ROS Gazebo使用解析

Gazebo是ROS中的一个实现物理仿真的工具包，gazebo本身就是一款机器人的仿真软件，基于ODE的物理引擎，可以模拟机器人以及环境中的很多物理特性。

类似于rviz工具，在gazebo工具中也可以加载机器人模型。
加载的步骤：

1. 安装gazebo工具包
2. 新建工程，将包的路径位置加入到环境变量ROS_PACKAGE_PATH中
3. 新建.xacro文件并编辑内容
4. 新建.world文件并编辑内容
5. 新建.launch文件并编辑内容
6. 显示模型及其参数

其中.xacro文件包括机器人模型信息的文件，.world是gazebo环境地图文件，.launch为启动脚本。

export ROS_PACKAGE_PATH=$ROS_PACKAGE_PATH:/

上述指令可以临时将包的路径位置加入到环境变量ROS_PACKAGE_PATH中

安装gazebo工具包

sudo apt-get install ros-indigo-gazebo-ros-pkgs ros-indigo-gazebo-roscontrol

安装成功后，运行测试

rosrun gazebo_ros gazebo

新建工程，将包的路径位置加入到环境变量ROS_PACKAGE_PATH中

roscreate-pkg gazebo_test urdf xacro

• 增加环境变量

export ROS_PACKAGE_PATH=$ROS_PACKAGE_PATH:/your_path/gazebo_test

新建.xacro文件并编辑内容

• 新建文件夹urdf

mkdir -p gazebo_test/urdf

• 在urdf文件夹下编辑robot1.xacro文件如下

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<robot xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro" 
    xmlns:sensor="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#sensor"
        xmlns:controller="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#controller"
        xmlns:interface="http://playerstage.sourceforge.net/gazebo/xmlschema/#interface"
    name="robot1">

    <xacro:property name="length_wheel" value="0.05" />
    <xacro:property name="radius_wheel" value="0.05" />
    <xacro:macro name="default_inertial" params="mass">
               <inertial>
                       <mass value="${mass}" />
                       <inertia ixx="1.0" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0"
                                iyy="1.0" iyz="0.0"
                                izz="1.0" />
               </inertial>
    </xacro:macro>

    <link name="base_footprint">
        <visual>
            <geometry>
                    <box size="0.001 0.001 0.001"/>
                </geometry>
            <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
        </visual>
        <xacro:default_inertial mass="0.0001"/>
    </link>

    <gazebo reference="base_footprint">
        <material>Gazebo/Green</material>
        <turnGravityOff>false</turnGravityOff>
    </gazebo>

    <joint name="base_footprint_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="0 0 0" />
        <parent link="base_footprint" />
        <child link="base_link" />
    </joint>


    <link name="base_link">
        <visual>
            <geometry>
                    <box size="0.2 .3 .1"/>
                </geometry>
            <origin rpy="0 0 1.54" xyz="0 0 0.05"/>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 1"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
        <collision>
            <geometry>
                    <box size="0.2 .3 0.1"/>
            </geometry>
        </collision>
        <xacro:default_inertial mass="10"/>
    </link>

    <link name="wheel_1">
        <visual>
                <geometry>
                    <cylinder length="${length_wheel}" radius="${radius_wheel}"/>
                </geometry>
            <!-- <origin rpy="0 1.5 0" xyz="0.1 0.1 0"/> -->
            <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 1"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
        <collision>
            <geometry>
                    <cylinder length="${length_wheel}" radius="${radius_wheel}"/>
            </geometry>
        </collision>
        <xacro:default_inertial mass="1"/>
    </link>

    <link name="wheel_2">
        <visual>
                <geometry>
                    <cylinder length="${length_wheel}" radius="${radius_wheel}"/>
                </geometry>
            <!-- <origin rpy="0 1.5 0" xyz="-0.1 0.1 0"/> -->
            <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
            <material name="black"/>
        </visual>
        <collision>
            <geometry>
                    <cylinder length="${length_wheel}" radius="${radius_wheel}"/>
            </geometry>
        </collision>
        <xacro:default_inertial mass="1"/>

    </link>

    <link name="wheel_3">
        <visual>
                <geometry>
                    <cylinder length="${length_wheel}" radius="${radius_wheel}"/>
                </geometry>
            <!-- <origin rpy="0 1.5 0" xyz="0.1 -0.1 0"/> -->

            <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0"/>
            <material name="black"/>
        </visual>
        <collision>
            <geometry>
                    <cylinder length="${length_wheel}" radius="${radius_wheel}"/>
            </geometry>
        </collision>
        <xacro:default_inertial mass="1"/>
    </link>

