Python编程：从入门到实践 项目《外星人入侵》完整代码

学习《Python编程：从入门到实践》有段时间了，跟着书本把所有代码都敲了一遍，感悟很深，现在完成了《外星人入侵》项目，对于库、类、函数、方法都有一定的理解，现在将该项目完整代码分享出来，以供学习。

1.首先当然是主运行文件alien_invasion.py

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import pygame from pygame.sprite import Group   from settings import Settings from game_stats import GameStats from scoreboard import Scoreboard from button import Button from ship import Ship import game_functions as gf   def run_game():     # 初始化pygame、设置和屏幕对象     pygame.init()     ai_settings = Settings()     screen = pygame.display.set_mode(         (ai_settings.screen_width,ai_settings.screen_height))     pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")           # 创建Play按钮     play_button = Button(ai_settings, screen, "Play")           # 创建存储游戏统计信息的实例，并创建记分牌     stats = GameStats(ai_settings)     sb = Scoreboard(ai_settings, screen, stats)           #创建一艘飞船、一个子弹编组和一个外星人编组     ship = Ship(ai_settings,screen)     bullets = Group()     aliens = Group()           # 创建外星人群     gf.create_fleet(ai_settings,screen,ship,aliens)           # 开始游戏的主循环     while True:         gf.check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,             aliens,bullets)                   if stats.game_active:             ship.update()             gf.update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,                 bullets)             gf.update_aliens(ai_settings,stats,screen,sb,ship,aliens,bullets)           gf.update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,             bullets,play_button)   run_game()

　　

2.游戏相关参数设置settings.py

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class Settings():     """存储《外星人入侵》的所有设置的类"""     def __init__(self):         """初始化游戏的静态设置"""         # 屏幕设置         self.screen_width = 800         self.screen_height = 600         self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)                   # 飞船的设置         self.ship_speed_factor = 0.3                   #子弹设置         self.bullet_speed_factor = 1         self.ship_limit = 3         self.bullet_width = 3         self.bullet_height = 15         self.bullet_color = 60,60,60         self.bullets_allowed = 3           # 外星人设置         self.alien_speed_factor = 0.1         self.fleet_drop_speed = 10                   # 以什么样的速度加快游戏节奏         self.speedup_scale = 1.01         # 外星人点数的提高速度         self.score_scale = 1.1           self.initialize_dynamic_settings()                   # fleet_direction为1表示向右移，为-1表示向左移         self.fleet_direction = 1       def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):         """初始化随游戏进行而变化的设置"""         self.ship_speed_factor = 0.3         self.bullet_speed_factor = 1         self.alien_speed_factor = 0.1                   # fleet_direction为1表示向右；为-1表示向左         self.fleet_direction = 1                   # 记分         self.alien_points = 50           def increase_speed(self):         """提高速度设置和外星人点数"""         self.ship_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale         self.bullet_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale         self.alien_speed_factor *= self.speedup_scale                   self.alien_points = int(self.alien_points * self.score_scale)

　　

