;
	rasterDesc.ScissorEnable = false;
	rasterDesc.SlopeScaledDepthBias = 0.0f;

	// 创建光栅化状态
	result = m_device->CreateRasterizerState(&rasterDesc, &m_rasterState);
	if(FAILED(result))
	{
		return false;
	}

	//设置光栅化状态，使其生效
	m_deviceContext->RSSetState(m_rasterState);


	// 设置视口，显示全部后缓冲内容
	viewport.Width = (float)screenWidth;
	viewport.Height = (float)screenHeight;
	viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;
	viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
	viewport.TopLeftX = 0.0f;
	viewport.TopLeftY = 0.0f;

	// 创建视口
	m_deviceContext->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);

	// 设置透视投影矩阵
	fieldOfView = (float)D3DX_PI / 4.0f;
	screenAspect = (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight;

	// 创建透视投影矩阵.
	m_projectionMatrix=XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( fieldOfView, screenAspect, screenNear, screenDepth);
 
	//初始化world矩阵为单位矩阵.
	//该矩阵实现局部坐标到世界坐标的转换
	m_worldMatrix=XMMatrixIdentity();

	// 创建正交投影矩阵，主要用来实施2D渲染.
	m_orthoMatrix=XMMatrixOrthographicLH((float)screenWidth, (float)screenHeight, screenNear, screenDepth);

	return true;


}

#pragma once

#include <windows.h>
#include "XD3Device.h"
#include "XCamera.h"
#include "XModel.h"
#include "XShader.h"
///////////// 
// GLOBALS // 
///////////// 
const bool  FULL_SCREEN = false; //是否全屏 
const bool  VSYNC_ENABLED = true; //是否垂直同步 
const float SCREEN_DEPTH = 1000.0f; //深度。远点 
const float SCREEN_NEAR = 0.1f; //深度。近点

class XGraphics 
{ 
public: 
	XGraphics():x_d3d(0),x_camera(0),x_model(0),x_shader(0){}
	bool init(int, int, HWND); //初始化渲染设备
	void close(); 
	bool frame();

private: 
	bool render(); 
private:
	XD3Device *x_d3d;//3D设备
	XCamera *x_camera;//摄像机
	XModel *x_model;//模型
	XShader *x_shader;//渲染器
	HWND hwnd;
};

bool XGraphics:: init(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, HWND hwnd) 
{
	//先清空
	close();
	//初始化设备
	this->hwnd=hwnd;
	x_d3d=new XD3Device;
	bool hr=x_d3d->init(screenWidth,screenHeight,VSYNC_ENABLED,hwnd,FULL_SCREEN,SCREEN_DEPTH,SCREEN_NEAR);
	if(!hr)
	{
		MessageBox(hwnd, L"Could not initialize Direct3D", L"Error", MB_OK); 
		return false; 
	}
	//初始化摄像机
	x_camera=new XCamera;
	x_camera->setPosition(3.0f,3.0f,-10.0f); 
	//初始化模型
	x_model=new XModel;
	x_model->init(x_d3d->m_device);
	//初始化Shader
	x_shader=new XShader;
	x_shader->init(x_d3d->m_device,hwnd);
	return true; 
}

void XGraphics::close() 
{
	if(x_d3d)
	{
		x_d3d->close();
		delete x_d3d;
		x_d3d=0;
	}
	if(x_camera)
	{
		delete x_camera;
		x_camera=NULL;
	}
	if(x_shader)
	{
		x_shader->close();
		delete x_shader;
		x_shader=NULL;
	}
	if(x_model)
	{
		x_model->close();
		delete x_model;
		x_model=NULL;
	}


