数组
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var a [5]int
fmt.Println("emp:", a)
a[4] = 100
fmt.Println("set:", a)
fmt.Println("get:", a[4])
fmt.Println("len:", len(a))
b := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
fmt.Println("dcl:", b)
var twoD [2][3]int
for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
twoD[i][j] = i + j
}
}
fmt.Println("2d: ", twoD)
}
/*
emp: [0 0 0 0 0]
set: [0 0 0 0 100]
get: 100
len: 5
dcl: [1 2 3 4 5]
2d: [[0 1 2] [1 2 3]]
*/
切片
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
s := make([]string, 3)
fmt.Println("emp:", s)
s[0] = "a"
s[1] = "b"
s[2] = "c"
fmt.Println("set:", s)
fmt.Println("get:", s[2])
fmt.Println("len:", len(s))
s = append(s, "d")
s = append(s, "e", "f")
fmt.Println("apd:", s)
c := make([]string, len(s))
copy(c, s)
fmt.Println("cpy:", c)
l := s[2:5]
fmt.Println("sl1:", l)
l = s[:5]
fmt.Println("sl2:", l)
l = s[2:]
fmt.Println("sl3:", l)
t := []string{"g", "h", "i"}
fmt.Println("dcl:", t)
twoD := make([][]int, 3)
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
innerLen := i + 1
twoD[i] = make([]int, innerLen)
for j := 0; j < innerLen; j++ {
twoD[i][j] = i + j
}
}
fmt.Println("2d: ", twoD)
}
/*
emp: [ ]
set: [a b c]
get: c
len: 3
apd: [a b c d e f]
cpy: [a b c d e f]
sl1: [c d e]
sl2: [a b c d e]
sl3: [c d e f]
dcl: [g h i]
2d: [[0] [1 2] [2 3 4]]*/
字典
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
m := make(map[string]int)
m["k1"] = 7
m["k2"] = 13
fmt.Println("map:", m)
v1 := m["k1"]
fmt.Println("v1: ", v1)
fmt.Println("len:", len(m))
delete(m, "k2")
fmt.Println("map:", m)
_, prs := m["k2"]
fmt.Println("prs:", prs)
n := map[string]int{"foo": 1, "bar": 2}
fmt.Println("map:", n)
}
/*
map: map[k1:7 k2:13]
v1: 7
len: 2
map: map[k1:7]
prs: false
map: map[bar:2 foo:1]*/
遍历
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
nums := []int{2, 3, 4}
sum := 0
for _, num := range nums {
sum += num
}
fmt.Println("sum:", sum)
for i, num := range nums {
if num == 3 {
fmt.Println("index:", i)
}
}
kvs := map[string]string{"a": "apple", "b": "banana"}
for k, v := range kvs {
fmt.Printf("%s -> %s
", k, v)
}
for k := range kvs {
fmt.Println("key:", k)
}
for i, c := range "go" {
fmt.Println(i, c)
}
}
/*
sum: 9
index: 1
a -> apple
b -> banana
key: a
key: b
0 103
1 111*/
闭包
package main
import "fmt"
func intSeq() func() int {
i := 0
return func() int {
i++
return i
}
}
func main() {
nextInt := intSeq()
fmt.Println(nextInt())
fmt.Println(nextInt())
fmt.Println(nextInt())
newInts := intSeq()
fmt.Println(newInts())
}
//1 2 3 1
递归
package main
import "fmt"
func fact(n int) int {
if n == 0 {
return 1
}
return n * fact(n-1)
}
func main() {
fmt.Println(fact(7))
}
//5040
结构体
package main
import "fmt"
type person struct {
name string
age int
}
func newPerson(name string) *person {
p := person{name: name}
p.age = 42
return &p
}
func main() {
fmt.Println(person{"Bob", 20})
fmt.Println(person{name: "Alice", age: 30})
fmt.Println(person{name: "Fred"})
fmt.Println(&person{name: "Ann", age: 40})
fmt.Println(newPerson("Jon"))
s := person{name: "Sean", age: 50}
fmt.Println(s.name)
sp := &s
fmt.Println(sp.age)
sp.age = 51
fmt.Println(sp.age)
}
/*{Bob 20}
{Alice 30}
{Fred 0}
&{Ann 40}
&{Jon 42}
Sean
50
51*/
结构体函数
package main
import "fmt"
type rect struct {
width, height int
}
func (r *rect) area() int {
return r.width * r.height
}
func (r rect) perim() int {
return 2*r.width + 2*r.height
}
func main() {
r := rect{ 10, height: 5}
fmt.Println("area: ", r.area())
fmt.Println("perim:", r.perim())
rp := &r
fmt.Println("area: ", rp.area())
fmt.Println("perim:", rp.perim())
}
/*area: 50
perim: 30
area: 50
