3-Requests网络请求

3,Requests-网络请求

Requests是用python语言基于urllib编写的
总体功能演示

import requests

response  = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(type(response))     <class 'requests.models.Response'>
print(response.status_code)
print(type(response.text))
print(response.text)  字符串
print(response.cookies)
print(response.content) 二进制
print(response.content.decode("utf-8"))  字符串

注意:
网站如果直接response.text会出现乱码的问题，使用response.content返回的数据格式是二进制格式，然后通过decode()转换为utf-8，解决了通过response.text直接返回显示乱码的问题.

请求发出后，Requests 会基于 HTTP 头部对响应的编码作出有根据的推测。当你访问 response.text 之时，Requests 会使用其推测的文本编码。你可以找出 Requests 使用了什么编码，并且能够使用 response.encoding 属性来改变它.

response =requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
response.encoding="utf-8"
print(response.text)

不管是通过response.content.decode("utf-8)的方式还是通过response.encoding="utf-8"的方式都可以避免乱码的问题发生

自动检测编码方式

pip  install chardet
response =requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
response.encoding=chardet.detect(response.content)['encoding']    直接获取全部响应
print(response.text)

另外一种流模式
response =requests.get("http://www.baidu.com", stream=True)
response.raw.read(10

请求方式

import requests
requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")
requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")

1.请求方式
带参数的GET请求

import requests

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=hafan&age=23")
print(response.text)

2,在URL查询字符串传递数据

传递URL 参数

通常我们会通过httpbin.org/get?key=val方式传递。Requests模块允许使用params关键字传递参数，以一个字典来传递这些参数

import requests
data = {
    "name":"haha",
    "age":22
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=data)
print(response.url)
print(response.text)

解析Json

import requests
import json

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(type(response.text))
print(response.json())  ##response 的返回为json 格式数据的才能执行成功这个函数
print(json.loads(response.text))
print(type(response.json()))

添加header

import requests
headers = {

    "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36"
}
response =requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com",headers=headers)

print(response.text)

基本POST请求

import requests

data = {
    "name":"zhaofan",
    "age":23
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",data=data)
print(response.text)


##复杂的POST 请求
>>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
>>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
>>> print(r.text)
{
  ...
  "form": {
    "key2": "value2",
    "key1": "value1"
  },
  ...
}


##
>>> payload = (('key1', 'value1'), ('key1', 'value2'))
>>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
>>> print(r.text)
{
  ...
  "form": {
    "key1": [
      "value1",
      "value2"
    ]
  },
  ...
}

响应响应头

import requests

response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)      
response.headers.get('content-type')
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
print(type(response.url),response.url)
print(type(response.history),response.history)   

响应状态码

100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', 'o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),

Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', 'o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),

Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication')

示例

import requests

response= requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
if response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
    print("访问成功")

获取cookies

import requests

response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies)

for key,value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key+"="+value)
    
    
##
for cookie in response.cookie.keys()
	print(response.cookies.get(cookie))
    
##自定义cookie
cookies = dict(name='qiye', age='10')
response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com",cookies=cookies)

会话保持

import requests
s = requests.Session()
s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456")
response = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")
print(response.text)

datas={'name':'hhh', 'password':'xxxx'}
r=s.post(url,data=datas)

证书验证

import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn",verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

代理设置

import requests

proxies= {
    "http":"http://127.0.0.1:9999",
    "https":"http://127.0.0.1:8888"
}
response  = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com",proxies=proxies)
print(response.text)
#### 或通过环境变量配置
HTTP_PROXY   HTTPS_PROXY 


##设置账号和密码
proxies = {
"http":"http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9999"
}

## 通过sokces
## pip install "requests[socks]"
proxies= {
"http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9999",
"https":"sockes5://127.0.0.1:8888"
}

超时设置

通过timeout参数可以设置超时的时间

r= request.get(url,timeout=2)
#这一 timeout 值将会用作 connect 和 read 二者的 timeout。如果要分别制定，就传入一个元组
r = requests.get('https://github.com', timeout=(3.05, 27))

