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  • Pandas高级教程之:时间处理

    简介

    时间应该是在数据处理中经常会用到的一种数据类型,除了Numpy中datetime64 和 timedelta64 这两种数据类型之外,pandas 还整合了其他python库比如 scikits.timeseries 中的功能。

    时间分类

    pandas中有四种时间类型:

    1. Date times : 日期和时间,可以带时区。和标准库中的 datetime.datetime 类似。
    2. Time deltas: 绝对持续时间,和 标准库中的 datetime.timedelta 类似。
    3. Time spans: 由时间点及其关联的频率定义的时间跨度。
    4. Date offsets:基于日历计算的时间 和 dateutil.relativedelta.relativedelta 类似。

    我们用一张表来表示:

    类型 标量class 数组class pandas数据类型 主要创建方法
    Date times Timestamp DatetimeIndex datetime64[ns] or datetime64[ns, tz] to_datetime or date_range
    Time deltas Timedelta TimedeltaIndex timedelta64[ns] to_timedelta or timedelta_range
    Time spans Period PeriodIndex period[freq] Period or period_range
    Date offsets DateOffset None None DateOffset

    看一个使用的例子:

    In [19]: pd.Series(range(3), index=pd.date_range("2000", freq="D", periods=3))
    Out[19]: 
    2000-01-01    0
    2000-01-02    1
    2000-01-03    2
    Freq: D, dtype: int64
    

    看一下上面数据类型的空值:

    In [24]: pd.Timestamp(pd.NaT)
    Out[24]: NaT
    
    In [25]: pd.Timedelta(pd.NaT)
    Out[25]: NaT
    
    In [26]: pd.Period(pd.NaT)
    Out[26]: NaT
    
    # Equality acts as np.nan would
    In [27]: pd.NaT == pd.NaT
    Out[27]: False
    

    Timestamp

    Timestamp 是最基础的时间类型,我们可以这样创建:

    In [28]: pd.Timestamp(datetime.datetime(2012, 5, 1))
    Out[28]: Timestamp('2012-05-01 00:00:00')
    
    In [29]: pd.Timestamp("2012-05-01")
    Out[29]: Timestamp('2012-05-01 00:00:00')
    
    In [30]: pd.Timestamp(2012, 5, 1)
    Out[30]: Timestamp('2012-05-01 00:00:00')
    

    DatetimeIndex

    Timestamp 作为index会自动被转换为DatetimeIndex:

    In [33]: dates = [
       ....:     pd.Timestamp("2012-05-01"),
       ....:     pd.Timestamp("2012-05-02"),
       ....:     pd.Timestamp("2012-05-03"),
       ....: ]
       ....: 
    
    In [34]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(3), dates)
    
    In [35]: type(ts.index)
    Out[35]: pandas.core.indexes.datetimes.DatetimeIndex
    
    In [36]: ts.index
    Out[36]: DatetimeIndex(['2012-05-01', '2012-05-02', '2012-05-03'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)
    
    In [37]: ts
    Out[37]: 
    2012-05-01    0.469112
    2012-05-02   -0.282863
    2012-05-03   -1.509059
    dtype: float64
    

    date_range 和 bdate_range

    还可以使用 date_range 来创建DatetimeIndex:

    In [74]: start = datetime.datetime(2011, 1, 1)
    
    In [75]: end = datetime.datetime(2012, 1, 1)
    
    In [76]: index = pd.date_range(start, end)
    
    In [77]: index
    Out[77]: 
    DatetimeIndex(['2011-01-01', '2011-01-02', '2011-01-03', '2011-01-04',
                   '2011-01-05', '2011-01-06', '2011-01-07', '2011-01-08',
                   '2011-01-09', '2011-01-10',
                   ...
                   '2011-12-23', '2011-12-24', '2011-12-25', '2011-12-26',
                   '2011-12-27', '2011-12-28', '2011-12-29', '2011-12-30',
                   '2011-12-31', '2012-01-01'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', length=366, freq='D')
    

    date_range 是日历范围,bdate_range 是工作日范围:

    In [78]: index = pd.bdate_range(start, end)
    