perim: 30*/
接口
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math"
)
type geometry interface {
area() float64
perim() float64
}
type rect struct {
width, height float64
}
type circle struct {
radius float64
}
func (r rect) area() float64 {
return r.width * r.height
}
func (r rect) perim() float64 {
return 2*r.width + 2*r.height
}
func (c circle) area() float64 {
return math.Pi * c.radius * c.radius
}
func (c circle) perim() float64 {
return 2 * math.Pi * c.radius
}
func measure(g geometry) {
fmt.Println(g)
fmt.Println(g.area())
fmt.Println(g.perim())
}
func main() {
r := rect{ 3, height: 4}
c := circle{radius: 5}
measure(r)
measure(c)
}
/*
{3 4}
12
14
{5}
78.53981633974483
31.41592653589793*/
异常处理
package main
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
)
func f1(arg int) (int, error) {
if arg == 42 {
return -1, errors.New("can't work with 42")
}
return arg + 3, nil
}
type argError struct {
arg int
prob string
}
func (e *argError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("%d - %s", e.arg, e.prob)
}
func f2(arg int) (int, error) {
if arg == 42 {
return -1, &argError{arg, "can't work with it"}
}
return arg + 3, nil
}
func main() {
for _, i := range []int{7, 42} {
if r, e := f1(i); e != nil {
fmt.Println("f1 failed:", e)
} else {
fmt.Println("f1 worked:", r)
}
}
for _, i := range []int{7, 42} {
if r, e := f2(i); e != nil {
fmt.Println("f2 failed:", e)
} else {
fmt.Println("f2 worked:", r)
}
}
_, e := f2(42)
if ae, ok := e.(*argError); ok {
fmt.Println(ae.arg)
fmt.Println(ae.prob)
}
}
/*f1 worked: 10
f1 failed: can't work with 42
f2 worked: 10
f2 failed: 42 - can't work with it
42
can't work with it*/
Channel同步
go语言提倡：非共享内存来同步数据，而是共享通信来同步数据
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func worker(done chan bool) {
fmt.Print("working...")
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Println("done")
done <- true
}
func main() {
done := make(chan bool, 1)
go worker(done)
<-done
}
// working ... done
Select
Go’s select lets you wait on multiple channel operations. Combining goroutines and channels with select is a powerful feature of Go.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
c1 := make(chan string)
c2 := make(chan string)
go func() {
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
c1 <- "one"
}()
go func() {
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
c2 <- "two"
}()
for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
select {
case msg1 := <-c1:
fmt.Println("received", msg1)
case msg2 := <-c2:
fmt.Println("received", msg2)
}
}
}
/*received one
received two
real 0m2.245*/
超时
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
c1 := make(chan string, 1)
go func() {
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
c1 <- "result 1"
}()
select {
case res := <-c1:
fmt.Println(res)
case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
fmt.Println("timeout 1")
}
c2 := make(chan string, 1)
go func() {
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
c2 <- "result 2"
}()
select {
case res := <-c2:
fmt.Println(res)
case <-time.After(3 * time.Second):
fmt.Println("timeout 2")
}
}
/*timeout 1
result 2*/
Channel的关闭和消费生产者模型
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
jobs := make(chan int, 5)
done := make(chan bool)
go func() {
for {
j, more := <-jobs
if more {
fmt.Println("received job", j)
} else {
fmt.Println("received all jobs")
done <- true
return
}
}
}()
for j := 1; j <= 3; j++ {
jobs <- j
fmt.Println("sent job", j)
}
close(jobs)
fmt.Println("sent all jobs")
<-done
}
/*
sent job 1
received job 1
sent job 2
received job 2
sent job 3
received job 3
sent all jobs