3.按键及事件逻辑game_functions.py

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import sys from time import sleep   import pygame   from bullet import Bullet from alien import Alien   def check_keydown_events(event,ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):     """响应按键"""     if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:         ship.moving_right = True     elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:         ship.moving_left = True     elif event.key == pygame.K_UP:         ship.moving_up = True     elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:         ship.moving_down = True     elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:         fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets)     elif event.key == pygame.K_q:         sys.exit()           def fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets):     """如果还没有到达限制，就发射一颗子弹"""     # 创建一颗子弹，并将其加入到编组bullets中     if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:         new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings,screen,ship)         bullets.add(new_bullet)   def check_keyup_events(event,ship):     """响应松开"""     if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:         ship.moving_right = False     elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:         ship.moving_left = False     elif event.key == pygame.K_UP:         ship.moving_up = False     elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:         ship.moving_down = False   def check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,ship,aliens,         bullets):     """响应按键和鼠标事件"""     for event in pygame.event.get():         if event.type == pygame.QUIT:             sys.exit()         elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:             check_keydown_events(event,ai_settings,screen,ship,bullets)         elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:             check_keyup_events(event,ship)         elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:             mouse_x, mouse_y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()             check_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship,                 aliens, bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y)   def check_play_button(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, play_button, ship, aliens,         bullets, mouse_x, mouse_y):     """在玩家单击Play按钮时开始新游戏"""     button_clicked = play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x, mouse_y)     if button_clicked and not stats.game_active:         # 重置游戏设置         ai_settings.initialize_dynamic_settings()                   # 隐藏光标         pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)                   # 重置游戏统计信息         stats.reset_stats()         stats.game_active = True                   # 重置记分牌图像         sb.prep_score()         sb.prep_high_score()         sb.prep_level()         sb.prep_ships()           # 清空外星人列表和子弹列表         aliens.empty()         bullets.empty()                   # 创建一群新的外星人，并让飞船居中         create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)         ship.center_ship()   def update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets):     """更新子弹的位置，并删除已消失的子弹"""     # 更新子弹的位置     bullets.update()       # 删除已消失的子弹     for bullet in bullets.copy():         if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:             bullets.remove(bullet)           check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship,         aliens, bullets)   def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, stats, sb, ship,         aliens, bullets):     """响应子弹和外星人的碰撞"""     # 删除发生碰撞的子弹和外星人     collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets, aliens, True, True)           if collisions:         for aliens in collisions.values():             stats.score += ai_settings.alien_points * len(aliens)             sb.prep_score()         check_high_score(stats, sb)           if len(aliens) == 0:         # 如果整群外星人都被消灭，就提高一个等级         bullets.empty()         ai_settings.increase_speed()                   # 提高等级         stats.level += 1         sb.prep_level()                   create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)   def update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,ship,aliens,bullets,         play_button):     """更新屏幕上的图像，并切换到新屏幕"""     #每次循环时都重绘屏幕     screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)     # 在飞船和外星人后面重绘所有子弹     for bullet in bullets.sprites():         bullet.draw_bullet()     ship.blitme()     aliens.draw(screen)           # 显示得分     sb.show_score()       # 如果游戏处于非活动状态，就绘制Play按钮     if not stats.game_active:         play_button.draw_button()       # 让最近绘制的屏幕可见     pygame.display.flip()   def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien_width):     """计算每行可容纳多少个外星人"""     available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width     number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))     return number_aliens_x   def get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship_height, alien_height):     """计算屏幕可容纳多少行外星人"""     available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height -                             (3 * alien_height) - ship_height)     number_rows = int(available_space_y / (3 * alien_height))     return number_rows   def create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number):     """创建一个外星人并将其放在当前行"""     alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)     alien_width = alien.rect.width     alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number     alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number     alien.rect.x = alien.x     aliens.add(alien)       def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens):     """创建外星人群"""     # 创建一个外星人，并计算每行可容纳多少个外星人     alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)     number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien.rect.width)     number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship.rect.height,         alien.rect.height)         # 创建外星人群     for row_number in range(number_rows):         for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):             create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number,                 row_number)   def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens):     """有外星人到达边缘时采取相应的措施"""     for alien in aliens.sprites():         if alien.check_edges():             change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens)             break     def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens):     """将整群外星人下移，并改变它们的方向"""     for alien in aliens.sprites():         alien.rect.y += ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed     ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1   def ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):     """响应被外星人撞到的飞船"""     if stats.ships_left > 0:         # 将ships_left减1         stats.ships_left -= 1                   # 更新记分牌         sb.prep_ships()                     # 清空外星人列表和子弹列表         aliens.empty()         bullets.empty()                     # 创建一群新的外星人，并将飞船放到屏幕底端中央         create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)         ship.center_ship()                     # 暂停         sleep(0.5)           else:         stats.game_active = False         pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)   def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):     """检查是否有外星人到达了屏幕底端"""     screen_rect = screen.get_rect()     for alien in aliens.sprites():         if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom:             # 像飞船被撞到一样进行处理             ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)             break   def check_high_score(stats, sb):     """检查是否诞生了新的最高得分"""     if stats.score > stats.high_score:         stats.high_score = stats.score         sb.prep_high_score()   def update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, sb, ship, aliens, bullets):     """     检查是否有外星人位于屏幕边缘，并更新整群外星人的位置     """     check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens)     aliens.update()           # 检测外星人和飞船之间的碰撞     if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship, aliens):         ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)           # 检查是否有外星人到达屏幕底端     check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen, sb, ship, aliens, bullets)