    In [79]: index
    Out[79]: 
    DatetimeIndex(['2011-01-03', '2011-01-04', '2011-01-05', '2011-01-06',
                   '2011-01-07', '2011-01-10', '2011-01-11', '2011-01-12',
                   '2011-01-13', '2011-01-14',
                   ...
                   '2011-12-19', '2011-12-20', '2011-12-21', '2011-12-22',
                   '2011-12-23', '2011-12-26', '2011-12-27', '2011-12-28',
                   '2011-12-29', '2011-12-30'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', length=260, freq='B')
    

    两个方法都可以带上 start, end, 和 periods 参数。

    In [84]: pd.bdate_range(end=end, periods=20)
    In [83]: pd.date_range(start, end, freq="W")
    In [86]: pd.date_range("2018-01-01", "2018-01-05", periods=5)
    

    origin

    使用 origin参数,可以修改 DatetimeIndex 的起点:

    In [67]: pd.to_datetime([1, 2, 3], unit="D", origin=pd.Timestamp("1960-01-01"))
    Out[67]: DatetimeIndex(['1960-01-02', '1960-01-03', '1960-01-04'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)
    

    默认情况下 origin='unix', 也就是起点是 1970-01-01 00:00:00.

    In [68]: pd.to_datetime([1, 2, 3], unit="D")
    Out[68]: DatetimeIndex(['1970-01-02', '1970-01-03', '1970-01-04'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)
    

    格式化

    使用format参数可以对时间进行格式化:

    In [51]: pd.to_datetime("2010/11/12", format="%Y/%m/%d")
    Out[51]: Timestamp('2010-11-12 00:00:00')
    
    In [52]: pd.to_datetime("12-11-2010 00:00", format="%d-%m-%Y %H:%M")
    Out[52]: Timestamp('2010-11-12 00:00:00')
    

    Period

    Period 表示的是一个时间跨度,通常和freq一起使用:

    In [31]: pd.Period("2011-01")
    Out[31]: Period('2011-01', 'M')
    
    In [32]: pd.Period("2012-05", freq="D")
    Out[32]: Period('2012-05-01', 'D')
    

    Period可以直接进行运算:

    In [345]: p = pd.Period("2012", freq="A-DEC")
    
    In [346]: p + 1
    Out[346]: Period('2013', 'A-DEC')
    
    In [347]: p - 3
    Out[347]: Period('2009', 'A-DEC')
    
    In [348]: p = pd.Period("2012-01", freq="2M")
    
    In [349]: p + 2
    Out[349]: Period('2012-05', '2M')
    
    In [350]: p - 1
    Out[350]: Period('2011-11', '2M')
    

    注意,Period只有具有相同的freq才能进行算数运算。包括 offsets 和 timedelta

    In [352]: p = pd.Period("2014-07-01 09:00", freq="H")
    
    In [353]: p + pd.offsets.Hour(2)
    Out[353]: Period('2014-07-01 11:00', 'H')
    
    In [354]: p + datetime.timedelta(minutes=120)
    Out[354]: Period('2014-07-01 11:00', 'H')
    
    In [355]: p + np.timedelta64(7200, "s")
    Out[355]: Period('2014-07-01 11:00', 'H')
    

    Period作为index可以自动被转换为PeriodIndex:

    In [38]: periods = [pd.Period("2012-01"), pd.Period("2012-02"), pd.Period("2012-03")]
    
    In [39]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(3), periods)
    
    In [40]: type(ts.index)
    Out[40]: pandas.core.indexes.period.PeriodIndex
    
    In [41]: ts.index
    Out[41]: PeriodIndex(['2012-01', '2012-02', '2012-03'], dtype='period[M]', freq='M')
    
    In [42]: ts
    Out[42]: 
    2012-01   -1.135632
    2012-02    1.212112
    2012-03   -0.173215
    Freq: M, dtype: float64
    

    可以通过 pd.period_range 方法来创建 PeriodIndex:

    In [359]: prng = pd.period_range("1/1/2011", "1/1/2012", freq="M")
    
    In [360]: prng
    Out[360]: 
    PeriodIndex(['2011-01', '2011-02', '2011-03', '2011-04', '2011-05', '2011-06',
                 '2011-07', '2011-08', '2011-09', '2011-10', '2011-11', '2011-12',
                 '2012-01'],
                dtype='period[M]', freq='M')
    

    还可以通过PeriodIndex直接创建:

