pandas是基于numpy创建，提供更高级的数据结构和操作工具，是一个不可获取的工具。
为了更好的阐述，约定如下：
import pandas as pd
from pandas import Series,DataFrame
1 pandas数据结构
两个最重要的数据结构：Series和DataFrame，基本可以解决绝大部分问题。
1.1 Series
类似于一维数组的对象，由一组数据和一组索引组成。Series的表现形式一般为左边索引，
右边值。
In [50]: obj = Series([4,7,-5,3])
In [51]: obj
Out[51]:
0 4
1 7
2 -5
3 3
dtype: int64
In [52]: obj.values
Out[52]: array([ 4, 7, -5, 3], dtype=int64)
In [53]: obj.index
Out[53]: RangeIndex(start=0, stop=4, step=1)
可以自定义索引：
In [54]: obj2 = Series([4,7,-5,3],index=['d','b','a','c'])
In [55]: obj2
Out[55]:
d 4
b 7
a -5
c 3
dtype: int64
In [56]: obj2.index
Out[56]: Index(['d', 'b', 'a', 'c'], dtype='object')
Series类似一个有序字典，可以进行查询和赋值等。
In [5]: obj2['d']
Out[5]: 4
In [6]: obj2['d'] = 100
In [7]: obj2
Out[7]:
d 100
b 7
a -5
c 3
dtype: int64
In [8]: obj2[['d','a']]
Out[8]:
d 100
a -5
dtype: int64
同样可以对Series的值进行运算。
In [9]: obj2 * 2
Out[9]:
d 200
b 14
a -10
c 6
dtype: int64
In [10]: import numpy as np
In [11]: np.exp(obj2)
Out[11]:
d 2.688117e+43
b 1.096633e+03
a 6.737947e-03
c 2.008554e+01
dtype: float64
和字典一样的特性
In [12]: 'a' in obj2
Out[12]: True
In [13]: 6 in obj2
Out[13]: False
可以通过字典直接来创建Series,字典的键就是Series的索引。
In [14]: sdata = {'ohio':35000, 'Text':72134,'Uthch':5000}
In [15]: obj3 = Series(sdata)
In [16]: obj3
Out[16]:
Text 72134
Uthch 5000
ohio 35000
dtype: int64
# 在sdata中找不到的键值对，将使用NaN（Not a Number）来代替。
In [17]: obj4 = Series(sdata,index=['ohio','new_index'])
In [18]: obj4
Out[18]:
ohio 35000.0
new_index NaN
dtype: float64
pandas可以使用isnull和notnull检测是否缺失数据。
In [19]: obj3.isnull()
Out[19]:
Text False
Uthch False
ohio False
dtype: bool
In [20]: obj4.notnull
Out[20]:
<bound method NDFrame.notnull of ohio 35000.0
new_index NaN
dtype: float64>
In [21]: obj4.notnull()
Out[21]:
ohio True
new_index False
dtype: bool
In [22]: pd.isnull(obj4)
Out[22]:
ohio False
new_index True
dtype: bool
Series在算术运算中会自动对齐索引，并进行计算。
In [24]: obj3 + obj4
Out[24]:
Text NaN #obj3
Uthch NaN #obj3
new_index NaN #obj4
ohio 70000.0
dtype: float64
Series还有一个name的属性，类似数据库表名。index也有一个name的属性，类似索引名字。
In [27]: obj4.name
In [28]: obj4.name = "obj444"
In [29]: obj4
Out[29]:
ohio 35000.0
new_index NaN
Name: obj444, dtype: float64
In [30]: obj4.index.name = 'state'
In [31]: obj4
Out[31]:
state
ohio 35000.0
new_index NaN
Name: obj444, dtype: float64
可以通过赋值，就地就该index：
In [39]: obj1 = Series([4,7,-5,3])
In [40]: obj1.index = ['Bob',"Steve","Jeff",'Ryan']
In [41]: obj1
Out[41]:
Bob 4
Steve 7
Jeff -5
Ryan 3
dtype: int64
1.2 DataFrame
一个表格型数据结构，包含一组有序的列。典型的创建DataFrame如下：