}

bool XGraphics::frame() 
{
	bool hr=render();
	return hr; 
}


bool XGraphics::render() 
{
	XMMATRIX viewMatrix, projectionMatrix, worldMatrix;
	x_d3d->begin(0.0f,0.0f,0.5f,1.0f);//蓝色
	//世界矩阵
	x_d3d->getWordMatrix(worldMatrix);
	//观察矩阵
	x_camera->getViewMatrix(viewMatrix);
	//投影矩阵
	x_d3d->getProjMatrix(projectionMatrix);
	//模型增加管线
	x_model->render(x_d3d->m_deviceContext);
	//開始渲染
	x_shader->render(x_d3d->m_deviceContext,x_model->m_indexCount,worldMatrix,viewMatrix,projectionMatrix);
	//结束
	x_d3d->end();
	return true; 
}

#pragma once
class XInput
{
public:
	void init();
	void keyDown(unsigned int);
	void keyUp(unsigned int);
	bool isKeyDown(unsigned int);
private:
	bool x_keys[256];

};
void XInput::init()
{
	int i;

	// 初始全部的键都是非按下状态. 
	for(i=0; i<256; i++) 
	{ 
		x_keys[i] = false; 
	}

	return; 
}
void XInput::keyDown(unsigned int input) 
{ 
	//键被按下. 
	x_keys[input] = true; 
	return; 
}
void XInput::keyUp(unsigned int input) 
{ 
	//键被按下. 
	x_keys[input] = false; 
	return; 
}
bool XInput::isKeyDown(unsigned int key) 
{ 
	// 推断键是否被按下？ 
	return x_keys[key]; 
}

#pragma  once
#include <D3D11.h>
//定义一些经常使用颜色 
const XMFLOAT4 WHITE(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); 
const XMFLOAT4 BLACK(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); 
const XMFLOAT4 RED(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); 
const XMFLOAT4 GREEN(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); 
const XMFLOAT4 BLUE(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); 
const XMFLOAT4 YELLOW(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); 
const XMFLOAT4 CYAN(0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); //蓝绿色 
const XMFLOAT4 MAGENTA(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); //洋红色

const XMFLOAT4 BEACH_SAND(1.0f, 0.96f, 0.62f, 1.0f); 
const XMFLOAT4 LIGHT_YELLOW_GREEN(0.48f, 0.77f, 0.46f, 1.0f); 
const XMFLOAT4 DARK_YELLOW_GREEN(0.1f, 0.48f, 0.19f, 1.0f); 
const XMFLOAT4 DARKBROWN(0.45f, 0.39f, 0.34f, 1.0f);


class XModel
{
private:struct SimpleVertex
		{
			XMFLOAT3 Pos;
			XMFLOAT4 Color;
		};
public://顶点缓冲和顶点索引缓冲
		ID3D11Buffer *m_vertexBuffer, *m_indexBuffer;
		int m_vertexCount, m_indexCount;
public:
	XModel():m_vertexCount(0),m_indexCount(0){};
	virtual void init(ID3D11Device*);
	virtual void close();
	virtual void render(ID3D11DeviceContext*);
};
void XModel::init(ID3D11Device* device)
{
	unsigned long* indices;
	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc, indexBufferDesc;
	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexData, indexData;

	//首先，我们创建2个暂时缓冲存放顶点和索引数据，以便后面使用。. 

	// 设置顶点缓冲大小为3，一个三角形.
	m_vertexCount = 8;

	// 设置索引缓冲大小.
	m_indexCount = 36;  //6面*2三角形*3个点

	// 创建顶点暂时缓冲.
	SimpleVertex vertices[] = {
		{XMFLOAT3(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f),WHITE},
		{XMFLOAT3(-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f),BLACK},
		{XMFLOAT3(1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f),RED},
		{XMFLOAT3(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f),GREEN},
		{XMFLOAT3(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f),BLUE},
		{XMFLOAT3(-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),YELLOW},
		{XMFLOAT3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),CYAN},
		{XMFLOAT3(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f),MAGENTA},

	};

