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  • 基于nginx+lua+redis高性能api应用实践

    基于nginx+lua+redis高性能api应用实践

    前言

    比较传统的服务端程序(PHP、FAST CGI等),大多都是通过每产生一个请求,都会有一个进程与之相对应,请求处理完毕后相关进程自动释放。由于进程创建、销毁对资源占用比较高,所以很多语言都通过常驻进程、线程等方式降低资源开销。即使是资源占用最小的线程,当并发数量超过1k的时候,操作系统的处理能力就开始出现明显下降,因为有太多的CPU时间都消耗在系统上下文切换。

    lua-nginx-module模块将lua嵌入到nginx,让nginx高效执行lua脚本,高并发,非阻塞的处理各种请求。Lua内建协程,这样就可以很好的将异步回调转换成顺序调用的形式。ngx_lua在Lua中进行的IO操作都会委托给Nginx的事件模型,从而实现非阻塞调用。

    每个NginxWorker进程持有一个Lua解释器或者LuaJIT实例,被这个Worker处理的所有请求共享这个实例。每个请求的Context会被Lua轻量级的协程分割,从而保证各个请求是独立的。 ngx_lua采用“one-coroutine-per-request”的处理模型,对于每个用户请求,ngx_lua会唤醒一个协程用于执行用户代码处理请求,当请求处理完成这个协程会被销毁。每个协程都有一个独立的全局环境(变量空间),继承于全局共享的、只读的“comman data”。所以,被用户代码注入全局空间的任何变量都不会影响其他请求的处理,并且这些变量在请求处理完成后会被释放,这样就保证所有的用户代码都运行在一个“sandbox”(沙箱),这个沙箱与请求具有相同的生命周期。 得益于Lua协程的支持,ngx_lua在处理10000个并发请求时只需要很少的内存。根据测试,ngx_lua处理每个请求只需要2KB的内存,如果使用LuaJIT则会更少。所以ngx_lua非常适合用于实现可扩展的、高并发的服务。

    nginx+lua安装

    环境需求:

    • 需要lua或luajit支持

    Lua和Luajit的区别

    Lua是一个可扩展的轻量级脚本语言,它是用C语言编写的。Lua的设计目是为了嵌入应用程序中,从而为应用程序提供灵活的扩展和定制功能。Lua代码简洁优美,几乎在所有操作系统和平台上都可以编译、运行。

    一个完整的Lua解释器不过200k

    LuaJIT是采用C语言写的Lua的解释器。LuaJIT被设计成全兼容标准Lua 5.1, 因此LuaJIT代码的语法和标准Lua的语法没多大区别。LuaJIT和Lua的一个区别是,LuaJIT的运行速度比标准Lua快数十倍,可以说是一个lua的高效率版本。

    官网
    www.lua.org
    http://luajit.org/download.html
    
    • 安装luajit
    wget -c http://luajit.org/download/LuaJIT-2.0.4.tar.gz
    tar zxf LuaJIT-2.0.4.tar.gz
    cd LuaJIT-2.0.4
    make && make install
    
    or指定安装位置
    make install PREFIX=/usr/local/luajit2.0.4
    
    • 下载ngx_devel_kit (NDK) module 模块,不需要安装
    https://github.com/simpl/ngx_devel_kit/tags
    
    • 下载nginx的lua模块,不需要安装
    HttpLuaModule :http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule
    https://github.com/openresty/lua-nginx-module#installation
    https://github.com/openresty/lua-nginx-module/tags
    wget -c https://github.com/openresty/lua-nginx-module/archive/v0.10.7.tar.gz
    
    • 编译nginx(传统编译)

    导入环境变量,告诉nginx编译系统,在哪查找luajit或lua
    如果luajit使用默认安装,会在以下路径找到

    # export LUAJIT_LIB=/usr/local/lib
    # export LUAJIT_INC=/usr/local/include/luajit-2.0
    
     # tell nginx's build system where to find LuaJIT 2.0:
     export LUAJIT_LIB=/path/to/luajit/lib
     export LUAJIT_INC=/path/to/luajit/include/luajit-2.0
    
     # tell nginx's build system where to find LuaJIT 2.1:
     export LUAJIT_LIB=/path/to/luajit/lib
     export LUAJIT_INC=/path/to/luajit/include/luajit-2.1
    
     # or tell where to find Lua if using Lua instead:
     #export LUA_LIB=/path/to/lua/lib
     #export LUA_INC=/path/to/lua/include
    
     # Here we assume Nginx is to be installed under /opt/nginx/.
     ./configure --prefix=/opt/nginx 
             --with-ld-opt="-Wl,-rpath,/path/to/luajit-or-lua/lib" 
             --add-module=/path/to/ngx_devel_kit 
             --add-module=/path/to/lua-nginx-module
    