　　

4.计分相关设置scoreboard.py

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import pygame.font from pygame.sprite import Group   from ship import Ship   class Scoreboard():     """显示得分信息的类"""       def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, stats):         """初始化显示得分涉及的属性"""         self.screen = screen         self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()         self.ai_settings = ai_settings         self.stats = stats                     # 显示得分信息时使用的字体设置         self.text_color = (30, 30, 30)         self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)           # 准备包含最高得分和当前得分的图像         self.prep_score()         self.prep_high_score()         self.prep_level()         self.prep_ships()       def prep_score(self):         """将得分转换为一幅渲染的图像"""         rounded_score = int(round(self.stats.score, -1))         score_str = "{:,}".format(rounded_score)         self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str, True, self.text_color,             self.ai_settings.bg_color)           # 将得分放在屏幕右上角         self.score_rect = self.score_image.get_rect()         self.score_rect.right = self.screen_rect.right - 20         self.score_rect.top = 20       def prep_high_score(self):         """将最高得分转换为渲染的图像"""         high_score = int(round(self.stats.high_score, -1))         high_score_str = "{:,}".format(high_score)         self.high_score_image = self.font.render(high_score_str, True,             self.text_color, self.ai_settings.bg_color)                   #将最高得分放在屏幕顶部中央         self.high_score_rect = self.high_score_image.get_rect()         self.high_score_rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx         self.high_score_rect.top = self.score_rect.top       def prep_level(self):         """将等级转换为渲染的图像"""         self.level_image = self.font.render(str(self.stats.level), True,                 self.text_color, self.ai_settings.bg_color)                   # 将等级放在得分下方         self.level_rect = self.level_image.get_rect()         self.level_rect.right = self.score_rect.right         self.level_rect.top = self.score_rect.bottom + 10       def prep_ships(self):         """显示还余下多少艘飞船"""         self.ships = Group()         for ship_number in range(self.stats.ships_left):             ship = Ship(self.ai_settings, self.screen)             ship.rect.x = 10 + ship_number * ship.rect.width             ship.rect.y = 10             self.ships.add(ship)       def show_score(self):         """在屏幕上显示飞船和得分"""         self.screen.blit(self.score_image, self.score_rect)         self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image, self.high_score_rect)         self.screen.blit(self.level_image, self.level_rect)         # 绘制飞船         self.ships.draw(self.screen)

　　

5.跟踪游戏统计信息

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class GameStats():     """跟踪游戏的统计信息"""           def __init__(self, ai_settings):         """初始化统计信息"""         self.ai_settings = ai_settings         self.reset_stats()         # 游戏刚启动时处于活动状态         self.game_active = False                   # 在任何情况下都不应重置最高得分         self.high_score = 0               def reset_stats(self):         """初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息"""         self.ships_left = self.ai_settings.ship_limit         self.score = 0         self.level = 1

　　

6.“游戏开始”按键设置button.py

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import pygame.font   class Button():           def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, msg):         """初始化按钮的属性"""         self.screen = screen         self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()           # 设置按钮的尺寸和其他属性         self.width, self.height = 200, 50         self.button_color = (0, 255, 0)         self.text_color = (255, 255, 255)         self.font = pygame.font.SysFont('arial', 48)                     # 创建按钮的rect对象，并使其居中         self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.width, self.height)         self.rect.center = self.screen_rect.center                     # 按钮的标签只需创建一次         self.prep_msg(msg)       def prep_msg(self, msg):         """将msg渲染为图像，并使其在按钮上居中"""         self.msg_image = self.font.render(msg, True, self.text_color,             self.button_color)         self.msg_image_rect = self.msg_image.get_rect()         self.msg_image_rect.center = self.rect.center               def draw_button(self):         # 绘制一个用颜色填充的按钮，再绘制文本         self.screen.fill(self.button_color, self.rect)         self.screen.blit(self.msg_image, self.msg_image_rect)