	// 创建索引缓冲.
	indices = new unsigned long[m_indexCount];
	// 设置索引缓冲数据.
	indices[0] = 0;  // 前面 
	indices[1] = 1; 
	indices[2] = 2;  
	indices[3] = 0; 
	indices[4] = 2; 
	indices[5] = 3;  

	indices[6] = 4;  // 后面 
	indices[7] = 6; 
	indices[8] = 5;  
	indices[9] = 4; 
	indices[10] = 7; 
	indices[11] = 6;

	indices[12] = 4;  // 左面 
	indices[13] = 5; 
	indices[14] = 1;  
	indices[15] = 4; 
	indices[16] = 1; 
	indices[17] = 0;

	indices[18] = 3;  //右面 
	indices[19] = 2; 
	indices[20] = 6;  
	indices[21] = 3; 
	indices[22] = 6; 
	indices[23] = 7;

	indices[24] = 1;  // 上面 
	indices[25] = 5; 
	indices[26] = 6;  
	indices[27] = 1; 
	indices[28] = 6; 
	indices[29] = 2;

	indices[30] = 4; // 以下 
	indices[31] = 0; 
	indices[32] = 3;  
	indices[33] = 4; 
	indices[34] = 3; 
	indices[35] = 7;



	// 设置顶点缓冲描写叙述
	vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
	vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(SimpleVertex) * m_vertexCount;
	vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
	vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
	vertexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
	vertexBufferDesc.StructureByteStride = 0;

	// 指向保存顶点数据的暂时缓冲.
	vertexData.pSysMem = vertices;
	vertexData.SysMemPitch = 0;
	vertexData.SysMemSlicePitch = 0;

	// 创建顶点缓冲.
    device->CreateBuffer(&vertexBufferDesc, &vertexData, &m_vertexBuffer);


	// 设置索引缓冲描写叙述.
	indexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
	indexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = sizeof(unsigned long) * m_indexCount;
	indexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
	indexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
	indexBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;
	indexBufferDesc.StructureByteStride = 0;

	// 指向存暂时索引缓冲.
	indexData.pSysMem = indices;
	indexData.SysMemPitch = 0;
	indexData.SysMemSlicePitch = 0;

	// 创建索引缓冲.
	device->CreateBuffer(&indexBufferDesc, &indexData, &m_indexBuffer);




	delete [] indices;
	indices = 0;
}
void XModel::close()
{
	// 释放顶点缓冲.
	if(m_indexBuffer)
	{
		m_indexBuffer->Release();
		m_indexBuffer = 0;
	}

	// 释放索引缓冲
	if(m_vertexBuffer)
	{
		m_vertexBuffer->Release();
		m_vertexBuffer = 0;
	}

}
void XModel::render(ID3D11DeviceContext* deviceContext)
{
	unsigned int stride;
	unsigned int offset;


	// 设置顶点缓冲跨度和偏移.
	stride = sizeof(SimpleVertex); 
	offset = 0;

	//在input assemberl阶段绑定顶点缓冲。以便可以被渲染
	deviceContext->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &m_vertexBuffer, &stride, &offset);

	//在input assemberl阶段绑定索引缓冲，以便可以被渲染
	deviceContext->IASetIndexBuffer(m_indexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);

	// 设置体元语义，渲染三角形列表.
	deviceContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);
}

#pragma once
#include <d3d11.h>
#include <d3dx11.h>
#include <d3dcompiler.h>
#include <xnamath.h>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
//常量缓冲区
struct ConstantBuffer
{
	XMMATRIX mWorld;
	XMMATRIX mView;
	XMMATRIX mProjection;
};
class XShader
{
public:
	XShader();
	HRESULT init(ID3D11Device*, HWND);//初始化
	void close(); //关闭
	HRESULT render(ID3D11DeviceContext* , int , XMMATRIX& , XMMATRIX &, XMMATRIX &);//渲染
private:
	HRESULT InitializeShader(ID3D11Device*, HWND, WCHAR*);
	void ShutdownShader();
	void OutputShaderErrorMessage(ID3D10Blob*, HWND, WCHAR*);
    HRESULT CompileShaderFromFile( WCHAR* szFileName, LPCSTR szEntryPoint, LPCSTR szShaderModel, ID3DBlob** ppBlobOut );
	HRESULT SetShaderParameters(ID3D11DeviceContext*, XMMATRIX&, XMMATRIX&, XMMATRIX&);
	void RenderShader(ID3D11DeviceContext*, int);