received all jobs*/
Channel的遍历
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
queue := make(chan string, 2)
queue <- "one"
queue <- "two"
close(queue)
for elem := range queue {
fmt.Println(elem)
}
}
/*
one
two*/
Timer
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
timer1 := time.NewTimer(time.Second * 2)
t1 := time.Now()
fmt.Printf("t1:%v
", t1)
t2 := <-timer1.C
fmt.Printf("t2:%v
", t2)
//如果只是想单纯的等待的话，可以使用 time.Sleep 来实现
timer2 := time.NewTimer(time.Second * 2)
<-timer2.C
fmt.Println("2s后")
time.Sleep(time.Second * 2)
fmt.Println("再一次2s后")
<-time.After(time.Second * 2) //time.After函数的返回值是chan Time
fmt.Println("再再一次2s后")
timer3 := time.NewTimer(time.Second)
go func() {
<-timer3.C
fmt.Println("Timer 3 expired")
}()
stop := timer3.Stop() //停止定时器
//阻止timer事件发生，当该函数执行后，timer计时器停止，相应的事件不再执行
if stop {
fmt.Println("Timer 3 stopped")
}
fmt.Println("before")
timer4 := time.NewTimer(time.Second * 5) //原来设置5s
timer4.Reset(time.Second * 1) //重新设置时间,即修改NewTimer的时间
<-timer4.C
fmt.Println("after")
}
/*
t1:2020-04-14 09:18:47.4708004 +0800 CST m=+0.001994001
t2:2020-04-14 09:18:49.4710156 +0800 CST m=+2.002209201
2s后
再一次2s后
再再一次2s后
Timer 3 stopped
before
after*/
Timer.tickers
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
ticker := time.NewTicker(500 * time.Millisecond)
done := make(chan bool)
go func() {
for {
select {
case <-done:
return
case t := <-ticker.C:
fmt.Println("Tick at", t)
}
}
}()
time.Sleep(1600 * time.Millisecond)
ticker.Stop()
done <- true
fmt.Println("Ticker stopped")
}
/*
Tick at 2012-09-23 11:29:56.487625 -0700 PDT
Tick at 2012-09-23 11:29:56.988063 -0700 PDT
Tick at 2012-09-23 11:29:57.488076 -0700 PDT
Ticker stopped*/
work pool
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func worker(id int, jobs <-chan int, results chan<- int) {
for j := range jobs {
fmt.Println("worker", id, "started job", j)
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Println("worker", id, "finished job", j)
results <- j * 2
}
}
func main() {
const numJobs = 5
jobs := make(chan int, numJobs)
results := make(chan int, numJobs)
for w := 1; w <= 3; w++ {
go worker(w, jobs, results)
}
for j := 1; j <= numJobs; j++ {
jobs <- j
}
close(jobs)
for a := 1; a <= numJobs; a++ {
<-results
}
}
/*worker 1 started job 1
worker 2 started job 2
worker 3 started job 3
worker 1 finished job 1
worker 1 started job 4
worker 2 finished job 2
worker 2 started job 5
worker 3 finished job 3
worker 1 finished job 4
worker 2 finished job 5*/
WaitGroup
This is the function we’ll run in every goroutine. Note that a WaitGroup must be passed to functions by pointer.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
"time"
)
func worker(id int, wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
defer wg.Done()
fmt.Printf("Worker %d starting
", id)
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Printf("Worker %d done
", id)
}
func main() {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
wg.Add(1)
go worker(i, &wg)
}
wg.Wait()
}
/*Worker 5 starting
Worker 3 starting
Worker 4 starting
Worker 1 starting
Worker 2 starting
Worker 4 done
Worker 1 done
Worker 2 done
Worker 5 done
Worker 3 done*/
Rate Limiting
Rate limiting is an important mechanism for controlling resource utilization and maintaining quality of service. Go elegantly supports rate limiting with goroutines, channels, and tickers.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
requests := make(chan int, 5)
for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
requests <- i
}
close(requests)
limiter := time.Tick(200 * time.Millisecond)
for req := range requests {
<-limiter
fmt.Println("request", req, time.Now())