    编译参数实例
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx-1.10.2 --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre=../pcre-8.39 --with-http_realip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-zlib=../zlib-1.2.8 --with-openssl=../openssl-1.0.2h --with-ld-opt="-Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/luajit/lib"  --add-module=/home/wwwroot/ngx_devel_kit-0.3.0/ --add-module=/home/wwwroot/lua-nginx-module-0.10.7/
    
    
     ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx-1.7.3-lua --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre=../pcre-8.39 --with-http_realip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-zlib=../zlib-1.2.8 --with-openssl=../openssl-1.0.2h --with-ld-opt="-Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/luajit2.0.4/lib" --add-module=../ngx_devel_kit-0.3.0 --add-module=../lua-nginx-module-0.10.7 
    
     make -j2
     make install
    
    • 编译nginx动态模块(和以上方式二选一)

    nginx从1.9.11版本开始,开始支持编译动态模块,通过在./configure命令使用--add-dynamic-module=PATH选项替代--add-module=PATH选项。同时在nginx配置文件顶层通过load_module来加载模块,例如:

    ./configure --add-dynamic-module=PATH 编译动态模块
    make modules
    

    编译nginx动态库,需要先安装pcre库,否则会报错

    pcre相关网址
    http://www.pcre.org/
    ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/
    https://sourceforge.net/projects/pcre/files/pcre/
    
    wget -c ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.40.tar.gz
    使用以下源下载,速度更快
    wget -c https://sourceforge.net/projects/pcre/files/pcre/8.39/pcre-8.39.tar.gz/download
    tar zxf pcre-8.39.tar.gz
    cd pcre-8.39
    
    ./configure
    make
    make install
    
    同时在编译nginx的时候,加上--with-ld-opt="-lpcre -Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/lib" 参数
    
    • 编译nginx动态模块实例

    注意!编译动态模块时,使用编译参数需要和当前环境的nginx编译参数相同、nginx版本一致,否则加载动态模块时,有可能会报不兼容错误。使用nginx -V查看当前编译参数。

    导入luajit环境变量
    export LUAJIT_LIB=/usr/local/luajit2.0.4/lib
    export LUAJIT_INC=/usr/local/luajit2.0.4/include/luajit-2.0/
    
    
    ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx-1.10.2 --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre=../pcre-8.34 --with-http_realip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module  --with-ld-opt="-lpcre -Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/luajit2.0.4/lib" --add-dynamic-module=../ngx_devel_kit-0.3.0 --add-dynamic-module=../lua-nginx-module-0.10.7
    
    ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx-1.10.1 --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-pcre=../pcre-8.39 --with-http_realip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-zlib=../zlib-1.2.8 --with-openssl=../openssl-1.0.2h --with-ld-opt="-lpcre -Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/luajit2.0.4/lib" --add-dynamic-module=../ngx_devel_kit-0.3.0 --add-dynamic-module=../lua-nginx-module-0.10.7
    
    
    ./configure --with-pcre=../pcre-8.39 
    --with-openssl=../openssl-1.0.2h 
    --with-zlib=../zlib-1.2.8 --with-http_ssl_module 
    --with-ld-opt="-Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/luajit2.0.4/lib" 
    --add-dynamic-module=../ngx_devel_kit-0.3.0 
    --add-dynamic-module=../lua-nginx-module-0.10.7
    
    make modules
    
    查看刚编译的模块
    cd objs 
    
    拷备so文件到nginx目录
    mkdir -p /usr/local/nginx/modules
    cp ndk_http_module.so ngx_http_lua_module.so /usr/local/nginx/modules/
    

    然后在nginx.conf配置文件中(配置环境main),通过load_module来加载动态模块

    load_module modules/ndk_http_module.so;
    load_module modules/ngx_http_lua_module.so;
    

    错误处理

    • 启动NGINX报如下错误
      [root@695c1860c6f7 nginx-1.10.2]# nginx -t
    nginx: error while loading shared libraries: libluajit-5.1.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
    
    • 解决方法:(根据luajit安装路径)
      默认安装
    # ln -s /usr/local/lib/libluajit-5.1.so.2 /lib64/libluajit-5.1.so.2
    luajit已指定安装路径
    ln -s /usr/local/luajit2.0.4/lib/libluajit-5.1.so.2 /lib64/libluajit-5.1.so.2
    

    [root@695c1860c6f7 nginx-1.10.2]# nginx -t

    nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx-1.10.2/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx-1.10.2/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
    
    • nginx加载动态模块,报错
    nginx: [emerg] dlopen() "/usr/local/nginx-1.10.1/modules/ngx_http_lua_module.so" failed (/usr/local/nginx-1.10.1/modules/ngx_http_lua_module.so: undefined symbol: pcre_dfa_exec) in /usr/local/nginx-1.10.1/conf/nginx.conf:13
    