连接超时指的是在你的客户端实现到远端机器端口的连接时（对应的是connect()_），Request 会等待的秒数。一个很好的实践方法是把连接超时设为比 3 的倍数略大的一个数值，因为 TCP 数据包重传窗口 (TCP packet retransmission window) 的默认大小是 3

一旦你的客户端连接到了服务器并且发送了 HTTP 请求，读取超时指的就是客户端等待服务器发送请求的时间。（特定地，它指的是客户端要等待服务器发送字节之间的时间。在 99.9% 的情况下这指的是服务器发送第一个字节之前的时间）

认证

需要认证的网站可以通过requests.auth模块实现

import requests

from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)



##另一种方式
import requests

response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)

异常处理

关于reqeusts的异常在这里可以看到详细内容：
http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/api/#exceptions 所有的异常都是在requests.excepitons中

从源码我们可以看出RequestException继承IOError,
HTTPError，ConnectionError,Timeout继承RequestionException
ProxyError，SSLError继承ConnectionError
ReadTimeout继承Timeout异常

捕获异常顺序

import requests

from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,ConnectionError,RequestException


try:
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",timout=0.1)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print("timeout")
except ConnectionError:
    print("connection Error")
except RequestException:
    print("error")

首先被捕捉的异常是timeout,当把网络断掉的haul就会捕捉到ConnectionError，如果前面异常都没有捕捉到，最后也可以通过RequestExctption捕捉到

高级用法

会话对象

会话对象让你能够跨请求保持某些参数。它也会在同一个 Session 实例发出的所有请求之间保持 cookie， 期间使用 urllib3 的 connection pooling 功能。所以如果你向同一主机发送多个请求，底层的 TCP 连接将会被重用，从而带来显著的性能提升

s = requests.Session()

s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
r = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")

print(r.text)
# '{"cookies": {"sessioncookie": "123456789"}}'

会话也可用来为请求方法提供缺省数据。这是通过为会话对象的属性提供数据来实现的

s = requests.Session()
s.auth = ('user', 'pass')
s.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})

# both 'x-test' and 'x-test2' are sent
s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})

任何你传递给请求方法的字典都会与已设置会话层数据合并。方法层的参数覆盖会话的参数。

不过需要注意，就算使用了会话，方法级别的参数也不会被跨请求保持。下面的例子只会和第一个请求发送 cookie ，而非第二个：

s = requests.Session()

r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies', cookies={'from-my': 'browser'})
print(r.text)
# '{"cookies": {"from-my": "browser"}}'

r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(r.text)
# '{"cookies": {}}'

会话还可以用作前后文管理器：

with requests.Session() as s:
    s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')

请求与响应对象

>>> r = requests.get('http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python')

#访问服务器返回给我们的响应头部信息
>>> r.headers
#得到发送到服务器的请求的头部
>>> r.request.headers

爬虫示例

import requests

header = {
            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko)'
        }
data = {
                    "pn":1,
                    "kd":"python"
                }

page_url = "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/positionAjax.json?city=%s&needAddtionalResult=false" % "北京"
referer_url = "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/list_python?city=%s&cl=false&fromSearch=true&labelWords=&suginput="% "北京"
header['Referer'] = referer_url.encode()

lagou_session = requests.session()

resp = lagou_session.post(url=page_url, headers=header, data=data)
resp.encoding = "utf8"

print(resp.text)

{"status":false,"msg":"您操作太频繁,请稍后再访问","clientIp":"114.249.218.217","state":2402}

lagou_session.cookies.clear()

lagou_session.get(url="https://www.lagou.com/jobs/list_python?city=&cl=false&fromSearch=true&labelWords=&suginput=",headers=header)

<Response [200]>

resp = lagou_session.post(url=page_url, headers=header, data=data)
resp.encoding = "utf8"

print(resp.text)

