1.视图
#修改视图，原始表也跟着改 mysql> select * from course; +-----+--------+------------+ | cid | cname | teacher_id | +-----+--------+------------+ | 1 | 生物 | 1 | | 2 | 物理 | 2 | | 3 | 体育 | 3 | | 4 | 美术 | 2 | +-----+--------+------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create view course_view as select * from course; #创建表course的视图 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.52 sec) mysql> select * from course_view; +-----+--------+------------+ | cid | cname | teacher_id | +-----+--------+------------+ | 1 | 生物 | 1 | | 2 | 物理 | 2 | | 3 | 体育 | 3 | | 4 | 美术 | 2 | +-----+--------+------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> update course_view set cname='xxx'; #更新视图中的数据 Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.04 sec) Rows matched: 4 Changed: 4 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into course_view values(5,'yyy',2); #往视图中插入数据 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec) mysql> select * from course; #发现原始表的记录也跟着修改了 +-----+-------+------------+ | cid | cname | teacher_id | +-----+-------+------------+ | 1 | xxx | 1 | | 2 | xxx | 2 | | 3 | xxx | 3 | | 4 | xxx | 2 | | 5 | yyy | 2 | +-----+-------+------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.触发器
#准备表 CREATE TABLE cmd ( id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment, USER CHAR (32), priv CHAR (10), cmd CHAR (64), sub_time datetime, #提交时间 success enum ('yes', 'no') #0代表执行失败 ); CREATE TABLE errlog ( id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment, err_cmd CHAR (64), err_time datetime ); #创建触发器 delimiter // CREATE TRIGGER tri_after_insert_cmd AFTER INSERT ON cmd FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF NEW.success = 'no' THEN #等值判断只有一个等号 INSERT INTO errlog(err_cmd, err_time) VALUES(NEW.cmd, NEW.sub_time) ; #必须加分号 END IF ; #必须加分号 END// delimiter ; #往表cmd中插入记录，触发触发器，根据IF的条件决定是否插入错误日志 INSERT INTO cmd ( USER, priv, cmd, sub_time, success ) VALUES ('egon','0755','ls -l /etc',NOW(),'yes'), ('egon','0755','cat /etc/passwd',NOW(),'no'), ('egon','0755','useradd xxx',NOW(),'no'), ('egon','0755','ps aux',NOW(),'yes'); #查询错误日志，发现有两条 mysql> select * from errlog; +----+-----------------+---------------------+ | id | err_cmd | err_time | +----+-----------------+---------------------+ | 1 | cat /etc/passwd | 2017-09-14 22:18:48 | | 2 | useradd xxx | 2017-09-14 22:18:48 | +----+-----------------+---------------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.事务
create table user( id int primary key auto_increment, name char(32), balance int ); insert into user(name,balance) values ('wsb',1000), ('egon',1000), ('ysb',1000); #原子操作 start transaction; update user set balance=900 where name='wsb'; #买支付100元 update user set balance=1010 where name='egon'; #中介拿走10元 update user set balance=1090 where name='ysb'; #卖家拿到90元 commit; #出现异常，回滚到初始状态 start transaction; update user set balance=900 where name='wsb'; #买支付100元 update user set balance=1010 where name='egon'; #中介拿走10元 uppdate user set balance=1090 where name='ysb'; #卖家拿到90元,出现异常没有拿到 rollback; commit; mysql> select * from user; +----+------+---------+ | id | name | balance | +----+------+---------+ | 1 | wsb | 1000 | | 2 | egon | 1000 | | 3 | ysb | 1000 | +----+------+---------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.存储过程
#方式一： MySQL：存储过程 程序：调用存储过程 #方式二： MySQL： 程序：纯SQL语句 #方式三： MySQL: 程序：类和对象，即ORM（本质还是纯SQL语句）
#in 仅用于传入参数用 #out 仅用于返回值用 #inout 既可以传入又可以当作返回值
delimiter // create procedure p2( in n1 int, in n2 int ) BEGIN select * from blog where id > n1; END // delimiter ; #在mysql中调用 call p2(3,2) #在python中基于pymysql调用 cursor.callproc('p2',(3,2)) print(cursor.fetchall()) in:传入参数