}
burstyLimiter := make(chan time.Time, 3)
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
burstyLimiter <- time.Now()
}
go func() {
for t := range time.Tick(200 * time.Millisecond) {
burstyLimiter <- t
}
}()
burstyRequests := make(chan int, 5)
for i := 1; i <= 5; i++ {
burstyRequests <- i
}
close(burstyRequests)
for req := range burstyRequests {
<-burstyLimiter
fmt.Println("request", req, time.Now())
}
}
/*request 1 2012-10-19 00:38:18.687438 +0000 UTC
request 2 2012-10-19 00:38:18.887471 +0000 UTC
request 3 2012-10-19 00:38:19.087238 +0000 UTC
request 4 2012-10-19 00:38:19.287338 +0000 UTC
request 5 2012-10-19 00:38:19.487331 +0000 UTC
request 1 2012-10-19 00:38:20.487578 +0000 UTC
request 2 2012-10-19 00:38:20.487645 +0000 UTC
request 3 2012-10-19 00:38:20.487676 +0000 UTC
request 4 2012-10-19 00:38:20.687483 +0000 UTC
request 5 2012-10-19 00:38:20.887542 +0000 UTC*/
Atomic Counters
package main
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
)
func main() {
var ops uint64
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
for c := 0; c < 1000; c++ {
atomic.AddUint64(&ops, 1)
}
wg.Done()
}()
}
wg.Wait()
fmt.Println("ops:", ops)
}
/*
ops: 50000*/
Mutexs
In the previous example we saw how to manage simple counter state using atomic operations. For more complex state we can use a mutex to safely access data across multiple goroutines.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
"time"
)
func main() {
var state = make(map[int]int)
var mutex = &sync.Mutex{}
var readOps uint64
var writeOps uint64
for r := 0; r < 100; r++ {
go func() {
total := 0
for {
key := rand.Intn(5)
mutex.Lock()
total += state[key]
mutex.Unlock()
atomic.AddUint64(&readOps, 1)
time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
}
}()
}
for w := 0; w < 10; w++ {
go func() {
for {
key := rand.Intn(5)
val := rand.Intn(100)
mutex.Lock()
state[key] = val
mutex.Unlock()
atomic.AddUint64(&writeOps, 1)
time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
}
}()
}
time.Sleep(time.Second)
readOpsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&readOps)
fmt.Println("readOps:", readOpsFinal)
writeOpsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&writeOps)
fmt.Println("writeOps:", writeOpsFinal)
mutex.Lock()
fmt.Println("state:", state)
mutex.Unlock()
}
/*
readOps: 83285
writeOps: 8320
state: map[1:97 4:53 0:33 2:15 3:2]*/
Stateful Goroutines 有状态的Goroutines
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"sync/atomic"
"time"
)
type readOp struct {
key int
resp chan int
}
type writeOp struct {
key int
val int
resp chan bool
}
func main() {
var readOps uint64
var writeOps uint64
reads := make(chan readOp)
writes := make(chan writeOp)
go func() {
var state = make(map[int]int)
for {
select {
case read := <-reads:
read.resp <- state[read.key]
case write := <-writes:
state[write.key] = write.val
write.resp <- true
}
}
}()
for r := 0; r < 100; r++ {
go func() {
for {
read := readOp{
key: rand.Intn(5),
resp: make(chan int)}
reads <- read
<-read.resp
atomic.AddUint64(&readOps, 1)
time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
}
}()
}
for w := 0; w < 10; w++ {
go func() {
for {
write := writeOp{
key: rand.Intn(5),
val: rand.Intn(100),
resp: make(chan bool)}
writes <- write
<-write.resp
atomic.AddUint64(&writeOps, 1)
time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
}
}()
}
time.Sleep(time.Second)
readOpsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&readOps)
fmt.Println("readOps:", readOpsFinal)
writeOpsFinal := atomic.LoadUint64(&writeOps)
fmt.Println("writeOps:", writeOpsFinal)
}
/*
readOps: 71708
writeOps: 7177*/
