Ansible
- SSH-based configuration management, deployment, and task execution system
运维工具的分类:
- agent:基于专用的agent程序完成管理功能,puppet, func, zabbix, ...
- gentless:基于ssh服务完成管理,ansible, fabric, ...
架构:
Ansible Core
Modules:
Core Modules
Customed Modules
Host Iventory
Files
CMDB
PlayBooks
Hosts
roles
Connection Plugins:
特性:
- 模块化:调用特定的模块,完成特定的任务
- 基于Python语言研发,由Paramiko, PyYAML和Jinja2三个核心库实现
- 部署简单:agentless
- 支持自定义模块,使用任意编程语言
- 强大的playbook机制
- 幂等性
安装及程序环境:
-
程序:
- ansible
- ansible-playbook
- ansible-doc
-
配置文件:
- /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
-
主机清单:
- /etc/ansible/hosts
-
插件目录:
- /usr/share/ansible_plugins/
基本使用:
- ansible命令:
Usage: ansible <host-pattern> [options]
常用选项:
-m MOD_NAME -a MOD_ARGS
- 配置Host Inventory:
/etc/ansible/hosts
[group_id]
HOST_PATTERN1
HOST_PATTERN2
- 模块:
获取模块列表:ansible-doc -l
获取指定模块的使用帮助:ansible-doc -s MOD_NAME
常用模块
- ping:探测目标主机是否存活
ansible all -m ping
- command:在远程主机执行命令;
ansible all -m command -a "ifconfig"
# command模块:不能理解管道命令,要调用shell模块来执行
ansible all -m command -a "echo 'gmtest' | passwd --stdin centos"
- shell:在远程主机上调用shell解释器运行命令,支持shell的各种功能,例如管道等
ansible all -m shell -a "echo 'gmtest' | passwd --stdin centos
注意:command和shell模块的核心参数直接为命令本身;而其它模块的参数通常为“key=value”格式
- copy:Copies files to remote locations.
用法:
(1) 复制文件
-a "src= dest= "
(2) 给定内容生成文件
-a "content= dest= "
dest中不指文件名,默认随机生成文件名
其它参数:mode, owner, group, ...
ansible all -m copy -a "src=/etc/fstab dest=/tmp/test.gm mode =640"
ansible all -m copy -a "content='hello
world
' dest=/tmp/test.gm mode =640"
- file:Sets attributes of files
用法:
(1) 创建目录:
-a "path= state=directory"
(2) 创建链接文件:
-a "path= src= state=link"
(3) 删除文件:
-a "path= state=absent“
ansible all -m file -a "path=/tmp/gm state=directory"
ansible all -m file -a "path=/tmp/gm state=absent"
ansible all -m file -a "path=/tmp/gm src=/etc/fstab state=link"
- fetch:Fetches a file from remote nodes
从远端主机获取文件,也可以使用scp命令实现
- cron:Manage cron.d and crontab entries
在远端主机上设置周期性任务
-a ""
minute=
hour=
day=
month=
weekday=
job=
name=
user=
state={present|absent}
state=absent+name="STRING":用于取消此任务计划
ansible all -m cront -a "minute='*/5' job='/usr/sbin/ntpdate 10.1.0.1 &>/dev/null' name='sync time'"
ansible all -m cront -a "name='sync time' state='absent'"
- hostname:Manage hostname
name=XXX
- yum:Manages packages with the I(yum) package manager
-a ""
(1) name= state={present|latest}
(2) name= state=absent
ansible all -m yum -a "name=httpd"
ansible all -m yum -a "name=httpd state=absent"
- service:Manage services.
-a ""
name=
state=
started
stopped
restarted
reloaded
enabled=on|true
是否开机自启动
runlevel=
ansible websrvs -m yum -a "name=httpd "
ansible websrvs -m service -a "name=httpd state=start enaled=true"
ansible websrvs -m service -a "name=httpd state=started"
- script:Runs a local script on a remote node after transferring it
在远端主机上运行一个本地的shell脚本
-a ""
creates # 一个文件名,当这个文件存在,则该命令不执行
free_form= # 本地脚本路径
removes # 一个文件名,这个文件不存在,则该命令不执行
ansible test -m script -a ‘/root/local.sh’
主控端/root/下必须有local.sh脚本
- group: Add or remove groups
-a ""
name=
state= # Whether the group should be present or not on the remote host
system=
gid=
ansible all -m group -a "name=gm state=present system=fails gid=2000"
- user:Manage user accounts
-a ""
name=
group=
groups=
comment=
uid=
system=
shell=
expires=
home=
ansible all -m user -a "name=gm group=gm groups=tom uid=2000"
- setup:Gathers facts about remote hosts
获取远端主机关于ansible的变量
ansible 10.1.0.68 -m setup
YAML
-
YAML is a data serialization format designed for human readability and interaction with scripting languages.
