1. 什么是跨域
简单地理解就是因为JavaScript同源策略的限制,a.com 域名下的js无法操作b.com或是c.a.com域名下的对象。
同源是指相同的协议、域名、端口。特别注意两点:
- 如果是协议和端口造成的跨域问题“前台”是无能为力的,
- 在跨域问题上,域仅仅是通过“协议+域名+端口”来识别,两个不同的域名即便指向同一个ip地址,也是跨域的。
2. 跨域解决方案
跨域解决方案有多种,大多是利用JS Hack:
- document.domain+iframe的设置
- 动态创建script
- 利用iframe和location.hash
- window.name实现的跨域数据传输
- 使用HTML5 postMessage
- 利用flash
以上方案见http://www.cnblogs.com/rainman/archive/2011/02/20/1959325.html#m5
- 通过代理,js访问代理,代理转到不同的域http://developer.yahoo.com/javascript/howto-proxy.html
- Jquery JSONP(本质上就是动态创建script)http://www.cnblogs.com/chopper/archive/2012/03/24/2403945.html
- 跨域资源共享(CORS) 这就是我们要介绍的跨域解决方案,也是未来的跨域问题的标准解决方案
3. CORS
CORS: 跨域资源共享(Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/
当前几乎所有的浏览器(Internet Explorer 8+, Firefox 3.5+, Safari 4+和 Chrome 3+)都可通过名为跨域资源共享(Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)的协议支持ajax跨域调用。(see: http://caniuse.com/#search=cors)
Chrome, Firefox, Opera and Safari 都使用的是 XMLHttpRequest2 对象, IE使用XDomainRequest。XMLHttpRequest2的Request属性:open()、setRequestHeader()、timeout、withCredentials、upload、send()、send()、abort()。
XMLHttpRequest2的Response属性:status、statusText、getResponseHeader()、getAllResponseHeaders()、entity、overrideMimeType()、responseType、response、responseText、responseXML。
启用 CORS 请求
假设您的应用已经在 example.com 上了,而您想要从 www.example2.com 提取数据。一般情况下,如果您尝试进行这种类型的 AJAX 调用,请求将会失败,而浏览器将会出现“源不匹配”的错误。利用 CORS,www.example2.com 服务端只需添加一个HTTP Response头,就可以允许来自 example.com 的请求:
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: http://example.com
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true(可选)
可将 Access-Control-Allow-Origin 添加到某网站下或整个域中的单个资源。要允许任何域向您提交请求,请设置如下:
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true(可选)
其实,该网站 (html5rocks.com) 已在其所有网页上均启用了 CORS。启用开发人员工具后,您就会在我们的响应中看到 Access-Control-Allow-Origin 了。
提交跨域请求
如果服务器端已启用了 CORS,那么提交跨域请求就和普通的 XMLHttpRequest 请求没什么区别。例如,现在 example.com 可以向 www.example2.com 提交请求了:
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
// xhr.withCredentials = true; //如果需要Cookie等
xhr.open('GET', 'http://www.example2.com/hello.json');
xhr.onload = function(e) {
var data = JSON.parse(this.response);
...
}
xhr.send();
4. 服务端Nginx配置
要实现CORS跨域,服务端需要这个一个流程:http://www.html5rocks.com/static/images/cors_server_flowchart.png
对于简单请求,如GET,只需要在HTTP Response后添加Access-Control-Allow-Origin。
对于非简单请求,比如POST、PUT、DELETE等,浏览器会分两次应答。第一次preflight(method: OPTIONS),主要验证来源是否合法,并返回允许的Header等。第二次才是真正的HTTP应答。所以服务器必须处理OPTIONS应答。
http://enable-cors.org/server_nginx.html这里是一个nginx启用COSR的参考配置。
流程如下:
- 首先查看http头部有无origin字段;
- 如果没有,或者不允许,直接当成普通请求处理,结束;
- 如果有并且是允许的,那么再看是否是preflight(method=OPTIONS);
- 如果是preflight,就返回Allow-Headers、Allow-Methods等,内容为空;
- 如果不是preflight,就返回Allow-Origin、Allow-Credentials等,并返回正常内容。
用伪代码表示:
location /pub/(.+) {
if ($http_origin ~ <允许的域(正则匹配)>) {
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' "$http_origin";
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' "true";
if ($request_method = "OPTIONS") {
add_header 'Access-Control-Max-Age' 86400;
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS, DELETE';
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'reqid, nid, host, x-real-ip, x-forwarded-ip, event-type, event-id, accept, content-type';
add_header 'Content-Length' 0;
add_header 'Content-Type' 'text/plain, charset=utf-8';
return 204;
}
}
# 正常nginx配置
......