Collection Function
package main
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
)
func Index(vs []string, t string) int {
for i, v := range vs {
if v == t {
return i
}
}
return -1
}
func Include(vs []string, t string) bool {
return Index(vs, t) >= 0
}
func Any(vs []string, f func(string) bool) bool {
for _, v := range vs {
if f(v) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func All(vs []string, f func(string) bool) bool {
for _, v := range vs {
if !f(v) {
return false
}
}
return true
}
func Filter(vs []string, f func(string) bool) []string {
vsf := make([]string, 0)
for _, v := range vs {
if f(v) {
vsf = append(vsf, v)
}
}
return vsf
}
func Map(vs []string, f func(string) string) []string {
vsm := make([]string, len(vs))
for i, v := range vs {
vsm[i] = f(v)
}
return vsm
}
func main() {
var strs = []string{"peach", "apple", "pear", "plum"}
fmt.Println(Index(strs, "pear"))
fmt.Println(Include(strs, "grape"))
fmt.Println(Any(strs, func(v string) bool {
return strings.HasPrefix(v, "p")
}))
fmt.Println(All(strs, func(v string) bool {
return strings.HasPrefix(v, "p")
}))
fmt.Println(Filter(strs, func(v string) bool {
return strings.Contains(v, "e")
}))
fmt.Println(Map(strs, strings.ToUpper))
}
/*
2
false
true
false
[peach apple pear]
[PEACH APPLE PEAR PLUM]*/
String Function
package main
import (
"fmt"
s "strings"
)
var p = fmt.Println
func main() {
p("Contains: ", s.Contains("test", "es"))
p("Count: ", s.Count("test", "t"))
p("HasPrefix: ", s.HasPrefix("test", "te"))
p("HasSuffix: ", s.HasSuffix("test", "st"))
p("Index: ", s.Index("test", "e"))
p("Join: ", s.Join([]string{"a", "b"}, "-"))
p("Repeat: ", s.Repeat("a", 5))
p("Replace: ", s.Replace("foo", "o", "0", -1))
p("Replace: ", s.Replace("foo", "o", "0", 1))
p("Split: ", s.Split("a-b-c-d-e", "-"))
p("ToLower: ", s.ToLower("TEST"))
p("ToUpper: ", s.ToUpper("test"))
p()
p("Len: ", len("hello"))
p("Char:", "hello"[1])
}package main
import (
"fmt"
s "strings"
)
var p = fmt.Println
func main() {
p("Contains: ", s.Contains("test", "es"))
p("Count: ", s.Count("test", "t"))
p("HasPrefix: ", s.HasPrefix("test", "te"))
p("HasSuffix: ", s.HasSuffix("test", "st"))
p("Index: ", s.Index("test", "e"))
p("Join: ", s.Join([]string{"a", "b"}, "-"))
p("Repeat: ", s.Repeat("a", 5))
p("Replace: ", s.Replace("foo", "o", "0", -1))
p("Replace: ", s.Replace("foo", "o", "0", 1))
p("Split: ", s.Split("a-b-c-d-e", "-"))
p("ToLower: ", s.ToLower("TEST"))
p("ToUpper: ", s.ToUpper("test"))
p()
p("Len: ", len("hello"))
p("Char:", "hello"[1])
}
/*
Contains: true
Count: 2
HasPrefix: true
HasSuffix: true
Index: 1
Join: a-b
Repeat: aaaaa
Replace: f00
Replace: f0o
Split: [a b c d e]
ToLower: test
ToUpper: TEST
Len: 5
Char: 101*/
String formatting
package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
)
type point struct {
x, y int
}
func main() {
p := point{1, 2}
fmt.Printf("%v
", p)
fmt.Printf("%+v
", p)
fmt.Printf("%#v
", p)
fmt.Printf("%T
", p)
fmt.Printf("%t
", true)
fmt.Printf("%d
", 123)
fmt.Printf("%b
", 14)
fmt.Printf("%c
", 33)
fmt.Printf("%x
", 456)
fmt.Printf("%f
", 78.9)
fmt.Printf("%e
", 123400000.0)
fmt.Printf("%E
", 123400000.0)
fmt.Printf("%s
", ""string"")
fmt.Printf("%q
", ""string"")
fmt.Printf("%x
", "hex this")
fmt.Printf("%p
", &p)
fmt.Printf("|%6d|%6d|
", 12, 345)
fmt.Printf("|%6.2f|%6.2f|
", 1.2, 3.45)
fmt.Printf("|%-6.2f|%-6.2f|
", 1.2, 3.45)
fmt.Printf("|%6s|%6s|
", "foo", "b")
fmt.Printf("|%-6s|%-6s|
", "foo", "b")
s := fmt.Sprintf("a %s", "string")
fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "an %s
", "error")
}
/*
{1 2}
{x:1 y:2}
main.point{x:1, y:2}
main.point
true
123
1110
!