In [42]: data = {'state':['Ohio',"Ohio",'Ohio',"Nevada",'Nevada'],}
In [43]: data = {'state':['Ohio',"Ohio",'Ohio',"Nevada",'Nevada'],
...: 'year':[2000,2001,2002,2001,2002],
...: 'pop':[1.5,1.7,3.6,2.4,2.9]}
In [44]: frame = DataFrame(data)
In [45]: frame #自动增加索引,列顺序是随机的。
Out[45]:
pop state year
0 1.5 Ohio 2000
1 1.7 Ohio 2001
2 3.6 Ohio 2002
3 2.4 Nevada 2001
4 2.9 Nevada 2002
可以指定列进行创建：
In [46]: DataFrame(data, columns=['year','state','pop'])
Out[46]:
year state pop
0 2000 Ohio 1.5
1 2001 Ohio 1.7
2 2002 Ohio 3.6
3 2001 Nevada 2.4
4 2002 Nevada 2.9
In [47]: frame2 = DataFrame(data,columns=['year','state','pop','debt'],
...: index=['one','two','three','four','five'])
In [48]: frame2
Out[48]:
year state pop debt
one 2000 Ohio 1.5 NaN
two 2001 Ohio 1.7 NaN
three 2002 Ohio 3.6 NaN
four 2001 Nevada 2.4 NaN
five 2002 Nevada 2.9 NaN
In [49]: frame2.columns
Out[49]: Index(['year', 'state', 'pop', 'debt'], dtype='object')
# 可以通过类似字典方式获取列数据，获取一列即为一个Series.
# 注意返回的是一个name被自动设置为state，索引与DataFrame相同。
In [50]: frame2['state']
Out[50]:
one Ohio
two Ohio
three Ohio
four Nevada
five Nevada
Name: state, dtype: object
# 也可以获取行数据，通过ix
# 获取的内容与列类似
In [52]: frame2.ix['two']
Out[52]:
year 2001
state Ohio
pop 1.7
debt NaN
Name: two, dtype: object
# 可以给debt列赋值
In [53]: frame2['debt'] = 16.5 #可以是标量，自动全部填充
In [54]: frame2
Out[54]:
year state pop debt
one 2000 Ohio 1.5 16.5
two 2001 Ohio 1.7 16.5
three 2002 Ohio 3.6 16.5
four 2001 Nevada 2.4 16.5
five 2002 Nevada 2.9 16.5
In [55]: frame2['debt'] = np.arange(5.) # 赋值长度必须与debt长度一直
In [56]: frame2
Out[56]:
year state pop debt
one 2000 Ohio 1.5 0.0
two 2001 Ohio 1.7 1.0
three 2002 Ohio 3.6 2.0
four 2001 Nevada 2.4 3.0
five 2002 Nevada 2.9 4.0
## 也可以用一个Series来赋值，缺失值NaN
In [59]: frame2['debt'] = Series([-1,-2,-4],index=['one','three','five'])
In [60]: frame2
Out[60]:
year state pop debt
one 2000 Ohio 1.5 -1.0
two 2001 Ohio 1.7 NaN
three 2002 Ohio 3.6 -2.0
four 2001 Nevada 2.4 NaN
five 2002 Nevada 2.9 -4.0
# 不存在列的赋值，会创建新列
In [61]: frame2['eastern'] = frame2.state == 'Ohio'
In [62]: frame2
Out[62]:
year state pop debt eastern
one 2000 Ohio 1.5 -1.0 True
two 2001 Ohio 1.7 NaN True
three 2002 Ohio 3.6 -2.0 True
four 2001 Nevada 2.4 NaN False
five 2002 Nevada 2.9 -4.0 False
# del 会删除列
In [63]: del frame2['eastern']
In [64]: frame2.columns
Out[64]: Index(['year', 'state', 'pop', 'debt'], dtype='object')
注意：通过索引获取的数据，均为原始数据的视图，所有修改都会反应到源DataFrame上。
需要复制使用Series的copy方法。
可以使用嵌套字典创建DataFrame。