-
数据结构:
key:value
- item1
- item2
- item3
{name:jerry, age:21}
PlayBook:
- 核心元素:
Tasks:任务,由模块定义的操作的列表
Variables:变量
Templates:模板,即使用了模板语法的文本文件
Handlers:由特定条件触发的Tasks
Roles:角色
- playbook的基础组件:
Hosts:运行指定任务的目标主机
remote_user:在远程主机以哪个用户身份执行
sudo_user:非管理员需要拥有sudo权限
tasks:任务列表
模块,模块参数:
格式:
(1) action: module arguments
(2) module: arguments
- 示例1:<一下内容写入一个.yaml的文件中即可>
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install a group
group: name=mygrp system=true
- name: install a user
user: name=user1 group=mygrp system=true
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install httpd package
yum: name=httpd
- name: start httpd service
service: name=httpd state=started
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: create group
group: name=hlr gid=3000 state=present
- name: create user
user: name=hlr uid=2500 group=hlr
- 运行playbook,使用ansible-playbook命令
(1) 检测语法
ansible-playbook --syntax-check /path/to/playbook.yaml
(2) 测试运行
ansible-playbook -C /path/to/playbook.yaml
--list-hosts
--list-tasks
--list-tags
(3) 运行
ansible-playbook /path/to/playbook.yaml
-t TAGS, --tags=TAGS :只运行某个标记的tasks
--skip-tags=SKIP_TAGS
--start-at-task=START_AT
- handlers:由特定条件触发的Tasks;
调用及定义方式:
tasks:
- name: TASK_NAME
module: arguments
notify: HANDLER_NAME
handlers:
- name: HANDLER_NAME
module: arguments
- 示例2:
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install httpd package
yum: name=httpd state=latest
- name: install conf file
copy: src=/root/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: restart httpd service
- name: start httpd service
service: name=httpd state=started
handlers:
- name: restart httpd service
service: name=httpd state=restarted
- tags:给指定的任务定义一个调用标识
- name: NAME
module: arguments
tags: TAG_ID
- 示例3:
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install httpd package
yum: name=httpd
- name: create httpd-conf file
copy: src=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
tags: file_change
notify: reload httpd server
- name: create httpd index.html file
copy: src=/var/www/html/index.html dest=/var/www/html/index.html
tags: file_change
notify: reload httpd server
- name: start httpd server
service: name=httpd state=started enabled=on
handlers:
- name: reload httpd server
shell: service httpd restart
ansible-playbook -t file_change web.yaml
-t TAG_ID1,TAG_ID2可以一次调用多个标签
Variables:
- 类型:
- 内建:
1. facts
- 自定义:
2.1. 命令行传递
-e VAR=VALUE
2.2. 在hosts Inventory中为每个主机定义专用变量值
2.2.1 向不同的主机传递不同的变量
IP/HOSTNAME variable_name=value
2.2.2 向组内的所有主机传递相同的变量
[groupname:vars]
variable_name=value
2.2.3 在playbook中定义<添加在remote_user后面,tasks前面>
vars:
- var_name: value
- var_name: value
2.2.4 Inventory还可以使用参数:
用于定义ansible远程连接目标主机时使用的属性,而非传递给playbook的变量
ansible_ssh_host
ansible_ssh_port
ansible_ssh_user
ansible_ssh_pass
ansible_sudo_pass
...
2.2.5 在角色调用时传递
roles:
- { role: ROLE_NAME, var: value, ...}
变量调用:
{{ var_name }}
- 示例4:
2.1. 命令行传递
-e VAR=VALUE
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: remove a server package
yum: name={{ pkgname }} state=absent
使用:ansible-playbook -e pkgname=vsftpd XXX.yaml
- 示例5:
2.2. 在hosts Inventory中为每个主机定义专用变量值
2.2.1 向不同的主机传递不同的变量
IP/HOSTNAME variable_name=value
/etc/ansible/hosts文件中定义
[websrvs]
10.1.43.2 pkgname=httpd
10.1.43.3 pkgname=nginx
脚本中:
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
vars:
- name: remove a server package
yum: name={{ pkgname }} state=absent
- 示例6:
2.2. 在hosts Inventory中为每个主机定义专用变量值
2.2.2 向组内的所有主机传递相同的变量
[groupname:vars]
variable_name=value
/etc/ansible/hosts文件中定义
[websrvs]
10.1.43.2
10.1.43.3
[websrvs:vars]
pkgname=vsftpd
脚本中:
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
vars:
- name: remove a server package
yum: name={{ pkgname }} state=absent
- 示例7:
2.2. 在hosts Inventory中为每个主机定义专用变量值
2.2.3 在playbook中定义<添加在remote_user后面,tasks前面>
vars:
- var_name: value
- var_name: value
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
vars:
- pkgname: vsftpd
tasks:
- name: remove a server package
yum: name={{ pkgname }} state=absent
注意:对此配置文件而言,或命令行以-e给出了变量名的值,命令行的优先级更高
Templates:模板
-
文本文件,内部嵌套有模板语言脚本(使用模板语言编写)
-
Jinja2 is a template engine written in pure Python. It provides a Django inspired non-XML syntax but supports inline expressions and an optional sandboxed environment.