1c8
78.900000
1.234000e+08
1.234000E+08
"string"
""string""
6865782074686973
0x42135100
| 12| 345|
| 1.20| 3.45|
|1.20 |3.45 |
| foo| b|
|foo |b |
a string
an error*/
Regular Expressions
package main
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"regexp"
)
func main() {
match, _ := regexp.MatchString("p([a-z]+)ch", "peach")
fmt.Println(match)
r, _ := regexp.Compile("p([a-z]+)ch")
fmt.Println(r.MatchString("peach"))
fmt.Println(r.FindString("peach punch"))
fmt.Println(r.FindStringIndex("peach punch"))
fmt.Println(r.FindStringSubmatch("peach punch"))
fmt.Println(r.FindStringSubmatchIndex("peach punch"))
fmt.Println(r.FindAllString("peach punch pinch", -1))
fmt.Println(r.FindAllStringSubmatchIndex(
"peach punch pinch", -1))
fmt.Println(r.FindAllString("peach punch pinch", 2))
fmt.Println(r.Match([]byte("peach")))
r = regexp.MustCompile("p([a-z]+)ch")
fmt.Println(r)
fmt.Println(r.ReplaceAllString("a peach", "<fruit>"))
in := []byte("a peach")
out := r.ReplaceAllFunc(in, bytes.ToUpper)
fmt.Println(string(out))
}
/*
true
true
peach
[0 5]
[peach ea]
[0 5 1 3]
[peach punch pinch]
[[0 5 1 3] [6 11 7 9] [12 17 13 15]]
[peach punch]
true
p([a-z]+)ch
a <fruit>
a PEACH*/
Json
package main
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"os"
)
type response1 struct {
Page int
Fruits []string
}
type response2 struct {
Page int `json:"page"`
Fruits []string `json:"fruits"`
}
func main() {
bolB, _ := json.Marshal(true)
fmt.Println(string(bolB))
intB, _ := json.Marshal(1)
fmt.Println(string(intB))
fltB, _ := json.Marshal(2.34)
fmt.Println(string(fltB))
strB, _ := json.Marshal("gopher")
fmt.Println(string(strB))
slcD := []string{"apple", "peach", "pear"}
slcB, _ := json.Marshal(slcD)
fmt.Println(string(slcB))
mapD := map[string]int{"apple": 5, "lettuce": 7}
mapB, _ := json.Marshal(mapD)
fmt.Println(string(mapB))
res1D := &response1{
Page: 1,
Fruits: []string{"apple", "peach", "pear"}}
res1B, _ := json.Marshal(res1D)
fmt.Println(string(res1B))
res2D := &response2{
Page: 1,
Fruits: []string{"apple", "peach", "pear"}}
res2B, _ := json.Marshal(res2D)
fmt.Println(string(res2B))
byt := []byte(`{"num":6.13,"strs":["a","b"]}`)
var dat map[string]interface{}
if err := json.Unmarshal(byt, &dat); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(dat)
num := dat["num"].(float64)
fmt.Println(num)
strs := dat["strs"].([]interface{})
str1 := strs[0].(string)
fmt.Println(str1)
str := `{"page": 1, "fruits": ["apple", "peach"]}`
res := response2{}
json.Unmarshal([]byte(str), &res)
fmt.Println(res)
fmt.Println(res.Fruits[0])
enc := json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout)
d := map[string]int{"apple": 5, "lettuce": 7}
enc.Encode(d)
}
/*
true
1
2.34
"gopher"
["apple","peach","pear"]
{"apple":5,"lettuce":7}
{"Page":1,"Fruits":["apple","peach","pear"]}
{"page":1,"fruits":["apple","peach","pear"]}
map[num:6.13 strs:[a b]]
6.13
a
{1 [apple peach]}
apple
{"apple":5,"lettuce":7}*/
Time
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
p := fmt.Println
now := time.Now()
p(now)
then := time.Date(
2009, 11, 17, 20, 34, 58, 651387237, time.UTC)
p(then)