    In [361]: pd.PeriodIndex(["2011-1", "2011-2", "2011-3"], freq="M")
    Out[361]: PeriodIndex(['2011-01', '2011-02', '2011-03'], dtype='period[M]', freq='M')
    

    DateOffset

    DateOffset表示的是频率对象。它和Timedelta很类似,表示的是一个持续时间,但是有特殊的日历规则。比如Timedelta一天肯定是24小时,而在 DateOffset中根据夏令时的不同,一天可能会有23,24或者25小时。

    # This particular day contains a day light savings time transition
    In [144]: ts = pd.Timestamp("2016-10-30 00:00:00", tz="Europe/Helsinki")
    
    # Respects absolute time
    In [145]: ts + pd.Timedelta(days=1)
    Out[145]: Timestamp('2016-10-30 23:00:00+0200', tz='Europe/Helsinki')
    
    # Respects calendar time
    In [146]: ts + pd.DateOffset(days=1)
    Out[146]: Timestamp('2016-10-31 00:00:00+0200', tz='Europe/Helsinki')
    
    In [147]: friday = pd.Timestamp("2018-01-05")
    
    In [148]: friday.day_name()
    Out[148]: 'Friday'
    
    # Add 2 business days (Friday --> Tuesday)
    In [149]: two_business_days = 2 * pd.offsets.BDay()
    
    In [150]: two_business_days.apply(friday)
    Out[150]: Timestamp('2018-01-09 00:00:00')
    
    In [151]: friday + two_business_days
    Out[151]: Timestamp('2018-01-09 00:00:00')
    
    In [152]: (friday + two_business_days).day_name()
    Out[152]: 'Tuesday'
    

    DateOffsets 和Frequency 运算是先关的,看一下可用的Date Offset 和它相关联的 Frequency

    Date Offset Frequency String 描述
    DateOffset None 通用的offset 类
    BDay or BusinessDay 'B' 工作日
    CDay or CustomBusinessDay 'C' 自定义的工作日
    Week 'W' 一周
    WeekOfMonth 'WOM' 每个月的第几周的第几天
    LastWeekOfMonth 'LWOM' 每个月最后一周的第几天
    MonthEnd 'M' 日历月末
    MonthBegin 'MS' 日历月初
    BMonthEnd or BusinessMonthEnd 'BM' 营业月底
    BMonthBegin or BusinessMonthBegin 'BMS' 营业月初
    CBMonthEnd or CustomBusinessMonthEnd 'CBM' 自定义营业月底
    CBMonthBegin or CustomBusinessMonthBegin 'CBMS' 自定义营业月初
    SemiMonthEnd 'SM' 日历月末的第15天
    SemiMonthBegin 'SMS' 日历月初的第15天
    QuarterEnd 'Q' 日历季末
    QuarterBegin 'QS' 日历季初
    BQuarterEnd 'BQ 工作季末
    BQuarterBegin 'BQS' 工作季初
    FY5253Quarter 'REQ' 零售季( 52-53 week)
    YearEnd 'A' 日历年末
    YearBegin 'AS' or 'BYS' 日历年初
    BYearEnd 'BA' 营业年末
    BYearBegin 'BAS' 营业年初
    FY5253 'RE' 零售年 (aka 52-53 week)
    Easter None 复活节假期
    BusinessHour 'BH' business hour
    CustomBusinessHour 'CBH' custom business hour
    Day 'D' 一天的绝对时间
    Hour 'H' 一小时
    Minute 'T' or 'min' 一分钟
    Second 'S' 一秒钟
    Milli 'L' or 'ms' 一微妙
    Micro 'U' or 'us' 一毫秒
    Nano 'N' 一纳秒

    DateOffset还有两个方法 rollforward()rollback() 可以将时间进行移动:

    In [153]: ts = pd.Timestamp("2018-01-06 00:00:00")
    
    In [154]: ts.day_name()
    Out[154]: 'Saturday'
    
    # BusinessHour's valid offset dates are Monday through Friday
    In [155]: offset = pd.offsets.BusinessHour(start="09:00")
    
    # Bring the date to the closest offset date (Monday)
    In [156]: offset.rollforward(ts)
    Out[156]: Timestamp('2018-01-08 09:00:00')
    
    # Date is brought to the closest offset date first and then the hour is added
    In [157]: ts + offset
    Out[157]: Timestamp('2018-01-08 10:00:00')
    