delimiter // create procedure p3( in n1 int, out res int ) BEGIN select * from blog where id > n1; set res = 1; END // delimiter ; #在mysql中调用 set @res=0; #0代表假（执行失败），1代表真（执行成功） call p3(3,@res); select @res; #在python中基于pymysql调用 cursor.callproc('p3',(3,0)) #0相当于set @res=0 print(cursor.fetchall()) #查询select的查询结果 cursor.execute('select @_p3_0,@_p3_1;') #@p3_0代表第一个参数，@p3_1代表第二个参数，即返回值 print(cursor.fetchall()) out：返回值
delimiter // create procedure p4( inout n1 int ) BEGIN select * from blog where id > n1; set n1 = 1; END // delimiter ; #在mysql中调用 set @x=3; call p4(@x); select @x; #在python中基于pymysql调用 cursor.callproc('p4',(3,)) print(cursor.fetchall()) #查询select的查询结果 cursor.execute('select @_p4_0;') print(cursor.fetchall()) inout:既可以传入又可以返回
#介绍 delimiter // create procedure p4( out status int ) BEGIN 1. 声明如果出现异常则执行{ set status = 1; rollback; } 开始事务 -- 由秦兵账户减去100 -- 方少伟账户加90 -- 张根账户加10 commit; 结束 set status = 2; END // delimiter ; #实现 delimiter // create PROCEDURE p5( OUT p_return_code tinyint ) BEGIN DECLARE exit handler for sqlexception BEGIN -- ERROR set p_return_code = 1; rollback; END; DECLARE exit handler for sqlwarning BEGIN -- WARNING set p_return_code = 2; rollback; END; START TRANSACTION; DELETE from tb1; #执行失败 insert into blog(name,sub_time) values('yyy',now()); COMMIT; -- SUCCESS set p_return_code = 0; #0代表执行成功 END // delimiter ; #在mysql中调用存储过程 set @res=123; call p5(@res); select @res; #在python中基于pymysql调用存储过程 cursor.callproc('p5',(123,)) print(cursor.fetchall()) #查询select的查询结果 cursor.execute('select @_p5_0;') print(cursor.fetchall()) 事务
在python中的具体调用方法
-- 无参数 call proc_name() -- 有参数，全in call proc_name(1,2) -- 有参数，有in，out，inout set @t1=0; set @t2=3; call proc_name(1,2,@t1,@t2) 执行存储过程 在MySQL中执行存储过程
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) # 执行存储过程 cursor.callproc('p1', args=(1, 22, 3, 4)) # 获取执行完存储的参数 cursor.execute("select @_p1_0,@_p1_1,@_p1_2,@_p1_3") result = cursor.fetchall() conn.commit() cursor.close() conn.close() print(result) 在python中基于pymysql执行存储过程
date_formit
#1 基本使用 mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2009-10-04 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y'); -> 'Sunday October 2009' mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2007-10-04 22:23:00', '%H:%i:%s'); -> '22:23:00' mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1900-10-04 22:23:00', -> '%D %y %a %d %m %b %j'); -> '4th 00 Thu 04 10 Oct 277' mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00', -> '%H %k %I %r %T %S %w'); -> '22 22 10 10:23:00 PM 22:23:00 00 6' mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1999-01-01', '%X %V'); -> '1998 52' mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2006-06-00', '%d'); -> '00' #2 准备表和记录 CREATE TABLE blog ( id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment, NAME CHAR (32), sub_time datetime ); INSERT INTO blog (NAME, sub_time) VALUES ('第1篇','2015-03-01 11:31:21'), ('第2篇','2015-03-11 16:31:21'), ('第3篇','2016-07-01 10:21:31'), ('第4篇','2016-07-22 09:23:21'), ('第5篇','2016-07-23 10:11:11'), ('第6篇','2016-07-25 11:21:31'), ('第7篇','2017-03-01 15:33:21'), ('第8篇','2017-03-01 17:32:21'), ('第9篇','2017-03-01 18:31:21'); #3. 提取sub_time字段的值，按照格式后的结果即"年月"来分组 SELECT DATE_FORMAT(sub_time,'%Y-%m'),COUNT(1) FROM blog GROUP BY DATE_FORMAT(sub_time,'%Y-%m'); #结果 +-------------------------------+----------+ | DATE_FORMAT(sub_time,'%Y-%m') | COUNT(1) | +-------------------------------+----------+ | 2015-03 | 2 | | 2016-07 | 4 | | 2017-03 | 3 | +-------------------------------+----------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) 需要掌握函数：date_format