    <link name="wheel_4">
        <visual>
                <geometry>
                    <cylinder length="${length_wheel}" radius="${radius_wheel}"/>
                </geometry>
        <!--    <origin rpy="0 1.5 0" xyz="-0.1 -0.1 0"/> -->
            <origin rpy="0 0 0" xyz="0 0 0" />
            <material name="black"/>
        </visual>
        <collision>
            <geometry>
                    <cylinder length="${length_wheel}" radius="${radius_wheel}"/>
            </geometry>
        </collision>
        <xacro:default_inertial mass="1"/>

    </link>



 <joint name="base_to_wheel1" type="continuous">
   <parent link="base_link"/>
   <child link="wheel_1"/>
   <origin rpy="1.5707 0 0" xyz="0.1 0.15 0"/>
   <axis xyz="0 0 1" />
 </joint>

 <joint name="base_to_wheel2" type="continuous">
   <axis xyz="0 0 1" />
   <anchor xyz="0 0 0" />
   <limit effort="100" velocity="100" />
   <parent link="base_link"/>
   <child link="wheel_2"/>
   <origin rpy="1.5707 0 0" xyz="-0.1 0.15 0"/>
</joint>

 <joint name="base_to_wheel3" type="continuous">
   <parent link="base_link"/>
   <axis xyz="0 0 1" />
   <child link="wheel_3"/>
   <origin rpy="1.5707 0 0" xyz="0.1 -0.15 0"/>
 </joint>

 <joint name="base_to_wheel4" type="continuous">
   <parent link="base_link"/>
   <axis xyz="0 0 1" />
   <child link="wheel_4"/>
   <origin rpy="1.5707 0 0" xyz="-0.1 -0.15 0"/>
 </joint>
</robot>

新建.world文件并编辑内容

• 新建文件夹worlds

mkdir -p gazebo_test/worlds

• worlds 文件夹下新建并编辑robot.world文件

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<sdf version="1.4">
  <!-- We use a custom world for the rrbot so that the camera angle is launched correctly -->

  <world name="default">
    <include>
      <uri>model://ground_plane</uri>
    </include>

    <!-- Global light source -->
    <include>
      <uri>model://sun</uri>
    </include>

    <!-- Focus camera on tall pendulum -->
    <gui fullscreen='0'>
      <camera name='user_camera'>
        <pose>4.927360 -4.376610 3.740080 0.000000 0.275643 2.356190</pose>
        <view_controller>orbit</view_controller>
      </camera>
    </gui>

  </world>
</sdf>

world文件的参数就是配置些灯光视角参数

新建.launch文件并编辑内容

• 新建lauch文件夹并新建gazebo.lauch如下

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<launch>

  <!-- these are the arguments you can pass this launch file, for example paused:=true -->
  <arg name="paused" default="true"/>
  <arg name="use_sim_time" default="false"/>
  <arg name="gui" default="true"/>
  <arg name="headless" default="false"/>
  <arg name="debug" default="true"/>

  <!-- We resume the logic in empty_world.launch, changing only the name of the world to be launched -->
   <include file="$(find gazebo_ros)/launch/empty_world.launch"> 
     <arg name="world_name" value="$(find gazebo_test)/worlds/robot.world"/>
    <arg name="debug" value="$(arg debug)" />
    <arg name="gui" value="$(arg gui)" />
    <arg name="paused" value="$(arg paused)"/>
    <arg name="use_sim_time" value="$(arg use_sim_time)"/>
    <arg name="headless" value="$(arg headless)"/>
  </include>

  <!-- Load the URDF into the ROS Parameter Server -->
  <arg name="model" />
  <param name="robot_description" 
     command="$(find xacro)/xacro.py $(arg model)" />

  <!-- Run a python script to the send a service call to gazebo_ros to spawn a URDF robot -->
   <node name="urdf_spawner" pkg="gazebo_ros" type="spawn_model" respawn="false" output="screen"
    args="-urdf -model robot1 -param robot_description -z 0.05"/> 

</launch>

注意着行代表表示加载的.world文件位置，(find gazebo_test)返回的是包的绝对路径。

<arg name="world_name" value="$(find gazebo_test)/worlds/robot.world"/>

显示效果

roslaunch gazebo_test gazebo.launch model:="$(rospack find gazebo_test)/urdf/robot1.xacro"
//或者使用绝对路径命令
roslaunch gazebo_test gazebo.launch model:="your_workspace/gazebo_test/urdf/robot1.xacro"