一.理论知识部分
Java 的线程调度采用优先级策略:优先级高的先执行，优先级低的后执行；多线程系统会自动为每个线程分配一个优先级，缺省时，继承其父类的优先级； 任务紧急的线程，其优先级较高； 同优先级的线程按“先进先出”的队列原则。
调用setPriority(int a)重置当前线程的优先级，a取值可以是前述的三个静态量。调用getPriority()获得当前线程优先级。
多线程并发运行不确定性问题解决方案：引入线程同步机制，使得另一线程要使用该方法，就只能等待。
在Java中解决多线程同步问题的方法有两种：J ava SE 5.0中引入ReentrantLock类。 在共享内存的类方法前加synchronized修饰符。
有关锁对象和条件对象的关键要点:锁用来保护代码片段，保证任何时刻只能有一个线程执行被保护的代码。锁管理试图进入被保护代码段的线程。锁可拥有一个或多个相关条件对象。每个条件对象管理那些已经进入被保护的代码 段但还不能运行的线程。
synchronized关键字作用： 某个类内方法用synchronized 修饰后，该方法被称为同步方法；只要某个线程正在访问同步方法，其他线程欲要访问同步方法就被阻塞，直至线程从同 步方法返回前唤醒被阻塞线程，其他线程方可能进入同步方法。
在同步方法中使用wait()、notify 和notifyAll()方法：一个线程在使用的同步方法中时，可能根据问题的需要，必须使用wait()方法使本线程等待，暂时让出CPU的使用权，并允许其它线程使用这个同步方法。线程如果用完同步方法，应当执行notifyAll()方 法通知所有由于使用这个同步方法而处于等待的线程结束等待。
二.实验部分
1、实验目的与要求
(1) 掌握线程同步的概念及实现技术；
(2) 线程综合编程练习
2、实验内容和步骤
实验1：测试程序并进行代码注释。
测试程序1：
l 在Elipse环境下调试教材651页程序14-7，结合程序运行结果理解程序；
l 掌握利用锁对象和条件对象实现的多线程同步技术。
package synch; /** * This program shows how multiple threads can safely access a data structure. * @version 1.31 2015-06-21 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class SynchBankTest { public static final int NACCOUNTS = 100; public static final double INITIAL_BALANCE = 1000; public static final double MAX_AMOUNT = 1000; public static final int DELAY = 10; public static void main(String[] args) { Bank bank = new Bank(NACCOUNTS, INITIAL_BALANCE); for (int i = 0; i < NACCOUNTS; i++) { int fromAccount = i; Runnable r = () -> { try { while (true) { int toAccount = (int) (bank.size() * Math.random()); double amount = MAX_AMOUNT * Math.random(); bank.transfer(fromAccount, toAccount, amount); Thread.sleep((int) (DELAY * Math.random()));//随机生成时间，使正在执行的线程休眠 } } catch (InterruptedException e) { } }; Thread t = new Thread(r); t.start();//开始线程 } } } SynchBankTest
package synch; import java.util.*; import java.util.concurrent.locks.*; /** * A bank with a number of bank accounts that uses locks for serializing access. * @version 1.30 2004-08-01 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Bank { private final double[] accounts; private Lock bankLock; private Condition sufficientFunds; /** * Constructs the bank. * @param n the number of accounts * @param initialBalance the initial balance for each account */ public Bank(int n, double initialBalance) { accounts = new double[n]; Arrays.fill(accounts, initialBalance); bankLock = new ReentrantLock(); sufficientFunds = bankLock.newCondition(); } /** * Transfers money from one account to another. * @param from the account to transfer from * @param to the account to transfer to * @param amount the amount to transfer */ public void transfer(int from, int to, double amount) throws InterruptedException { bankLock.lock();//使用锁对象,获取锁 try { while (accounts[from] < amount) sufficientFunds.await(); System.out.print(Thread.currentThread()); accounts[from] -= amount; System.out.printf(" %10.2f from %d to %d", amount, from, to); accounts[to] += amount; System.out.printf(" Total Balance: %10.2f%n", getTotalBalance()); sufficientFunds.signalAll();//唤醒所有线程 } finally { bankLock.unlock();//释放锁 } } /** * Gets the sum of all account balances. * @return the total balance */ public double getTotalBalance() { bankLock.lock(); try { double sum = 0; for (double a : accounts) sum += a; return sum; } finally { bankLock.unlock(); } } /** * Gets the number of accounts in the bank. * @return the number of accounts */ public int size() { return accounts.length; } } Bank
测试程序2：
l 在Elipse环境下调试教材655页程序14-8，结合程序运行结果理解程序；
l 掌握synchronized在多线程同步中的应用。