p(then.Year())
p(then.Month())
p(then.Day())
p(then.Hour())
p(then.Minute())
p(then.Second())
p(then.Nanosecond())
p(then.Location())
p(then.Weekday())
p(then.Before(now))
p(then.After(now))
p(then.Equal(now))
diff := now.Sub(then)
p(diff)
p(diff.Hours())
p(diff.Minutes())
p(diff.Seconds())
p(diff.Nanoseconds())
p(then.Add(diff))
p(then.Add(-diff))
}
/*
2012-10-31 15:50:13.793654 +0000 UTC
2009-11-17 20:34:58.651387237 +0000 UTC
2009
November
17
20
34
58
651387237
UTC
Tuesday
true
false
false
25891h15m15.142266763s
25891.25420618521
1.5534752523711128e+06
9.320851514226677e+07
93208515142266763
2012-10-31 15:50:13.793654 +0000 UTC
2006-12-05 01:19:43.509120474 +0000 UTC*/
Time Formatting
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
p := fmt.Println
t := time.Now()
p(t.Format(time.RFC3339))
t1, e := time.Parse(
time.RFC3339,
"2012-11-01T22:08:41+00:00")
p(t1)
p(t.Format("3:04PM"))
p(t.Format("Mon Jan _2 15:04:05 2006"))
p(t.Format("2006-01-02T15:04:05.999999-07:00"))
form := "3 04 PM"
t2, e := time.Parse(form, "8 41 PM")
p(t2)
fmt.Printf("%d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d-00:00
",
t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(),
t.Hour(), t.Minute(), t.Second())
ansic := "Mon Jan _2 15:04:05 2006"
_, e = time.Parse(ansic, "8:41PM")
p(e)
}
/*
2014-04-15T18:00:15-07:00
2012-11-01 22:08:41 +0000 +0000
6:00PM
Tue Apr 15 18:00:15 2014
2014-04-15T18:00:15.161182-07:00
0000-01-01 20:41:00 +0000 UTC
2014-04-15T18:00:15-00:00
parsing time "8:41PM" as "Mon Jan _2 15:04:05 2006": ...*/
random Numbers
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
func main() {
fmt.Print(rand.Intn(100), ",")
fmt.Print(rand.Intn(100))
fmt.Println()
fmt.Println(rand.Float64())
fmt.Print((rand.Float64()*5)+5, ",")
fmt.Print((rand.Float64() * 5) + 5)
fmt.Println()
s1 := rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano())
r1 := rand.New(s1)
fmt.Print(r1.Intn(100), ",")
fmt.Print(r1.Intn(100))
fmt.Println()
s2 := rand.NewSource(42)
r2 := rand.New(s2)
fmt.Print(r2.Intn(100), ",")
fmt.Print(r2.Intn(100))
fmt.Println()
s3 := rand.NewSource(42)
r3 := rand.New(s3)
fmt.Print(r3.Intn(100), ",")
fmt.Print(r3.Intn(100))
}
/*
81,87
0.6645600532184904
7.123187485356329,8.434115364335547
0,28
5,87
5,87*/
Reading File
package main
import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"io"
"io/ioutil"
"os"
)
func check(e error) {
if e != nil {
panic(e)
}
}
func main() {
dat, err := ioutil.ReadFile("/tmp/dat")
check(err)
fmt.Print(string(dat))
f, err := os.Open("/tmp/dat")
check(err)
b1 := make([]byte, 5)
n1, err := f.Read(b1)
check(err)
fmt.Printf("%d bytes: %s
", n1, string(b1[:n1]))
o2, err := f.Seek(6, 0)
check(err)
b2 := make([]byte, 2)
n2, err := f.Read(b2)
check(err)
fmt.Printf("%d bytes @ %d: ", n2, o2)
fmt.Printf("%v
", string(b2[:n2]))
o3, err := f.Seek(6, 0)
check(err)
b3 := make([]byte, 2)
n3, err := io.ReadAtLeast(f, b3, 2)
check(err)
fmt.Printf("%d bytes @ %d: %s
", n3, o3, string(b3))
_, err = f.Seek(0, 0)
check(err)
r4 := bufio.NewReader(f)
b4, err := r4.Peek(5)
check(err)
fmt.Printf("5 bytes: %s
", string(b4))