}
但是由于Nginx 的 if 是邪恶的,所以配置就相当地让人不爽(是我的配置不够简洁吗?)。下面nginx-spdy-push里/pub接口启用CORS的配置:
# push publish
# broadcast channel name must start with '_'
# (i.e., normal channel must not start with '_')
# GET /pub/channel_id -> get statistics about a channel
# POST /pub/channel_id -> publish a message to the channel
# DELETE /pub_admin?id=channel_id -> delete the channel
#rewrite_log on;
# server_name test.gw.com.cn
# listen 2443 ssl spdy
location ~ ^/pub/([-_.A-Za-z0-9]+)$ {
set $cors "local";
# configure CORS based on https://gist.github.com/alexjs/4165271
# (See: http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/CR-cors-20130129/#access-control-allow-origin-response-header )
if ( $http_origin ~* "https://.+.gw.com.cn(?=:[0-9]+)?" ) {
set $cors "allow";
}
if ($request_method = "OPTIONS") {
set $cors "${cors}options";
}
# if CORS request is not a simple method
if ($cors = "allowoptions") {
# Tells the browser this origin may make cross-origin requests
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' "$http_origin";
# in a preflight response, tells browser the subsequent actual request can include user credentials (e.g., cookies)
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' "true";
# === Return special preflight info ===
# Tell browser to cache this pre-flight info for 1 day
add_header 'Access-Control-Max-Age' 86400;
# Tell browser we respond to GET,POST,OPTIONS in normal CORS requests.
# Not officially needed but still included to help non-conforming browsers.
# OPTIONS should not be needed here, since the field is used
# to indicate methods allowed for 'actual request' not the preflight request.
# GET,POST also should not be needed, since the 'simple methods' GET,POST,HEAD are included by default.
# We should only need this header for non-simple requests methods (e.g., DELETE), or custom request methods (e.g., XMODIFY)
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS, DELETE';
# Tell browser we accept these headers in the actual request
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'reqid, nid, host, x-real-ip, x-forwarded-ip, event-type, event-id, accept, content-type';
# === response for OPTIONS method ===
# no body in this response
add_header 'Content-Length' 0;
# (should not be necessary, but included for non-conforming browsers)
add_header 'Content-Type' 'text/plain, charset=utf-8';
# indicate successful return with no content
return 204;
}
if ($cors = "allow") {
rewrite /pub/(.*) /pub_cors/$1 last;
}
if ($cors = "local") {
rewrite /pub/(.*) /pub_int/$1 last;
}
}
location ~ /pub_cors/(.*) {
internal;
# Tells the browser this origin may make cross-origin requests
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' "$http_origin";
# in a preflight response, tells browser the subsequent actual request can include user credentials (e.g., cookies)
add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' "true";
push_stream_publisher admin; # enable delete channel
set $push_stream_channel_id $1;
push_stream_store_messages on; # enable /sub/ch.b3
push_stream_channel_info_on_publish on;
}
location ~ /pub_int/(.*) {
# internal;
push_stream_publisher admin; # enable delete channel
set $push_stream_channel_id $1;
push_stream_store_messages on; # enable /sub/ch.b3
push_stream_channel_info_on_publish on;
}
5. 客户端javascript代码
下面是https://spdy.gw.com.cn/sse.html里的代码
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
//xhr.withCredentials = true;
xhr.open("POST", "https://test.gw.com.cn:2443/pub/ch1", true);
// xhr.setRequestHeader("accept", "application/json");
xhr.onload = function() {
$('back').innerHTML = xhr.responseText;
$('ch1').value = + $('ch1').value + 1;
}
xhr.onerror = function() {
alert('Woops, there was an error making the request.');
};
xhr.send($('ch1').value);
页面的域是https://spdy.gw.com.cn
, XMLHttpRequest的域是https://test.gw.com.cn:2443
,不同的域,并且Post方式。
用Chrome测试,可以发现有一次OPTIONS应答。如过没有OPTIONS应答,可能是之前已经应答过,被浏览器缓存了'Access-Control-Max-Age' 86400;
,清除缓存,再试验。
6. 相关链接
- Using CORS
- XMLHttpRequest2草案
- XMLHttpRequest2 新技巧
- XMLHttpRequest Level 2 使用指南
http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2012/09/xmlhttprequest_level_2.html
- XMLHttpRequest2的进步之处
- 理解DOMString、Document、FormData、Blob、File、ArrayBuffer数据类型
- nginx启用COSR的参考配置
- 要实现CORS跨域,服务端需要这个一个流程
http://www.html5rocks.com/static/images/cors_server_flowchart.png
- Compatibility tables for support of HTML5, CSS3, SVG and more in desktop and mobile browsers
- 通过代理,js访问代理,代理转到不同的域
- JavaScript跨域总结与解决办法
http://www.cnblogs.com/rainman/archive/2011/02/20/1959325.html#m5
- 深入浅出JSONP--解决ajax跨域问题
http://www.cnblogs.com/chopper/archive/2012/03/24/2403945.html
- JavaScript: Use a Web Proxy for Cross-Domain XMLHttpRequest Calls