札记：翻译-使用Scene和Transition实现【场景切换】动画效果

简述：transitions framework

下面翻译transition为“过渡”，强调动画过程的含义，不过更多时候使用transition单词本身。
Android 4.4.2 (API level 19) 引入了过渡框架，它用来在两个view hierarchies（就是ViewGroup实例）切换时执行改变动画。它通过动态修改views对象的某些property值来实现动画，实际上就是用的属性动画。框架内建了一些transition效果，也可以自定义。并且可以监听transition执行过程/生命周期（Lifecycle callbacks）各种回调。

框架概览

在UI改变时——view hierarchy（视图层级） 发生变化，过渡框架对包含的部分改变了的view对象执行属性动画
来表达这样的视觉提示（visual cues）。

特性

过渡框架包括下面这些特性：

• 动画组Group-level animations
  视图层级发生变化时，可以同时执行多个动画，它们形成动画组，类似AnimationSet。

• Transition-based animation
  Runs animations based on the changes between starting and ending view property values.

• Built-in animations
  Includes predefined animations for common effects such as fade out or movement.

• Resource file support 支持资源文件方式的使用
  Loads view hierarchies and built-in animations from layout resource files.

• Lifecycle callbacks
  Defines callbacks that provide finer control over the animation and hierarchy change process.

框架结构

下图是过渡框架涉及的相关概念和之间的关系：

• Scene
  一个Scene表示一个view hierarchy，存储对应的views及其property值。
  一个Scene必须关联到一个scene-root，它是一个ViewGroup，正是对应view hierarchy要添加到的容器。
  Scene可以从layout文件创建（只能是整个布局文件对应的view hierarchy），或者代码生成的View/ViewGroup。
  如果仅指定目标Scene，那么框架使用当前scene-root对应的view hierarchy就作为开始的Scene。

• Transition
  表示两个Scene之间的过渡动画，它保存了使用到的animations。
  TransitionManager用来执行专场效果。
  TransitionListener用来实现对过渡过程的监听。

存在的限制

SurfaceView非UI线程不保证同步；
AdapterView管理childView行为冲突；
TextView改变尺寸时显示问题；
TextureView非预期效果；

创建Scene

过渡涉及startScene和endScene，它们使用同一个sceneRoot，也就是变化的view hierarchy是在一个ViewGroup下的。

startScene可以不指定，那么就默认是当前view hierarchy。
如果连续执行多个Scene之前的切换，那么上一个endScene就是当前的startScene。

可以通过代码或layout文件创建Scene。

• 代码文件，生成需要的ViewGroup对象即可，适合“动态创建”界面这样的需求。

Scene mScene;

// Obtain the scene root element
mSceneRoot = (ViewGroup) mSomeLayoutElement;

// Obtain the view hierarchy to add as a child of
// the scene root when this scene is entered
mViewHierarchy = (ViewGroup) someOtherLayoutElement;

// Create a scene
mScene = new Scene(mSceneRoot, mViewHierarchy);

• layout文件

/**
 * Returns a Scene described by the resource file associated with the given
 * <code>layoutId</code> parameter. If such a Scene has already been created for
 * the given <code>sceneRoot</code>, that same Scene will be returned.
 * This caching of layoutId-based scenes enables sharing of common scenes
 * between those created in code and those referenced by {@link TransitionManager}
 * XML resource files.
 *
 * @param sceneRoot The root of the hierarchy in which scene changes
 * and transitions will take place.
 * @param layoutId The id of a standard layout resource file.
 * @param context The context used in the process of inflating
 * the layout resource.
 * @return The scene for the given root and layout id
 */
public static Scene getSceneForLayout(ViewGroup sceneRoot, int layoutId, Context context);

NOTE:
The framework creates the scene from the entire view hierarchy in the file; you can not create a scene from part of a layout file.

Create Scene Actions

使用Scene.setExitAction() or Scene.setEnterAction() ，传递定义的Runnable实例。
可以执行一些操作，比如修改ListView等。

Note:
Do not use scene actions to pass data between views in the starting and ending scenes. For more information, see Defining Transition Lifecycle Callbacks.

