Chapter One: A Preview
因为本人英语不是很好,理解上难免出现错误,欢迎各位在评论处留言。
1-1 Introduction
The eighteenth century is frequently thought of as the golden age of formal development in calculus, while the nineteenth century is regarded as the most important era of basic development. It should be noted, however, that the twentieth century has seen a significant basic development in calculus.
1-2 Summation - 求和
符号 | 含义 |
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求和符号 It is called a summation sign. |
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求和索引(我们都叫下标) It is called the summation index. |
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and | 上下限 The lower and upper limits of summation, respectively. |
- | 求和符号的意思是把从下限到上限的连续整数赋给。 The summation sign means: Assign to the summation index successive integer values from the lower to the upper limit of summation, inclusive. |
1-3 Functions - 函数
函数三要素:定义域,值域,函数法则(陈老师强调过)。
术语 | 含义 |
---|---|
function | 函数被定义为一个有序对的集合,这些有序对的第一项各不相同,也就是是唯一的,不存在,一个有序对可表示为。 A function is defined as a set of ordered pairs of numbers no two of which have the same first entry. The notation is commonly used for the ordered pair whose first entry is and whose second entry is . |
domain | 函数的定义域为的集合。 The domain of a function is the set of all first entries in its ordered pairs. |
range | 函数的取值范围,简称值域,是的集合。 The range of a function is the set of all its second entries. |
entry | 查到的中文解释对应不上,我个人理解的是“项”:第一项,第二项。 |
identity function | 恒等函数 |
polynomial_function | 多项式函数 |
Frequently, a single letter is used to denote a particular function. The ones in most common use are . If is a function and is a number in its domain, then the symbol is used to denote the entry in the range corresponding to a. The symbol is read, of , and is called the value of at .
And, given , the operation of getting is called application of to .
例:f(a,b), g(a,c)两个函数的计算。
注意:两个函数相除时,如果除数的值域中包含0,则不能进行运算。
Unless otherwise specified, the domain of a function will be the set of all real numbers for which the formula for function values yields real numbers.
1-4 Composite Functions - 复合函数
if then,
术语 | 含义 |
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composite_function | If and are functions such that the domain of overlaps the range of , then the composite function () read circle , is defined as the set of all ordered pairs such that for some , is in and is in . |
1-5 Variables and Loci - 变量和位点
(我的英文差,也不知道翻译得对不对,嫌弃的话,直接看英文吧?)
映射就是一个有序对集合,且集合中不存在。定义域和值域与之前函数的定义相同。
如果两个映射有重合的定义域,且值域为数集,那么他们的四则运算规则和函数相同。
A mapping is defined as a set of ordered pairs no two of which have the same first entry. The words “domain” and “range” apply to mappings in general as to the special case of functions.
If two mappings have overlapping domains and if their ranges are sets of numbers, then their sum, difference, product and quotient are defined as in the case of functions.
术语 | 含义 |
---|---|
sum | 和 |
difference | 差 |
product | 乘积 |
quotient | 商 |
origin | 原点 the point of intersection of the coordinate axes. |
abscissa | 横坐标 the horizontal measurement. |
ordinate | 纵坐标 the vertical measurement. |
coordinates | 坐标,包括横坐标和纵坐标。 |
abscissa variable | 横坐标变量 |
ordinate variable | 纵坐标变量 |
1-6 Integrals - 积分
上图中,当矩形宽度无穷小时,所有矩形面积之和会无限接近于包围矩形,且上下限为的曲线与横轴围成的面积,即:it called the integral of from a to , and the symbol is called an integral sign. The numbers and appended tp the integral sign are called the ==limits of integration.==This terminology is unfortunate, but standard.
1-7 Derivatives - 微分
The number is called the derivative of at . It is also referred to as the slope of the curve at .
The set of all number pairs is a function called merely the derivative of f.
The operation of finding from f is called differentiation.
In general, the -th derivative of , designated by , is the function obtained by starting with and applying the operation of differentiation times. Parentheses are used in the notation to distinguish it from , which means -th power of .
1-8 The Fundamental Theorem - 基础定理(牛顿-莱布尼茨公式)
method of exhaustions - 穷举法(这个是经典希腊的算法不是基础定理,就记一下穷举法怎么说。)
下面的牛顿-莱布尼茨公式(Newton and Leibnitz)才是基础定理。
当曲线穿过矩形的, )时,存在:因为,表示图a的阴影面积,而观察图b可以发现如果曲线的位置适当,图a的阴影区域面积近似于图b的矩形面积。进而有:常见的变换:
1-9 Calculus of Variables - 变量的微积分
The derivative of with respect to is denoted by and defined by
上式为变量对变量的微分。
The -th derivative of with respect to is then
and is called the integral from to of with respect to .