    • 解决方法
      ngx_http_lua_module,使用了pcre库,需要安装pcre库
    pcre相关网址
    http://www.pcre.org/
    ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/
    https://sourceforge.net/projects/pcre/files/pcre/
    
    
    wget -c ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.40.tar.gz
    
    使用以下源下载,速度更快
    wget -c https://sourceforge.net/projects/pcre/files/pcre/8.39/pcre-8.39.tar.gz/download
    tar zxf pcre-8.39.tar.gz
    cd pcre-8.39
    
    ./configure
    make
    make install
    
    同时在编译nginx的时候,加上--with-ld-opt="-lpcre -Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/lib" 参数
    

    至此nginx+lua环境安装成功

    在nginx配置文件,server中,加入如下配置,进行测试,curl http://localhost/lua

    location = /lua {
        default_type 'text/plain';
        content_by_lua_block {
            ngx.say('hello lua')
        }
    }
    

    安装lua的扩展包,以支持redis,cson解析

    • 1.下载nginx lua redis包
    git clone https://github.com/openresty/lua-resty-redis.git
    tar解压到某个目录即可,稍后在lua程序中调用
    
    • 2.下载lua cjson包,用于json解析
    https://openresty.org/cn/lua-cjson-library.html
    git clone https://github.com/openresty/lua-cjson/
    wget -c https://www.kyne.com.au/~mark/software/download/lua-cjson-2.1.0.tar.gz
    
    • 3.安装lua cjson包
    tar zxf lua-cjson-2.1.0.tar.gz
    cd lua-cjson-2.1.0
    
    vim Makefile 
    
    可以用lua5.1或luajit进行编译,安装的是luajit,这里在PREFIX指定luajit的安装路径,LUA_INCLUDE_DIR为包含lua.h的路径
    
    ##### Build defaults #####
    LUA_VERSION =       5.1
    TARGET =            cjson.so
    PREFIX =            /usr/local/luajit2.0.4
    #CFLAGS =            -g -Wall -pedantic -fno-inline
    CFLAGS =            -O3 -Wall -pedantic -DNDEBUG
    CJSON_CFLAGS =      -fpic
    CJSON_LDFLAGS =     -shared
    LUA_INCLUDE_DIR =   $(PREFIX)/include/luajit-2.0
    LUA_CMODULE_DIR =   $(PREFIX)/lib/lua/$(LUA_VERSION)
    LUA_MODULE_DIR =    $(PREFIX)/share/lua/$(LUA_VERSION)
    LUA_BIN_DIR =       $(PREFIX)/bin
    
    最后make install
    或是make,然后手动拷备
    cp cjson.so /usr/local/luajit2.0.4/lib/lua/5.1/ 
    

    配置nginx.conf,支持lua解析

    • vim nginx.conf,加入如下配置
    http{
        #指定刚下载的redis扩展程序存放目录
        lua_package_path "/home/wwwroot/luacode/vendor/?.lua;;";
        #指定so模式的lua扩展包,基于c编译的,如cjson包
        lua_package_cpath '/usr/local/luajit2.0.4/lib/lua/5.1/?.so;;';
        #lua nginx worker共享缓存
        lua_shared_dict data 100m;
        init_by_lua_file /home/wwwroot/luacode/init.lua;    
    }
    
    upstream backend{
        server 10.101.35.51:8800;
    }
    
    server{
        location /api {
            default_type 'text/plain';
            #access_by_lua_file /home/wwwroot/luacode/auth.lua;
            #GET方式的请求,通过lua解析
            if ($request_method = "GET") {
                content_by_lua_file /home/wwwroot/luacode/content.lua;
            }
            if ($request_method != "GET") {
                proxy_pass http://backend;
            }
        }
    
        location ~ /backend/(.*) {
            internal;
    		rewrite /backend/(.*) /index.php?$1 last;
            #rewrite /backend/(.*) $1 break;
            #proxy_pass http://backend;
        }
    }
    

    部署lua代码

    • vim init.lua
    config = {}
    config["redis"] = {
        host = "10.99.206.208",
        port = "8379",
        db   = 6,
        timeout = "1000",
        keepalive = {idle = 10000, size = 100},
    }
    config['nginx'] = {
        ngx_shared_timeout = 120
    }
    
    
    • vim content.lua
    -- author ljh
    -- version 1.0
    local redis = require("resty.redis")
    local cjson = require("cjson")
    local ngx_log = ngx.log
    local ngx_ERR = ngx.ERR
    local ngx_exit = ngx.exit
    local ngx_print = ngx.print
    -- local ngx_re_match = ngx.re.match
    local ngx_var = ngx.var
    local ngx_shared_data = ngx.shared.data
    local red = redis:new()
    