	ID3D11VertexShader* m_vertexShader;
	ID3D11PixelShader* m_pixelShader;
	ID3D11InputLayout* m_layout;
	ID3D11Buffer* m_matrixBuffer;
};
XShader::XShader()
{
	m_vertexShader = 0;
	m_pixelShader = 0;
	m_layout = 0;
	m_matrixBuffer = 0;
}
HRESULT XShader::init(ID3D11Device* device, HWND hwnd)
{
	HRESULT result;
	// 初始化vs 和ps.
	result = InitializeShader(device, hwnd, L"shader.fx");
	return result;
}
void XShader::close()
{
	// 释放shader资源.
	ShutdownShader();

	return;
}
HRESULT XShader::render(ID3D11DeviceContext* deviceContext, int indexCount, XMMATRIX &worldMatrix, 
							  XMMATRIX& viewMatrix, XMMATRIX& projectionMatrix)
{

	// 设置shader常量缓冲区
	SetShaderParameters(deviceContext, worldMatrix, viewMatrix, projectionMatrix);

	// 用shader渲染指定缓冲顶点
	RenderShader(deviceContext, indexCount);

	return S_OK;
}
HRESULT XShader::CompileShaderFromFile( WCHAR* szFileName, LPCSTR szEntryPoint, LPCSTR szShaderModel, ID3DBlob** ppBlobOut )
{
	HRESULT hr = S_OK;

	DWORD dwShaderFlags = D3DCOMPILE_ENABLE_STRICTNESS;
#if defined( DEBUG ) || defined( _DEBUG )
	// Set the D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG flag to embed debug information in the shaders.
	// Setting this flag improves the shader debugging experience, but still allows 
	// the shaders to be optimized and to run exactly the way they will run in 
	// the release configuration of this program.
	dwShaderFlags |= D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG;
#endif

	ID3DBlob* pErrorBlob;
	hr = D3DX11CompileFromFile( szFileName, NULL, NULL, szEntryPoint, szShaderModel, 
		dwShaderFlags, 0, NULL, ppBlobOut, &pErrorBlob, NULL );
	if( FAILED(hr) )
	{
		if( pErrorBlob != NULL )
			OutputDebugStringA( (char*)pErrorBlob->GetBufferPointer() );
		if( pErrorBlob ) pErrorBlob->Release();
		return hr;
	}
	if( pErrorBlob ) pErrorBlob->Release();

	return S_OK;
}
HRESULT XShader::InitializeShader(ID3D11Device* device, HWND hwnd, WCHAR* Filename)
{
	HRESULT hr=S_OK;
	// Compile the vertex shader
	ID3DBlob* pVSBlob = NULL;
	hr = CompileShaderFromFile( Filename, "VS", "vs_4_0", &pVSBlob );
	if( FAILED( hr ) )
	{
		MessageBox( NULL,
			L"The FX file cannot be compiled.  Please run this executable from the directory that contains the FX file.", L"Error", MB_OK );
		return hr;
	}

	// Create the vertex shader
	hr = device->CreateVertexShader( pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &m_vertexShader );
	if( FAILED( hr ) )
	{	
		pVSBlob->Release();
		return hr;
	}
	// Compile the pixel shader
	ID3DBlob* pPSBlob = NULL;
	hr = CompileShaderFromFile( Filename, "PS", "ps_4_0", &pPSBlob );
	if( FAILED( hr ) )
	{
		MessageBox( NULL,
			L"The FX file cannot be compiled.  Please run this executable from the directory that contains the FX file.", L"Error", MB_OK );
		return hr;
	}

	// Create the pixel shader
	hr = device->CreatePixelShader( pPSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pPSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &m_pixelShader );
	pPSBlob->Release();
	if( FAILED( hr ) )
		return hr;

