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  • Linux下使用mdadm创建和管理软raid

    Linux下使用mdadm创建和管理软raid
    注:本次操作以RHEL4为例,但应该可以应用到其它大部分的distro上(guess)。
    mdadm的几个常用参数
    -C 创建Raid,后面跟参数,代表raid设备的名称。比如:/dev/md0,/dev/md1。
    -n 用于创建磁盘阵列的磁盘个数。
    -l Raid的级别。
    -x 指定用于hotspare(热备盘)的磁盘个数。如果阵列中有一块硬盘坏了,它会立刻顶上,并rebuild;
    -D 显示软raid的详细信息;
    -s 扫描配置文件(/etc/mdadm.conf)或'/proc/mdstat'来查看遗漏的信息f;
    创建软raid的大体流程
    使用fdisk工具为新磁盘创建分区;
    使用mkfs.XXXX工具将刚才划分好的分区格式化成某种格式的文件系统。比如:ext3,reiserfs等;
    使用mdadm来创建软raid;
    创建/etc/mdadm.conf文件(注意文件的格式,包括是否有逗号等等。该文件是为了系统在重启后能
    够自动启用软raid。可以查看/etc/rc.sysinit脚本,搜索'mdadm'字符串就明白了);
    示例:创建软raid5(+hotspare)
    以下是我的一次实际操作的完整过程:
    这是用'fdisk -l'命令查看到的我当前的磁盘和分区情况(只有/dev/sda在使用,
    其它四个都是新磁盘,没有分区,没有格式化):
    # fdisk -l
    Disk /dev/sda: 6442 MB, 6442450944 bytes
    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 783 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id System
    /dev/sda1   *           1         720     5783368+ 83 Linux
    /dev/sda2             721         783      506047+ 82 Linux swap
    Disk /dev/sdb: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
    64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
    Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table
    Disk /dev/sdc: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
    64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
    Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table
    Disk /dev/sdd: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
    64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
    Disk /dev/sdd doesn't contain a valid partition table
    Disk /dev/sde: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
    64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
    Disk /dev/sde doesn't contain a valid partition table
    使用fdisk创建分区(本例中将整块磁盘划分为一个主分区。其余几块磁盘也做相同的操作。):
    # fdisk /dev/sdb
    Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
    Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
    until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
    content won't be recoverable.
    Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
    Command (m for help): n
    Command action
       e   extended
       p   primary partition (1-4)
    p
    Partition number (1-4): 1
    First cylinder (1-204, default 1):
    Using default value 1
    Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-204, default 204):
    Using default value 204
    Command (m for help): w
    The partition table has been altered!
    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    Syncing disks.
    为刚才新建的分区建立文件系统(其余几个分区依次做相同的操作):
    # mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
    mke2fs 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
    Filesystem label=
    OS type: Linux
    Block size=1024 (log=0)
    Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
    52416 inodes, 208880 blocks
    10444 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    First data block=1
    Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
    26 block groups
    8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
    2016 inodes per group
    Superblock backups stored on blocks:
            8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801
    Writing inode tables: done
    Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
    Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
    This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or
    180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
    所有磁盘都操作完后,再次用'fdisk -l'查看磁盘及分区状态:
    # fdisk -l
    Disk /dev/sda: 6442 MB, 6442450944 bytes
    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 783 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id System
    /dev/sda1   *           1         720     5783368+ 83 Linux
    /dev/sda2             721         783      506047+ 82 Linux swap
    Disk /dev/sdb: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
    64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id System
    /dev/sdb1               1         204      208880   83 Linux
    Disk /dev/sdc: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
    64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id System
    /dev/sdc1               1         204      208880   83 Linux
    Disk /dev/sdd: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
    64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id System
    /dev/sdd1               1         204      208880   83 Linux
    Disk /dev/sde: 214 MB, 214748160 bytes
    64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 204 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id System
    /dev/sde1               1         204      208880   83 Linux
    使用mdadm创建一个软raid,raid级别:5;并有一个hotspare盘:
    # mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l5 -n3 -x1 /dev/sd[b-e]1
    mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
    输出信息显示软raid(/dev/md0)已经启用了。使用mdadm的-D参数(--detail)可以查
    看软raid状态:
    # mdadm -D /dev/md0
    /dev/md0:
            Version : 00.90.01
    Creation Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:19 2006
         Raid Level : raid5
         Array Size : 417536 (407.75 MiB 427.56 MB)
        Device Size : 208768 (203.88 MiB 213.78 MB)
       Raid Devices : 3
    Total Devices : 4
    Preferred Minor : 0
        Persistence : Superblock is persistent
        Update Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:21 2006
              State : clean
    Active Devices : 3
    Working Devices : 4
    Failed Devices : 0
    Spare Devices : 1
             Layout : left-symmetric
         Chunk Size : 64K
        Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
           0       8       17        0      active sync   /dev/sdb1
           1       8       33        1      active sync   /dev/sdc1
           2       8       49        2      active sync   /dev/sdd1
           3       8       65       -1      spare   /dev/sde1
               UUID : f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416
             Events : 0.2
    生成配置文件(/etc/mdadm.conf):
    # mdadm -D -s >/etc/mdadm.conf
    查看一下:
    # cat /etc/mdadm.conf
    ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid5 num-devices=3 UUID=f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416
       devices=/dev/sdb1,/dev/sdc1,/dev/sdd1,/dev/sde1
    修改(把上面devices=后面的磁盘,都放到DEVICE后面,并且不要逗号。而/dev/md0之后
    的内容,都要用逗号来分隔):
    DEVICE /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
    ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid5,num-devices=3,UUID=f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416
    重启一下,检测配置好的软raid是否能够在系统重启后自动启用。
    重启后,查看'/proc/mdstat'文件就可以看到软raid的状态:
    # cat /proc/mdstat
    Personalities : [raid5]
    md0 : active raid5 sdb1[0] sde1[3] sdd1[2] sdc1[1]
          417536 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
    unused devices: <none>
    That's all.