    上面的操作会自动保存小时,分钟等信息,如果想要设置为 00:00:00 , 可以调用normalize() 方法:

    In [158]: ts = pd.Timestamp("2014-01-01 09:00")
    
    In [159]: day = pd.offsets.Day()
    
    In [160]: day.apply(ts)
    Out[160]: Timestamp('2014-01-02 09:00:00')
    
    In [161]: day.apply(ts).normalize()
    Out[161]: Timestamp('2014-01-02 00:00:00')
    
    In [162]: ts = pd.Timestamp("2014-01-01 22:00")
    
    In [163]: hour = pd.offsets.Hour()
    
    In [164]: hour.apply(ts)
    Out[164]: Timestamp('2014-01-01 23:00:00')
    
    In [165]: hour.apply(ts).normalize()
    Out[165]: Timestamp('2014-01-01 00:00:00')
    
    In [166]: hour.apply(pd.Timestamp("2014-01-01 23:30")).normalize()
    Out[166]: Timestamp('2014-01-02 00:00:00')
    

    作为index

    时间可以作为index,并且作为index的时候会有一些很方便的特性。

    可以直接使用时间来获取相应的数据:

    In [99]: ts["1/31/2011"]
    Out[99]: 0.11920871129693428
    
    In [100]: ts[datetime.datetime(2011, 12, 25):]
    Out[100]: 
    2011-12-30    0.56702
    Freq: BM, dtype: float64
    
    In [101]: ts["10/31/2011":"12/31/2011"]
    Out[101]: 
    2011-10-31    0.271860
    2011-11-30   -0.424972
    2011-12-30    0.567020
    Freq: BM, dtype: float64
    

    获取全年的数据:

    In [102]: ts["2011"]
    Out[102]: 
    2011-01-31    0.119209
    2011-02-28   -1.044236
    2011-03-31   -0.861849
    2011-04-29   -2.104569
    2011-05-31   -0.494929
    2011-06-30    1.071804
    2011-07-29    0.721555
    2011-08-31   -0.706771
    2011-09-30   -1.039575
    2011-10-31    0.271860
    2011-11-30   -0.424972
    2011-12-30    0.567020
    Freq: BM, dtype: float64
    

    获取某个月的数据:

    In [103]: ts["2011-6"]
    Out[103]: 
    2011-06-30    1.071804
    Freq: BM, dtype: float64
    

    DF可以接受时间作为loc的参数:

    In [105]: dft
    Out[105]: 
                                A
    2013-01-01 00:00:00  0.276232
    2013-01-01 00:01:00 -1.087401
    2013-01-01 00:02:00 -0.673690
    2013-01-01 00:03:00  0.113648
    2013-01-01 00:04:00 -1.478427
    ...                       ...
    2013-03-11 10:35:00 -0.747967
    2013-03-11 10:36:00 -0.034523
    2013-03-11 10:37:00 -0.201754
    2013-03-11 10:38:00 -1.509067
    2013-03-11 10:39:00 -1.693043
    
    [100000 rows x 1 columns]
    
    In [106]: dft.loc["2013"]
    Out[106]: 
                                A
    2013-01-01 00:00:00  0.276232
    2013-01-01 00:01:00 -1.087401
    2013-01-01 00:02:00 -0.673690
    2013-01-01 00:03:00  0.113648
    2013-01-01 00:04:00 -1.478427
    ...                       ...
    2013-03-11 10:35:00 -0.747967
    2013-03-11 10:36:00 -0.034523
    2013-03-11 10:37:00 -0.201754
    2013-03-11 10:38:00 -1.509067
    2013-03-11 10:39:00 -1.693043
    
    [100000 rows x 1 columns]
    

    时间切片:

    In [107]: dft["2013-1":"2013-2"]
    Out[107]: 
                                A
    2013-01-01 00:00:00  0.276232
    2013-01-01 00:01:00 -1.087401
    2013-01-01 00:02:00 -0.673690
    2013-01-01 00:03:00  0.113648
    2013-01-01 00:04:00 -1.478427
    ...                       ...
    2013-02-28 23:55:00  0.850929
    2013-02-28 23:56:00  0.976712
    2013-02-28 23:57:00 -2.693884
    2013-02-28 23:58:00 -1.575535
    2013-02-28 23:59:00 -1.573517
    
    [84960 rows x 1 columns]
    