语法:
- 字面量:
字符串:使用单引号或双引号;
数字:整数、浮点数;
列表:[item1, item2, ...]
元组:(item1, item2, ...)
字典:{key1:value1, key2:value2, ...}
布尔型:true/false
- 算术运算:
+, -, *, /, //, %, **
- 比较操作:
==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
- 逻辑运算:
and, or, not
- 执行模板文件中的脚本,并生成结果数据流,需要使用template模块
template:
-a ""
src=
dest=
mode=
onwer=
group=
注意:此模板不能在命令行使用,而只能用于playbook
- 示例8:
/root/nginx.conf.j2文件:
worker_processes {{ ansible_processor_vcpus }};
ansible_processor_vcpus:此参数可以使用ansible IP -m setup 获取
脚本
- hosts: ngxsrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install nginx package
yum: name=nginx state=latest
- name: install conf file
template: src=/root/nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
tags: ngxconf
notify: reload nginx service
- nyuame: start nginx service
service: name=nginx state=started enabled=true
handlers:
- name: reload nginx service
shell: /usr/sbin/nginx -s reload
- 条件测试:
when语句:在tasks中使用,Jinja2的语法格式
- 示例9:
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install nginx package
yum: name=nginx state=latest
- name: start nginx service on CentOS6
shell: service nginx start
when: ansible_distribution == "CentOS" and ansible_distribution_major_version == "6"
- name: start nginx service
shell: systemctl start nginx.service
when: ansible_distribution == "CentOS" and ansible_distribution_major_version == "7"
- hosts: mysqlsrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install DB package
yum: name=mysql-server
when: ansible_distribution == 'CentOS' and ansible_distribution_major_version == '6'
- name: install DB package
yum: name=mariadb-server
when: ansible_distribution == 'CentOS' and ansible_distribution_major_version == '7'
- name: start DB service
service: name=mysqld state=started enabled=on
when: ansible_distribution == 'CentOS' and ansible_distribution_major_version == '6'
- name: start DB service
service: name=mariadb state=started enabled=on
when: ansible_distribution == 'CentOS' and ansible_distribution_major_version == '7'
- 循环:迭代,需要重复执行的任务;
对迭代项的引用,固定变量名为"item”,使用with_item属性给定要迭代的元素;
元素:列表
字符串
字典
- 基于字符串列表给出元素示例10:
- hosts: websrvs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install packages
yum: name={{ item }} state=latest
with_items:
- httpd
- php
- php-mysql
- php-mbstring
- php-gd
- 基于字典列表给元素示例11:
- hosts: all
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: create groups
group: name={{ item }} state=present
with_items:
- groupx1
- groupx2
- groupx3
- name: create users
user: name={{ item.name }} group={{ item.group }} state=present
with_items:
- {name: 'userx1', group: 'groupx1'}
- {name: 'userx2', group: 'groupx2'}
- {name: 'userx3', group: 'groupx3'}
角色:roles
- 以特定的层级目录结构进行组织的tasks、variables、handlers、templates、files等
role_name/
files/:存储由copy或script等模块调用的文件
tasks/:此目录中至少应该有一个名为main.yml的文件,用于定义各task;其它的文件需要由main.yml进行“包含”调用
handlers/:此目录中至少应该有一个名为main.yml的文件,用于定义各handler;其它的文件需要由main.yml进行“包含”调用
vars/:此目录中至少应该有一个名为main.yml的文件,用于定义各variable;其它的文件需要由main.yml进行“包含”调用
templates/:存储由template模块调用的模板文本
meta/:此目录中至少应该有一个名为main.yml的文件,定义当前角色的特殊设定及其依赖关系;其它的文件需要由main.yml进行“包含”调用
default/:此目录中至少应该有一个名为main.yml的文件,用于设定默认变量
- 在playbook中调用角色的方法:
- hosts: HOSTS
remote_user: USERNAME
roles:
- ROLE1
- ROLE2
- { role: ROLE3, VARIABLE: VALUE, ...}
- { role: ROLE4, when: CONDITION }