应用Transition

创建好startScene、endScene后，在改变UI的逻辑的地方，就可以执行Transition来开启专场动画了。

创建Transition

• 资源文件
  在res/transition/目录下，创建表示Transition的文件，资源文件的方式更加复用而且简单。
  这种方式和定义动画文件的机制类似。

如res/transition/fade_transition.xml：

<fade xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" />

然后加载它：

Transition mFadeTransition =
        TransitionInflater.from(this).
        inflateTransition(R.transition.fade_transition);

• 代码方式
  例如：

Transition mFadeTransition = new Fade();

预提供的类型有ChangeBounds, ChangeClipBounds, ChangeImageTransform, ChangeTransform, TransitionSet, Visibility详见API文档。

开启过渡

使用下面的方法TransitionManager.go()：

/**
  * Convenience method to simply change to the given scene using
  * the given transition.
  *
  * <p>Passing in <code>null</code> for the transition parameter will
  * result in the scene changing without any transition running, and is
  * equivalent to calling {@link Scene#exit()} on the scene root's
  * current scene, followed by {@link Scene#enter()} on the scene
  * specified by the <code>scene</code> parameter.</p>
  *
  * @param scene The Scene to change to
  * @param transition The transition to use for this scene change. A
  * value of null causes the scene change to happen with no transition.
  */
 public static void go(Scene scene, Transition transition)

它有一个不含参数transition的重载，默认会使用AutoTransition。

选择指定的目标view

默认情况下Transition的执行是针对Scene关联的view hierarchy中的所有views执行的。
可以通过Transition的方法removeTarget()、addTarget()来指定它影响的view。
比如若ListView不能通过框架正常完成过渡效果，那么移除它。

动画组：同时执行多个过渡效果

<transitionSet xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:transitionOrdering="sequential">
    <fade android:fadingMode="fade_out" />
    <changeBounds />
    <fade android:fadingMode="fade_in" />
</transitionSet>

对应一个TransitionSet ，它是Transition的子类。

单Scene的过渡

如果UI在变化前后差距很小，例如就是同一个ViewGroup的简单的addView()/removeView()那么，此时可以不去执行像startScene、endScene那样的变化，使用delayed transition来在view hierarchy变化的时候开启过渡：

// Start recording changes to the view hierarchy
TransitionManager.beginDelayedTransition(mRootView, mFade);

// Add the new TextView to the view hierarchy
mRootView.addView(mLabelText);

// When the system redraws the screen to show this update,
// the framework will animate the addition as a fade in

Transition Lifecycle Callbacks

调用public Transition addListener (Transition.TransitionListener listener)。
回调方法见Transition.TransitionListener。

自定义Transition

A custom transition, like one of the built-in transition types, applies animations to child views of both the starting and ending scenes. Unlike built-in transition types, however, you have to provide the code that captures property values and generates animations. You may also want to define a subset of target views for your animation.

定义Transition子类

public class CustomTransition extends Transition {

    @Override
    public void captureStartValues(TransitionValues values) {}

    @Override
    public void captureEndValues(TransitionValues values) {}

    @Override
    public Animator createAnimator(ViewGroup sceneRoot,
                                   TransitionValues startValues,
                                   TransitionValues endValues) {}
}

方法captureStartValues()和captureEndValues()用来获取startScene、endScene关联的view的property值。可以对关心的view的属性值进行记录。

类似下面这样：

public class CustomTransition extends Transition {

    // Define a key for storing a property value in
    // TransitionValues.values with the syntax
    // package_name:transition_class:property_name to avoid collisions
    private static final String PROPNAME_BACKGROUND =
            "com.example.android.customtransition:CustomTransition:background";

    @Override
    public void captureStartValues(TransitionValues transitionValues) {
        // Call the convenience method captureValues
        captureValues(transitionValues);
    }


    // For the view in transitionValues.view, get the values you
    // want and put them in transitionValues.values
    private void captureValues(TransitionValues transitionValues) {
        // Get a reference to the view
        View view = transitionValues.view;
        // Store its background property in the values map
        transitionValues.values.put(PROPNAME_BACKGROUND, view.getBackground());
    }
    ...
}

TransitionValues是一个非常简单的数据结构，它保存和view关联的属性值，startScene和endScene分别使用一个TransitionValues对象来记录view hierarchy的各个view的状态。

要记录的“property_name”需要保存唯一，因为可能和其它Transition冲突，建议格式是：
package_name:transition_name:property_name。