In [68]: pop = {'Nevada':{2001:2.4,2002:2.9},
...: 'Ohio':{2000:1.5,2001:1.7,2002:3.6}}
In [69]: frame3 = DataFrame(pop)
In [70]: frame3
Out[70]:
Nevada Ohio
2000 NaN 1.5
2001 2.4 1.7
2002 2.9 3.6
# 还可以转置
In [72]: frame3.T
Out[72]:
2000 2001 2002
Nevada NaN 2.4 2.9
Ohio 1.5 1.7 3.6
# 排序合并索引
In [73]: DataFrame(pop,index=[2001,2002,2003])
Out[73]:
Nevada Ohio
2001 2.4 1.7
2002 2.9 3.6
2003 NaN NaN
In [75]: pdata = {'Ohio':frame3['Ohio'][:-1],'Nevada':frame3['Nevada'][:2]}
In [76]: DataFrame(pdata)
Out[76]:
Nevada Ohio
2000 NaN 1.5
2001 2.4 1.7
下面是所有DataFrame能接受的数据类型：
In [78]: DataFrame(np.arange(10).reshape(2,5))
Out[78]:
0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2 3 4
1 5 6 7 8 9
In [80]: frame3
Out[80]:
Nevada Ohio
2000 NaN 1.5
2001 2.4 1.7
2002 2.9 3.6
In [81]: frame3.name = 'states';frame3.index.name = 'year'
In [82]: frame3
Out[82]:
Nevada Ohio
year
2000 NaN 1.5
2001 2.4 1.7
2002 2.9 3.6
In [83]: frame3.columns.name = 'state'
In [84]: frame3
Out[84]:
state Nevada Ohio
year
2000 NaN 1.5
2001 2.4 1.7
2002 2.9 3.6
In [86]: frame3.values
Out[86]:
array([[ nan, 1.5],
[ 2.4, 1.7],
[ 2.9, 3.6]])
In [87]: frame2.values
Out[87]:
array([[2000, 'Ohio', 1.5, -1.0],
[2001, 'Ohio', 1.7, nan],
[2002, 'Ohio', 3.6, -2.0],
[2001, 'Nevada', 2.4, nan],
[2002, 'Nevada', 2.9, -4.0]], dtype=object)
1.3 索引
索引对象负责管理轴标签和其他元数据，没有指定的话会自动生成。一旦生成，索引对象不能修改。
In [88]: obj = Series(range(3),index=['a','b','c'])
In [89]: obj.index
Out[89]: Index(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='object')
In [90]: index = obj.index
In [91]: index[1:]
Out[91]: Index(['b', 'c'], dtype='object')
In [92]: index[1] = 'd'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-92-676fdeb26a68> in <module>()
----> 1 index[1] = 'd'
C:UsersyangflAnaconda3libsite-packagespandasindexesase.py in __setitem_
_(self, key, value)
1243
1244 def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-> 1245 raise TypeError("Index does not support mutable operations")
1246
1247 def __getitem__(self, key):
TypeError: Index does not support mutable operations
因为不可修改，因此可以在多个数据结构中间传递index对象。
In [94]: index = pd.Index(np.arange(3))
In [95]: obj2 = Series([-0.2,-1,2],index=index)
In [96]: obj2.index == index
Out[96]: array([ True, True, True], dtype=bool)
pandas中主要的index对象：
index对象很像数组，也是一个固定的集合。
In [97]: frame3
Out[97]:
state Nevada Ohio
year
2000 NaN 1.5
2001 2.4 1.7
2002 2.9 3.6
In [98]: 2001 in frame3.index
Out[98]: True
In [99]: 2003 in frame3.index
Out[99]: False
因此，索引也有自己的方法和属性：
待续。。。