package synch2; import java.util.*; /** * A bank with a number of bank accounts that uses synchronization primitives. * @version 1.30 2004-08-01 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class Bank { private final double[] accounts; /** * Constructs the bank. * @param n the number of accounts * @param initialBalance the initial balance for each account */ public Bank(int n, double initialBalance) { accounts = new double[n]; Arrays.fill(accounts, initialBalance); } /** * Transfers money from one account to another. * @param from the account to transfer from * @param to the account to transfer to * @param amount the amount to transfer */ //使用synchronized修饰符 public synchronized void transfer(int from, int to, double amount) throws InterruptedException { while (accounts[from] < amount) wait();//来自Object类 System.out.print(Thread.currentThread()); accounts[from] -= amount; System.out.printf(" %10.2f from %d to %d", amount, from, to); accounts[to] += amount; System.out.printf(" Total Balance: %10.2f%n", getTotalBalance()); notifyAll();//解除所有线程的阻塞状态 } /** * Gets the sum of all account balances. * @return the total balance */ public synchronized double getTotalBalance() { double sum = 0; for (double a : accounts) sum += a; return sum; } /** * Gets the number of accounts in the bank. * @return the number of accounts */ public int size() { return accounts.length; } } Bank
package synch2; /** * This program shows how multiple threads can safely access a data structure, * using synchronized methods. * @version 1.31 2015-06-21 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class SynchBankTest2 { public static final int NACCOUNTS = 100; public static final double INITIAL_BALANCE = 1000; public static final double MAX_AMOUNT = 1000; public static final int DELAY = 10; public static void main(String[] args) { Bank bank = new Bank(NACCOUNTS, INITIAL_BALANCE); for (int i = 0; i < NACCOUNTS; i++) { int fromAccount = i; Runnable r = () -> { try { while (true) { int toAccount = (int) (bank.size() * Math.random()); double amount = MAX_AMOUNT * Math.random(); bank.transfer(fromAccount, toAccount, amount); Thread.sleep((int) (DELAY * Math.random())); } } catch (InterruptedException e) { } }; Thread t = new Thread(r); t.start(); } } } SynchBankTest2
测试程序3：
l 在Elipse环境下运行以下程序，结合程序运行结果分析程序存在问题；
l 尝试解决程序中存在问题。
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class Cbank { private static int s=2000; public static void sub(int m) { int temp=s; temp=temp-m; try { Thread.sleep((int)(1000*Math.random())); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } s=temp; System.out.println("s="+s); } } class Customer extends Thread { public void run() { for( int i=1; i<=4; i++) Cbank.sub(100); } } public class Thread3 { public static void main(String args[]) { Customer customer1 = new Customer(); Customer customer2 = new Customer(); customer1.start(); customer2.start(); } } |
class Cbank { private static int s=2000; public static synchronized void sub(int m) { int temp=s; temp=temp-m; try { Thread.sleep((int)(1000*Math.random())); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } s=temp; System.out.println("s="+s); } } class Customer extends Thread { public void run() { for( int i=1; i<=4; i++) Cbank.sub(100); } } public class Thread3 { public static void main(String args[]) { Customer customer1 = new Customer(); Customer customer2 = new Customer(); customer1.start(); customer2.start(); } } Cbank
实验2 编程练习
利用多线程及同步方法，编写一个程序模拟火车票售票系统，共3个窗口，卖10张票，程序输出结果类似（程序输出不唯一，可以是其他类似结果）。
Thread-0窗口售：第1张票
Thread-0窗口售：第2张票
Thread-1窗口售：第3张票
Thread-2窗口售：第4张票
Thread-2窗口售：第5张票
Thread-1窗口售：第6张票
Thread-0窗口售：第7张票
Thread-2窗口售：第8张票
Thread-1窗口售：第9张票
Thread-0窗口售：第10张票
public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { Myrhread myrhread = new Myrhread(); Thread t1 = new Thread(myrhread); Thread t2 = new Thread(myrhread); Thread t3 = new Thread(myrhread); t1.start(); t2.start(); t3.start(); } } class Myrhread implements Runnable { int t = 1; boolean flag = true; public void run() { while (flag) { try { Thread.sleep(500); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } synchronized (this) { if (t <= 10) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "窗口售：第" + t + "張票"); t++; } if (t > 10) { flag = false; } } } } } Demo
三、实验总结：
本周的实验容量很少，实验也相对来说简单，完成的还算顺利。学长也教了我们常用的一些快捷键，本周的收获还是很大的。在以后的学习中我会继续完善在这门语言学习中我的不足，也会铭记老师的教诲，不会学完之后就忘记，而是学会使用这门语言解决以后学习中的问题。在这里对老师和学长再次表示真挚的感谢。