最近在给公司培训Python，布置了一道题：
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Generate 10 random floats(value range is (-2.0,2.0) and precision is 1) and save as list;
Such as: [-0.7, 0.8, 1.6, 0.1, 0.3, -1.0, 0.4, 1.0, 0.5, 0.7] ;
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因为用到了random模块，在此做一个总结：
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random() |
类似于uniform()，只不过下限恒等于0.0,上限恒等于1.0 |
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randint() |
两个整型参数，返回二者之间的随机整型 |
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randrange() |
它接受和range()函数一样的参数，随机返回range([start,]stop[,step])结果的一项 |
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uniform() |
几乎和randint()一样，不过他返回的是二者之间的一个浮点型(不包括范围上限) |
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sample(seq,k) |
从指定序列中随机获取指定长度的片断 |
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choice() |
随机返回给定序列的一个元素 |
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shuffle() |
用于将一个列表中的元素打乱 |
random模块用于生成随机数，下面列举几个常用的函数。
①random.random
| random(...)| random() -> x in the interval [0, 1).
random.random()用于生成一个0到1的随机符点数: 0 <= n < 1.0
>>> random.random() 0.7361643505007011
②random.uniform
| uniform(self, a, b)| Get a random number in the range [a, b) or [a, b] depending on rounding.
random.uniform(a, b)，用于生成一个指定范围内的随机符点数。
如果 a>b，则生成的随机数n在[a,b]之间: a <= n <= b；
如果 a<b，则生成的随机数n在[a,b]之间: b <= n <= a。
>>> random.uniform(10,20) 18.084480262346535 >>> random.uniform(20,10) 12.289824189134892
③random.choice
| choice(self, seq)
| Choose a random element from a non-empty sequence.
random.choice(self, seq)会从序列中获取一个随机元素。
参数seq表示一个有序类型。字符串，list，tutple都属于sequence。
>>> random.choice("PythonRandomModule")#字符串 'P' >>> random.choice(["Delon","is","a","nice","boy"])#列表 'a' >>> random.choice(("Tuple1","Tuple2","Tuple3"))#元组 'Tuple1'
④random.randint
| randint(self, a, b)
| Return random integer in range [a, b], including both end points.
random.randint(a, b)，用于生成一个指定范围内的整数。生成的随机数n在[a,b]之间: a <= n <= b。（结束点b必须大于起始点a。）
>>> random.randint(2,10)#随机数在[2,10]之间 8 >>> random.randint(10,10)#结果永远是10 10 >>> random.randint(10,2)#语法错误 raise ValueError, "empty range for randrange() (%d,%d, %d)" % (istart, istop, width) ValueError: empty range for randrange() (10,3, -7)
⑤random.randrange
| randrange(self, start, stop=None, step=1, _int=<type 'int'>, _maxwidth=9007199254740992L)
| Choose a random item from range(start, stop[, step]).
|
| This fixes the problem with randint() which includes the
| endpoint; in Python this is usually not what you want.
random.randrange([start], stop[, step]) 在指定范围内，获取一个随机数从 指定的step生成的递增集合中。
比如random.randrange(10,100,2),就相当于从[10,12,14,16,18,.....,94,96,98]的序列中获取一个随机数。
random.randrange(10,100,2)与random.choice(range(10,100,2))一样。
>>> random.randrange(10,100,2) 48 >>> random.choice(range(10,100,2)) 18
⑥random.sample
| sample(self, population, k)
| Chooses k unique random elements from a population sequence.
|
| Returns a new list containing elements from the population while
| leaving the original population unchanged. The resulting list is
| in selection order so that all sub-slices will also be valid random
| samples. This allows raffle winners (the sample) to be partitioned
| into grand prize and second place winners (the subslices).
|
| Members of the population need not be hashable or unique. If the
| population contains repeats, then each occurrence is a possible
| selection in the sample.
|
| To choose a sample in a range of integers, use xrange as an argument.
| This is especially fast and space efficient for sampling from a
| large population: sample(xrange(10000000), 60)
|
random.sample(sequence, k)，从指定序列中随机获取指定长度的片断。
>>> list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] >>> slice = random.sample(list,5) >>> slice [6, 5, 10, 9, 2] >>> list#原序列不会因为sample而改变 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
⑦random.shuffle
>>> list = ["Python","is","powerful","languange"] >>> random.shuffle(list) #打乱 >>> list ['powerful', 'is', 'languange', 'Python']
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接下来举几个例子：
例子1：(参考http://www.cnblogs.com/yd1227/archive/2011/03/18/1988015.html):
#随机生成[0,99]的整数： >>> import random >>> random.randint(0,99) 21 #随机选取0到100间的偶数： >>> random.randrange(0, 101, 2) 42 #随机浮点数： >>> random.random() 0.85415370477785668 >>> random.uniform(1, 10) 5.4221167969800881 #随机字符： >>> import random >>> random.choice('abcdefg&#%^*f') 'd' #多个字符中选取特定数量的字符： >>> random.sample('abcdefghij',3) ['a', 'd', 'b'] #多个字符中选取特定数量的字符组成新字符串： >>> import string >>> string.join(random.sample(['a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j'], 3)).replace(" ","") 'fih' #随机选取字符串： >>> random.choice ( ['apple', 'pear', 'peach', 'orange', 'lemon'] ) 'lemon' #洗牌： >>> import random >>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> random.shuffle(items) >>> items [3, 2, 5, 6, 4, 1]
例子2：(参考http://blog.csdn.net/xiaocaiju/article/details/6973175):
import random result = random.random() print result #生成0-1的随机数 0.6595765656210394 print random.uniform(10,12) #10-12的随机数 10.806990108392618 print random.randint(30,50) #30-50的随机整数 50 print random.randrange(10,100,2) #从10开始到100结束，步长为2的序列中，随机选一个 22 list = [1,2,5,6,7,8,8] print random.choice(list) #从序列中随机选一个 5 random.shuffle(list) #重新排列序列 print list [5, 2, 1, 6, 8, 8, 7] list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] slice = random.sample(list, 5) #从序列中取样 print slice [7, 3, 2, 5, 10]
现在回到文章开头的问题，代码如下：
""" Generate 10 random floats(value range is (-2.0,2.0) and precision is 1) and save as list; Such as: [-0.7, 0.8, 1.6, 0.1, 0.3, -1.0, 0.4, 1.0, 0.5, 0.7] ; """ >>> [round(random.uniform(-2,2),1) for i in range(10)] #[-1.0, -1.0, -1.7, 1.0, -1.1, 1.9, 1.7, 0.2, -0.9, 1.1]