	// Define the input layout
	D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC layout[] =
	{
		{ "POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },
		{ "COLOR", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, 0, 12, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0 },
	};
	UINT numElements = ARRAYSIZE( layout );

	// Create the input layout
	hr = device->CreateInputLayout( layout, numElements, pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(),
		pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), &m_layout );
	pVSBlob->Release();
	if( FAILED( hr ) )
		return hr;
	// Create the constant buffer
	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bd;
	ZeroMemory( &bd, sizeof(bd) );
	bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
	bd.ByteWidth = sizeof(ConstantBuffer);
	bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
	bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
	hr = device->CreateBuffer( &bd, NULL, &m_matrixBuffer );
	if( FAILED( hr ) )
		return hr;
	return S_OK;
}

void XShader::ShutdownShader()
{
	// 释放常量缓冲
	if(m_matrixBuffer)
	{
		m_matrixBuffer->Release();
		m_matrixBuffer = 0;
	}

	//释放顶点布局
	if(m_layout)
	{
		m_layout->Release();
		m_layout = 0;
	}

	// 释放ps .
	if(m_pixelShader)
	{
		m_pixelShader->Release();
		m_pixelShader = 0;
	}

	// 释放vs
	if(m_vertexShader)
	{
		m_vertexShader->Release();
		m_vertexShader = 0;
	}

	return;
}

void XShader::OutputShaderErrorMessage(ID3D10Blob* errorMessage, HWND hwnd, WCHAR* shaderFilename)
{
	char* compileErrors;
	unsigned long bufferSize, i;
	ofstream fout;


	// 得到错误信息buffer指针.
	compileErrors = (char*)(errorMessage->GetBufferPointer());

	// 得到buffer的长度.
	bufferSize = errorMessage->GetBufferSize();

	// 打开一个文件写错误信息.
	fout.open("shader-error.txt");

	// 输出错误信心.
	for(i=0; i<bufferSize; i++)
	{
		fout << compileErrors[i];
	}

	// 关闭文件
	fout.close();

	// 释放错误消息.
	errorMessage->Release();
	errorMessage = 0;

	//弹出错误提示.
	MessageBox(hwnd, L"Error compiling shader.  Check shader-error.txt for message.", shaderFilename, MB_OK);

	return;
}

HRESULT XShader::SetShaderParameters(ID3D11DeviceContext* deviceContext, XMMATRIX &worldMatrix, 
										   XMMATRIX &viewMatrix, XMMATRIX &projectionMatrix)
{
	//
	// Update variables
	//
	ConstantBuffer cb;
	cb.mWorld = XMMatrixTranspose( worldMatrix);
	cb.mView = XMMatrixTranspose( viewMatrix );
	cb.mProjection = XMMatrixTranspose( projectionMatrix );
	deviceContext->UpdateSubresource( m_matrixBuffer, 0, NULL, &cb, 0, 0 );
	deviceContext->VSSetConstantBuffers( 0, 1, &m_matrixBuffer );

	return true;
}

void XShader::RenderShader(ID3D11DeviceContext* deviceContext, int indexCount)
{
	// 绑定顶点布局.
	deviceContext->IASetInputLayout(m_layout);

	// 设置渲染使用vs和ps.
	deviceContext->VSSetShader(m_vertexShader, NULL, 0);
	deviceContext->PSSetShader(m_pixelShader, NULL, 0);

	// 渲染图形
	deviceContext->DrawIndexed(indexCount, 0, 0);

	return;
}

#pragma once 
//定义该宏可以降低windows头文件的大小。使编译器不编译一些不必要的文件。加快编译时间 
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <Windows.h>
#include "XGraphics.h"
#include "XInput.h"
//退出
static bool Xexit=false;
//全屏
static bool fullScreen=false;
class XWindow
{
private:
	//窗体类名字
	LPCWSTR m_applicationName;
	//实例句柄
	HINSTANCE m_hinstance;
	//窗体句柄
	HWND m_hwnd;
	int xwidth,xheight;
	//按键类
	XInput * x_input;
	//图形类
	XGraphics * x_graphics;
private:
	//初始化窗体
	void initWindows(int& screenWidth, int& screenHeight,LPCWSTR m_applicationName);
	//关闭窗体
	void closeWindows();
	//消息循环
	void runWindows();
	