    切片和完全匹配

    考虑下面的一个精度为分的Series对象:

    In [120]: series_minute = pd.Series(
       .....:     [1, 2, 3],
       .....:     pd.DatetimeIndex(
       .....:         ["2011-12-31 23:59:00", "2012-01-01 00:00:00", "2012-01-01 00:02:00"]
       .....:     ),
       .....: )
       .....: 
    
    In [121]: series_minute.index.resolution
    Out[121]: 'minute'
    

    时间精度小于分的话,返回的是一个Series对象:

    In [122]: series_minute["2011-12-31 23"]
    Out[122]: 
    2011-12-31 23:59:00    1
    dtype: int64
    

    时间精度大于分的话,返回的是一个常量:

    In [123]: series_minute["2011-12-31 23:59"]
    Out[123]: 1
    
    In [124]: series_minute["2011-12-31 23:59:00"]
    Out[124]: 1
    

    同样的,如果精度为秒的话,小于秒会返回一个对象,等于秒会返回常量值。

    时间序列的操作

    Shifting

    使用shift方法可以让 time series 进行相应的移动:

    In [275]: ts = pd.Series(range(len(rng)), index=rng)
    
    In [276]: ts = ts[:5]
    
    In [277]: ts.shift(1)
    Out[277]: 
    2012-01-01    NaN
    2012-01-02    0.0
    2012-01-03    1.0
    Freq: D, dtype: float64
    

    通过指定 freq , 可以设置shift的方式:

    In [278]: ts.shift(5, freq="D")
    Out[278]: 
    2012-01-06    0
    2012-01-07    1
    2012-01-08    2
    Freq: D, dtype: int64
    
    In [279]: ts.shift(5, freq=pd.offsets.BDay())
    Out[279]: 
    2012-01-06    0
    2012-01-09    1
    2012-01-10    2
    dtype: int64
    
    In [280]: ts.shift(5, freq="BM")
    Out[280]: 
    2012-05-31    0
    2012-05-31    1
    2012-05-31    2
    dtype: int64
    

    频率转换

    时间序列可以通过调用 asfreq 的方法转换其频率:

    In [281]: dr = pd.date_range("1/1/2010", periods=3, freq=3 * pd.offsets.BDay())
    
    In [282]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(3), index=dr)
    
    In [283]: ts
    Out[283]: 
    2010-01-01    1.494522
    2010-01-06   -0.778425
    2010-01-11   -0.253355
    Freq: 3B, dtype: float64
    
    In [284]: ts.asfreq(pd.offsets.BDay())
    Out[284]: 
    2010-01-01    1.494522
    2010-01-04         NaN
    2010-01-05         NaN
    2010-01-06   -0.778425
    2010-01-07         NaN
    2010-01-08         NaN
    2010-01-11   -0.253355
    Freq: B, dtype: float64
    

    asfreq还可以指定修改频率过后的填充方法:

    In [285]: ts.asfreq(pd.offsets.BDay(), method="pad")
    Out[285]: 
    2010-01-01    1.494522
    2010-01-04    1.494522
    2010-01-05    1.494522
    2010-01-06   -0.778425
    2010-01-07   -0.778425
    2010-01-08   -0.778425
    2010-01-11   -0.253355
    Freq: B, dtype: float64
    

    Resampling 重新取样

    给定的时间序列可以通过调用resample方法来重新取样:

    In [286]: rng = pd.date_range("1/1/2012", periods=100, freq="S")
    
    In [287]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 500, len(rng)), index=rng)
    
    In [288]: ts.resample("5Min").sum()
    Out[288]: 
    2012-01-01    25103
    Freq: 5T, dtype: int64
    

    resample 可以接受各类统计方法,比如: sum, mean, std, sem, max, min, median, first, last, ohlc

    In [289]: ts.resample("5Min").mean()
    Out[289]: 
    2012-01-01    251.03
    Freq: 5T, dtype: float64
    
    In [290]: ts.resample("5Min").ohlc()
    Out[290]: 
                open  high  low  close
    2012-01-01   308   460    9    205
    
    In [291]: ts.resample("5Min").max()
    Out[291]: 
    2012-01-01    460
    Freq: 5T, dtype: int64
    

    本文已收录于 http://www.flydean.com/15-python-pandas-time/

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/flydean/p/15391821.html
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