创建自定义Animator

过渡框架中的Transition使用属性动画作为动画机制的实现。
子自定义Transition重写createAnimator()方法来提供需要的动画逻辑，工作就是根据startValues和endValues来创建Animator。
针对有些view的过渡只在endScene或者startScene中有，所以startValues和endValues可能为null。

框架会为每一个动画的view创建一个Animator，也就是调用一次createAnimator()。

下面是一个案例ChangeColor.java：

public class ChangeColor extends Transition {

    /** Key to store a color value in TransitionValues object */
    private static final String PROPNAME_BACKGROUND = "customtransition:change_color:background";

    // BEGIN_INCLUDE (capture_values)
    /**
     * Convenience method: Add the background Drawable property value
     * to the TransitionsValues.value Map for a target.
     */
    private void captureValues(TransitionValues values) {
        // Capture the property values of views for later use
        values.values.put(PROPNAME_BACKGROUND, values.view.getBackground());
    }

    @Override
    public void captureStartValues(TransitionValues transitionValues) {
        captureValues(transitionValues);
    }

    // Capture the value of the background drawable property for a target in the ending Scene.
    @Override
    public void captureEndValues(TransitionValues transitionValues) {
        captureValues(transitionValues);
    }
    // END_INCLUDE (capture_values)

    // BEGIN_INCLUDE (create_animator)
    // Create an animation for each target that is in both the starting and ending Scene. For each
    // pair of targets, if their background property value is a color (rather than a graphic),
    // create a ValueAnimator based on an ArgbEvaluator that interpolates between the starting and
    // ending color. Also create an update listener that sets the View background color for each
    // animation frame
    @Override
    public Animator createAnimator(ViewGroup sceneRoot,
                                   TransitionValues startValues, TransitionValues endValues) {
        // This transition can only be applied to views that are on both starting and ending scenes.
        if (null == startValues || null == endValues) {
            return null;
        }
        // Store a convenient reference to the target. Both the starting and ending layout have the
        // same target.
        final View view = endValues.view;
        // Store the object containing the background property for both the starting and ending
        // layouts.
        Drawable startBackground = (Drawable) startValues.values.get(PROPNAME_BACKGROUND);
        Drawable endBackground = (Drawable) endValues.values.get(PROPNAME_BACKGROUND);
        // This transition changes background colors for a target. It doesn't animate any other
        // background changes. If the property isn't a ColorDrawable, ignore the target.
        if (startBackground instanceof ColorDrawable && endBackground instanceof ColorDrawable) {
            ColorDrawable startColor = (ColorDrawable) startBackground;
            ColorDrawable endColor = (ColorDrawable) endBackground;
            // If the background color for the target in the starting and ending layouts is
            // different, create an animation.
            if (startColor.getColor() != endColor.getColor()) {
                // Create a new Animator object to apply to the targets as the transitions framework
                // changes from the starting to the ending layout. Use the class ValueAnimator,
                // which provides a timing pulse to change property values provided to it. The
                // animation runs on the UI thread. The Evaluator controls what type of
                // interpolation is done. In this case, an ArgbEvaluator interpolates between two
                // #argb values, which are specified as the 2nd and 3rd input arguments.
                ValueAnimator animator = ValueAnimator.ofObject(new ArgbEvaluator(),
                        startColor.getColor(), endColor.getColor());
                // Add an update listener to the Animator object.
                animator.addUpdateListener(new ValueAnimator.AnimatorUpdateListener() {
                    @Override
                    public void onAnimationUpdate(ValueAnimator animation) {
                        Object value = animation.getAnimatedValue();
                        // Each time the ValueAnimator produces a new frame in the animation, change
                        // the background color of the target. Ensure that the value isn't null.
                        if (null != value) {
                            view.setBackgroundColor((Integer) value);
                        }
                    }
                });
                // Return the Animator object to the transitions framework. As the framework changes
                // between the starting and ending layouts, it applies the animation you've created.
                return animator;
            }
        }
        // For non-ColorDrawable backgrounds, we just return null, and no animation will take place.
        return null;
    }
    // END_INCLUDE (create_animator)

}

自定义Transition的使用和内建的Fade、ChangeBounds等是完全相同的。

（本文使用Atom编写）