f.Close()
}
/*
hello
go
5 bytes: hello
2 bytes @ 6: go
2 bytes @ 6: go
5 bytes: hello*/
Write File
package main
import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"os"
)
func check(e error) {
if e != nil {
panic(e)
}
}
func main() {
d1 := []byte("hello
go
")
err := ioutil.WriteFile("/tmp/dat1", d1, 0644)
check(err)
f, err := os.Create("/tmp/dat2")
check(err)
defer f.Close()
d2 := []byte{115, 111, 109, 101, 10}
n2, err := f.Write(d2)
check(err)
fmt.Printf("wrote %d bytes
", n2)
n3, err := f.WriteString("writes
")
check(err)
fmt.Printf("wrote %d bytes
", n3)
f.Sync()
w := bufio.NewWriter(f)
n4, err := w.WriteString("buffered
")
check(err)
fmt.Printf("wrote %d bytes
", n4)
w.Flush()
}
/*
$ cat /tmp/dat1
hello
go
$ cat /tmp/dat2
some
writes
buffered*/
Line Filters
package main
import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"os"
"strings"
)
func main() {
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
for scanner.Scan() {
ucl := strings.ToUpper(scanner.Text())
fmt.Println(ucl)
}
if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "error:", err)
os.Exit(1)
}
}
/*
$ echo 'hello' > /tmp/lines
$ echo 'filter' >> /tmp/lines
cat /tmp/lines | go run line-filters.go
HELLO
FILTER*/
File Path
package main
import (
"fmt"
"path/filepath"
"strings"
)
func main() {
p := filepath.Join("dir1", "dir2", "filename")
fmt.Println("p:", p)
fmt.Println(filepath.Join("dir1//", "filename"))
fmt.Println(filepath.Join("dir1/../dir1", "filename"))
fmt.Println("Dir(p):", filepath.Dir(p))
fmt.Println("Base(p):", filepath.Base(p))
fmt.Println(filepath.IsAbs("dir/file"))
fmt.Println(filepath.IsAbs("/dir/file"))
filename := "config.json"
ext := filepath.Ext(filename)
fmt.Println(ext)
fmt.Println(strings.TrimSuffix(filename, ext))
rel, err := filepath.Rel("a/b", "a/b/t/file")
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(rel)
rel, err = filepath.Rel("a/b", "a/c/t/file")
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(rel)
}
/*
p: dir1/dir2/filename
dir1/filename
dir1/filename
Dir(p): dir1/dir2
Base(p): filename
false
true
.json
config
t/file
../c/t/file*/
Context
In the previous example we looked at setting up a simple HTTP server. HTTP servers are useful for demonstrating the usage of context.Context for controlling cancellation. A Context carries deadlines, cancellation signals, and other request-scoped values across API boundaries and goroutines.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"net/http"
"time"
)
func hello(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
ctx := req.Context()
fmt.Println("server: hello handler started")
defer fmt.Println("server: hello handler ended")
select {
case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello
")
case <-ctx.Done():
err := ctx.Err()
fmt.Println("server:", err)
internalError := http.StatusInternalServerError
http.Error(w, err.Error(), internalError)
}
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/hello", hello)
http.ListenAndServe(":8090", nil)
}
/* curl localhost:8090/hello
server: hello handler started
^C
server: context canceled
server: hello handler ended*/