public:
	//初始化全局
	virtual void init();
	//渲染
	virtual bool frame();
	//退出
	virtual void close();
	//消息函数
	LRESULT CALLBACK MessageHandler(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); 
};
//消息循环回调函数
static LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
static XWindow * appXWindow=NULL;
void XWindow::close()
{
	if(x_input)
	{
		delete x_input;
		x_input=NULL;
	}
	if(x_graphics)
	{
		x_graphics->close();
		delete x_graphics;
		x_graphics=NULL;
	}
}
void XWindow::init()
{
	xwidth=500;
	xheight=400;
	x_input=new XInput;
	x_graphics=new XGraphics;
	
	//创建窗体
	initWindows(xwidth,xheight,L"Engine");
	//初始化键盘
	x_input->init();
	//初始化渲染
	x_graphics->init(xwidth,xheight,m_hwnd);


	//消息循环
	runWindows();
	//关闭窗体
	closeWindows();
}
bool XWindow::frame()
{
	//推断是否按下ESC键
	if(x_input->isKeyDown(VK_ESCAPE))
		return false;
	//開始渲染
	return x_graphics->frame();
}
void XWindow::initWindows(int& screenWidth, int& screenHeight,LPCWSTR m_applicationName)
{
	WNDCLASSEX wc; 
	DEVMODE dmScreenSettings; 
	int posX, posY;
	this->m_applicationName=m_applicationName;
	// 得到应用程序实例句柄 
	m_hinstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
	appXWindow=this;
	// 设置窗体类參数. 
	wc.style         = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC; 

	wc.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc; //指定回调函数 
	wc.cbClsExtra    = 0; 
	wc.cbWndExtra    = 0; 
	wc.hInstance     = m_hinstance; 
	wc.hIcon         = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_WINLOGO); 
	wc.hIconSm       = wc.hIcon; 
	wc.hCursor       = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW); 
	wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH); //默认黑色窗体黑色背景 
	wc.lpszMenuName  = NULL; 
	wc.lpszClassName = m_applicationName; 
	wc.cbSize        = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);

	// 注冊窗体类 
	RegisterClassEx(&wc);

	// 依据是否全屏设置不同的分辨率. 
	if(fullScreen) 
	{ 
		// 得到windows桌面分辨率 
		screenWidth  = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN); 
		screenHeight = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN);
		//全屏模式下，设置窗体大小为windows桌面分辨率. 
		memset(&dmScreenSettings, 0, sizeof(dmScreenSettings)); 
		dmScreenSettings.dmSize       = sizeof(dmScreenSettings); 
		dmScreenSettings.dmPelsWidth  = (unsigned long)screenWidth; 
		dmScreenSettings.dmPelsHeight = (unsigned long)screenHeight; 
		dmScreenSettings.dmBitsPerPel = 32;            
		dmScreenSettings.dmFields     = DM_BITSPERPEL | DM_PELSWIDTH | DM_PELSHEIGHT;

		// 暂时设置显示设备为全屏模式，注意：应用程序退出时候。将恢复系统默认设置。 
		ChangeDisplaySettings(&dmScreenSettings, CDS_FULLSCREEN);

		// 设置窗体的左上角坐标位置为(0,0). 
		posX = posY = 0; 
	} 
	else 
	{ 
		// 窗体左上角坐标位置,posX, posY
		posX = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN) - screenWidth)  / 2; 
		posY = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN) - screenHeight) / 2; 
	}

