137. Single Number II

Given a non-empty array of integers, every element appears three times except for one, which appears exactly once. Find that single one.

Note:

Your algorithm should have a linear runtime complexity. Could you implement it without using extra memory?

Example 1:

Input: [2,2,3,2]
Output: 3

Example 2:

Input: [0,1,0,1,0,1,99]
Output: 99

reference: https://leetcode.com/problems/single-number-ii/discuss/43302/Accepted-code-with-proper-Explaination.-Does-anyone-have-a-better-idea

对于每一个元素，统计其出现次数，若出现次数达到3，则置为0，最后所有元素的次数都为0，除了只出现一次的元素是1

即0->1->2->0，如果用二进制表示：00->01->10->00。换一种方便的表示方法：00->10->01->00，这样可以用两个参数ones twos来表示，最后返回ones就是只出现一次的数字

ones和twos的变化过程：

  0　　　  0　　　(初始)

0->1　　0->0

1->0　　0->1

0->0　　1->0

遍历整个数组，对每一个元素，先存入ones，再清空ones存入twos，再清空twos

time: O(n), space: O(1)

class Solution {
    public int singleNumber(int[] nums) {
        int ones = 0, twos = 0;
        for(int k : nums) {
            ones = (ones ^ k) & ~twos;
            twos = (twos ^ k) & ~ones;
        }
        return ones; 
    }
}

另一种理解方法：模拟三进制

class Solution {
    public int singleNumber(int[] nums) {
        int one = 0, two = 0, three = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
            two |= one & nums[i];
            one ^= nums[i];
            three = one & two;
            one &= ~three;
            two &= ~three;
        }
        return one;
    }
}