    -- 响应输出内容
    -- body   http输出body内容
    -- status http状态码
    -- header http响应头,table格式
    local function response(body,status,header)
        ngx.status = status
        if header then
            for key, val in pairs(header) do
                ngx.header[key] = val
            end
        end
        ngx_print(body)
        ngx_exit(ngx.status)
    end
    
    -- 通过http回后端请求数据
    local function read_http(id)
        ngx_log(ngx_ERR, "request http uri :", id)
        local resp = ngx.location.capture("/backend/"..id)
        if not resp then
            ngx_log(ngx_ERR, "request error :", err)
            return 
        end
        response(resp.body,resp.status,resp.header)
        -- return resp
    end
    
    --关闭redis连接
    local function close_redis(red)
        if not red then
            return
        end
        local pool_max_idle_time = config.redis.keepalive.idle
        local pool_size = config.redis.keepalive.size
        -- Basically if your NGINX handle n concurrent requests and your NGINX has m workers, then the connection pool size should be configured as n/m
        -- redis连接放入连接池
        local ok, err = red:set_keepalive(pool_max_idle_time, pool_size)
        if not ok then
            ngx_log(ngx_ERR, "set redis keepalive error : ", err)
        end
    end
    
    -- 验证access token是否有效
    local function validToken(data)
        if not data then
            return false
        end
        if data == ngx.null then
            return false
        end
        local json = cjson.decode(data)
        if 'table' ~= type(json) then
            return false
        end
        local expire_time = json.expire_time
        local current_time = os.time()
        if ((expire_time > 0) and (current_time > expire_time)) then
            return false
        end
        return true
    end
    
    -- get access token from http request (header or query params)
    local function getAccessToken()
        --str = ngx.req.get_headers()["Authorization"]
        --for i in string.gmatch(str, "%S+") do
        --  ngx.say(i)
        --end
        local access_token = nil
        -- get access_token from header
        local auth_code = ngx.req.get_headers()["Authorization"]
        if auth_code then
            -- the header is Authorization:bearer xxxx
            access_token = string.sub(auth_code,8)
        else
            -- get access token from GET MEquery params
            access_token = ngx.var.arg_access_token
        end
        return access_token
    end
    
    -- 验证http请求,如果通过返回token,否则返回false
    local function auth()
        local access_token = getAccessToken()
        if not access_token then
            return false
        end
        key = "access-token-key-"..ngx.md5(access_token)
        local token = red:get(key)
        if not validToken(token) then
            return false
        end
        return cjson.decode(token)
    end
    
    -- main function
    local function main()
        local status = 200
        local header = {}
        local content = nil
        local resp = nil
        local client_id = nil
        header['content_type'] = 'application/json'
        -- 连接redis,失败转后端处理
        red:set_timeout(config.redis.timeout)
        local ok, err = red:connect(config.redis.host, config.redis.port)
        if not ok then
            ngx_log(ngx_ERR, "connect to redis error : ", err)
            read_http(ngx_var.request_uri)
        end
        -- select redis db,失败转后端处理
        local ok, err = red:select(config.redis.db)
        if not ok then
            ngx_log("failed to select redis db: ", err)
            read_http(ngx_var.request_uri)
        end
        -- 验证token,失败回后端(这里是通过redis验证,考虑redis失效等情况)
        local token = auth()
        if not token or not token.client_id then
            read_http(ngx_var.request_uri)
        end
        -- 获取client_id,结合request_uri组成redis缓存key
        client_id = token.client_id
        -- cache_key,request_uri md5 key
        local cache_key = 'api_clientid_'..client_id..'_request_uri_'..ngx.md5(ngx_var.request_uri)
        -- 从nginx的共享内存中取数据(减少redis的tcp连接)
        local content = ngx_shared_data:get(cache_key)
        -- nginx共享内存有数据,直接返回
        if content  then
            response(content,status,header)
        end
        -- nginx共享内存没有数据,则请求redis缓存
        if not content or content == ngx.null then 
            ngx_log(ngx_ERR, "nginx shared memory not found content, back to reids, id : ", cache_key)
            content = red:get(cache_key)
        end 
        -- redis 没有数据,将请求转发到后端
        if not content or content == ngx.null then 
            -- ngx.say('no redis data')
            ngx_log(ngx_ERR, "redis not found content, back to http, request_uri : ", ngx_var.request_uri)
            read_http(ngx_var.request_uri)
        else
            close_redis(red)
            -- 加入nginx共享缓存,worker共享
            ngx_shared_data:set(cache_key,content,config.nginx.ngx_shared_timeout)
            response(content,status,header)
        end
    end
    main()
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/coolworld/p/6347487.html
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