　　

7.飞船相关设置ship.py

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import pygame from pygame.sprite import Sprite   class Ship(Sprite):       def __init__(self, ai_settings,screen):         """初始化飞船并设置其初始位置"""         super(Ship,self).__init__()         self.screen = screen         self.ai_settings = ai_settings                   # 加载飞船图像并获取其外接矩形         self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')         self.rect = self.image.get_rect()         self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()           # 将每艘新飞船放在屏幕底部中央         self.rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx         self.rect.bottom = self.screen_rect.bottom           # 在飞船的属性center中存储小数值         self.center = float(self.rect.centerx)         self.centery = float(self.rect.centery)           # 移动标志         self.moving_right = False         self.moving_left = False         self.moving_up = False         self.moving_down = False               def update(self):         """根据移动标志调整飞船的位置"""         # 更新飞船的center值,而不是rect         if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:             self.center += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor         if self.moving_left and self.rect.left > 0:             self.center -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor                       if self.moving_up and self.rect.top > 0:             self.centery -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor         if self.moving_down and self.rect.bottom < self.screen_rect.bottom:             self.centery += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor           # 根据self.center更新rect对象         self.rect.centerx = self.center         self.rect.centery = self.centery       def center_ship(self):         """让飞船在屏幕上居中"""         self.center = self.screen_rect.centerx         self.centery = self.screen_rect.bottom               def blitme(self):         """在指定位置绘制飞船"""         self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)

　　

8.外星人相关设置alien.py

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import pygame from pygame.sprite import Sprite   class Alien(Sprite):     """表示单个外星人的类"""       def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen):         """初始化外星人并设置其起始位置"""         super(Alien, self).__init__()         self.screen = screen         self.ai_settings = ai_settings                   # 加载外星人图像，并设置其rect属性         self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')         self.rect = self.image.get_rect()           # 每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近         self.rect.x = self.rect.width         self.rect.y = self.rect.height           # 存储外星人的准确位置         self.x = float(self.rect.x)               def blitme(self):         """在指定位置绘制外星人"""         self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)       def check_edges(self):         """如果外星人位于屏幕边缘，就返回True"""         screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()         if self.rect.right >= screen_rect.right:             return True         elif self.rect.left <= 0:             return True       def update(self):         """向左或右移动外星人"""         self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor *                     self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)         self.rect.x = self.x

　　

9.子弹相关设置bullet.py

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import pygame from pygame.sprite import Sprite   class Bullet(Sprite):     """一个对飞船发射的子弹进行管理的类"""           def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, ship):         """在飞船所处的位置创建一个子弹对象"""         super(Bullet, self).__init__()         self.screen = screen           # 在(0,0)处创建一个表示子弹的矩形，再设置正确的位置         self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, ai_settings.bullet_width,             ai_settings.bullet_height)         self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx         self.rect.top = ship.rect.top           #存储用小数表示的子弹位置         self.y = float(self.rect.y)           self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color         self.speed_factor = ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor               def update(self):         """向上移动子弹"""         #更新表示子弹位置的小数值         self.y -= self.speed_factor         #更新表示子弹的rect的位置         self.rect.y = self.y               def draw_bullet(self):         """在屏幕上绘制子弹"""         pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.rect)

　　

关于ship.py文件中
self.image = pygame.image.load(‘images/ship.bmp’)
和alien.py文件中
self.image = pygame.image.load(‘images/alien.bmp’)
代码里的图片，需要各位自行在根目录下新建文件夹和图像

另外，自己在调试项目的过程中，常常有报错，其中主要错误的反而是忘了下划线、冒号还有代码缩进，代码缩进要么完全使用空格，要么全都使用tab进行缩进，python在识别缩进上非常严格。

写给自己，也分享给大家。