    出现故障后的恢复

    这里指的出现故障,是指raid中的一块磁盘出现了故障,无法使用。这时候需要使用额外的
    磁盘来代替它。这里以强制将某块磁盘标记为已损坏,来模拟实际出现故障(注:新的磁盘
    的容量最好和已损坏的磁盘一致):
    将/dev/sdb1标记为已损坏:
    # mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb1
    mdadm: set /dev/sdb1 faulty in /dev/md0
    这时候使用mdadm的-D参数来查看状态,可以看到/dev/sdb1已经被认为是faulty,而
    hotspare(热备)盘'/dev/sde1'已经顶替了它的位置(这就是hotspare的作用):
    # mdadm -D /dev/md0
    /dev/md0:
            Version : 00.90.01
    Creation Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:19 2006
         Raid Level : raid5
         Array Size : 417536 (407.75 MiB 427.56 MB)
        Device Size : 208768 (203.88 MiB 213.78 MB)
       Raid Devices : 3
    Total Devices : 4
    Preferred Minor : 0
        Persistence : Superblock is persistent
        Update Time : Wed Aug 23 15:42:24 2006
              State : clean
    Active Devices : 3
    Working Devices : 3
    Failed Devices : 1
    Spare Devices : 0
             Layout : left-symmetric
         Chunk Size : 64K
        Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
           0       8       65        0      active sync   /dev/sde1
           1       8       33        1      active sync   /dev/sdc1
           2       8       49        2      active sync   /dev/sdd1
           3       8       17       -1      faulty   /dev/sdb1
               UUID : f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416
             Events : 0.4
    既然'/dev/sdb1'出现了故障,当然就要将它移除:
    # mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/sdb1
    mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb1
    现在可以关机了。关机之后拔下这块已损坏的磁盘了,换上你的新磁盘。换好之
    后,分区,mkfs.XXXX。然后将它加入到软raid中:
    # mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdb1
    mdadm: hot added /dev/sdb1
    这时候再使用mdadm的'-D'参数,可以看到sdb1已经作为hotspare盘了:
    # mdadm -D /dev/md0
    /dev/md0:
            Version : 00.90.01
    Creation Time : Wed Aug 23 15:10:19 2006
         Raid Level : raid5
         Array Size : 417536 (407.75 MiB 427.56 MB)
        Device Size : 208768 (203.88 MiB 213.78 MB)
       Raid Devices : 3
    Total Devices : 4
    Preferred Minor : 0
        Persistence : Superblock is persistent
        Update Time : Wed Aug 23 16:19:36 2006
              State : clean
    Active Devices : 3
    Working Devices : 4
    Failed Devices : 0
    Spare Devices : 1
             Layout : left-symmetric
         Chunk Size : 64K
        Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
           0       8       65        0      active sync   /dev/sde1
           1       8       33        1      active sync   /dev/sdc1
           2       8       49        2      active sync   /dev/sdd1
           3       8       17       -1      spare   /dev/sdb1
               UUID : f8283de5:39c73d89:b9fbc266:fdceb416
             Events : 0.6
    misc
    假如创建了RAID,但是没有生成 /etc/mdadm.conf 文件,那么系统重启后是
    不会启用RAID的,这时候需要这样做:
    # mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/feihongwuhen/p/7170934.html
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