	// 全屏和窗体使用不同的參数. 
	if( fullScreen) 
	{ 
		m_hwnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW, m_applicationName, m_applicationName, 
			WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | WS_CLIPCHILDREN | WS_POPUP, 
			posX, posY, screenWidth, screenHeight, NULL, NULL, m_hinstance, NULL); 
	} 
	else 
	{ 
		m_hwnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW, m_applicationName, m_applicationName, 
			WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 
			posX, posY, screenWidth, screenHeight, NULL, NULL, m_hinstance, NULL); 
	}

	// 显示窗体并设置其为焦点. 
	ShowWindow(m_hwnd, SW_SHOW); 
	SetForegroundWindow(m_hwnd); 
	SetFocus(m_hwnd);
	// 隐藏鼠标. 
	//ShowCursor(false);

}

void XWindow::runWindows()
{
	MSG msg; 
	// 初始化消息结构. 
	ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));
	// 循环进行消息处理
	while(!Xexit) 
	{ 
		// 处理windows消息. 
		if(PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) 
		{ 
			TranslateMessage(&msg); 
			DispatchMessage(&msg); 
		}
		// 接收到WM_QUIT消息。退出程序. 
		if(msg.message == WM_QUIT) 
		{ 
			Xexit=true;
		} 
		else 
		{ 
			//渲染
			Xexit=!frame();
		}

	}
	return; 
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT umessage, WPARAM wparam, LPARAM lparam) 
{ 
	switch(umessage) 
	{

		// 窗体销毁消息. 
	case WM_DESTROY: 
	case WM_CLOSE: 
		{ 
			PostQuitMessage(0); 
			return 0; 
		}
		break;
		//MessageHandle过程处理其他全部消息. 
	default: 
		{ 
			return appXWindow->MessageHandler(hwnd, umessage, wparam, lparam); 
		} 
		break;
	} 

}

LRESULT CALLBACK XWindow::MessageHandler(HWND hwnd, UINT umsg, WPARAM wparam, LPARAM lparam) 
{

	switch(umsg) 
	{ 
		// 检測按键消息. 
	case WM_KEYDOWN: 
		x_input->keyDown(wparam);
	    break;
	case WM_KEYUP:
		x_input->keyUp(wparam);
		break;
		//不论什么其他消息发送到windows缺省处理. 
	case WM_SIZE:
		//防止窗体大小改变渲染变形
		x_graphics->init(LOWORD(lparam),HIWORD(lparam),hwnd);
		break;
	default: 
		{ 
			return DefWindowProc(hwnd, umsg, wparam, lparam); 
		} 
	} 
	return 0;
}
void XWindow::closeWindows()
{
	//显示光标. 
	//ShowCursor(true);
	// 恢复默认显示设置. 
	if(fullScreen) 
	{ 
		ChangeDisplaySettings(NULL, 0); 
	}
	//释放窗体句柄. 
	DestroyWindow(m_hwnd); 
	m_hwnd = NULL;
	// 释放应用程序实例. 
	UnregisterClass(m_applicationName, m_hinstance); 
	m_hinstance = NULL;
	appXWindow=NULL;
	return; 
}

#include "XWindow.h"
#include <d3dcompiler.h>
//入口
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR pScmdline, int iCmdshow) 
{

	XWindow *xwindow=new XWindow;
	xwindow->init(); //初始化
	xwindow->close();
	delete xwindow;
	return 0; 
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// File: Tutorial04.fx
//
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constant Buffer Variables
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cbuffer ConstantBuffer 
{
	matrix World;
	matrix View;
	matrix Projection;
}

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
struct VS_OUTPUT
{
    float4 Pos : SV_POSITION;
    float4 Color : COLOR;
};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Vertex Shader
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VS_OUTPUT VS( float4 Pos : POSITION, float4 Color : COLOR )
{
    VS_OUTPUT output = (VS_OUTPUT)0;
    output.Pos = mul( Pos, World );
    output.Pos = mul( output.Pos, View );
    output.Pos = mul( output.Pos, Projection );
    output.Color = Color;
    return output;
}


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Pixel Shader
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
float4 PS( VS_OUTPUT input ) : SV_Target
{
    return input.Color;
}