{"success":true,"msg":null,"code":0,"content":{"showId":"4a6969778161430380851a5f870bd613","hrInfoMap":{"6164923":{"userId":3859073,"portrait":"i/image2/M01/78/7E/CgoB5l1YIpeABxk2AACikeV9r00699.png","realName":"巫艳","positionName":"HRD","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"7374101":{"userId":175597,"portrait":"i/image2/M01/E1/F7/CgoB5lxuaTyAUYiGAAAv4zLgWys460.png","realName":"郝女士","positionName":"人力资源主管","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"7327082":{"userId":13181504,"portrait":"i/image2/M01/0E/AC/CgotOVyhgdKAWLwZAACHltqNgkc507.png","realName":"招聘HR","positionName":"招聘主管","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"7183784":{"userId":12147286,"portrait":"i/image3/M01/80/80/Cgq2xl6ETGmAa_qcAACHltqNgkc405.png","realName":"Adeline","positionName":"HRBP","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"7389849":{"userId":10683197,"portrait":"i/image2/M01/0E/AC/CgotOVyhgc-AFnq_AACAHyZqbrs619.png","realName":"huifang","positionName":"组长","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"7163066":{"userId":13181504,"portrait":"i/image2/M01/0E/AC/CgotOVyhgdKAWLwZAACHltqNgkc507.png","realName":"招聘HR","positionName":"招聘主管","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"7176245":{"userId":9745404,"portrait":"i/image3/M00/47/9B/Cgq2xlrJiLiAaAlpAAAs73rvqHc19.jpeg","realName":"melody","positionName":"HRD","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"7366250":{"userId":294593,"portrait":"i/image2/M01/A4/BF/CgotOVvb9fSACLUDAAAiPkSuMyw228.jpg","realName":"zane","positionName":"","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"7083280":{"userId":12147286,"portrait":"i/image3/M01/80/80/Cgq2xl6ETGmAa_qcAACHltqNgkc405.png","realName":"Adeline","positionName":"HRBP","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"6537405":{"userId":6812677,"portrait":"i/image2/M01/F8/B7/CgotOVyHJ52Ab1jYAAHT5HB7AU0413.jpg","realName":"李佳馨","positionName":"HR.","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"7297489":{"userId":10147386,"portrait":"i/image2/M01/65/F0/CgoB5ltBkkKAW71nAAb7S7XNxPs256.jpg","realName":"angela","positionName":"hr","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"7063252":{"userId":3626897,"portrait":"i/image/M00/77/64/CgpFT1pE_22APa9qAAIELNuwlYo464.png","realName":"hr","positionName":"","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"5764968":{"userId":1582128,"portrait":"i/image2/M01/DF/73/CgoB5lxr62yAEFRwAABlM5buw2Y77.jpeg","realName":"曹先生","positionName":"技术总监","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true},"2748374":{"userId":6789594,"portrait":"i/image3/M01/76/D9/CgpOIF5xeZWAPGjLAAFbE_QBTcs23.jpeg","realName":"hue.hu","positionName":"","phone":null,"receiveEmail":null,"userLevel":"G1","canTalk":true}},"pageNo":1,"positionResult":{"resultSize":15,"result":[{"positionId":7389849,"positionName":"python开发实习生工程师","companyId":147,"companyFullName":"北京拉勾网络技术有限公司","companyShortName":"拉勾网","companyLogo":"i/image2/M01/79/70/CgotOV1aS4qAWK6WAAAM4NTpXws809.png","companySize":"500-2000人","industryField":"企业服务","financeStage":"D轮及以上","companyLabelList":["五险一金","弹性工作","带薪年假","免费两餐"],"firstType":"开发|测试|运维类","secondType":"后端开发","thirdType":"Python","skillLables":["Python"],"positionLables":["Python"],"industryLables":[],"createTime":"2020-07-08 10:50:57","formatCreateTime":"10:50发布","city":"北京","district":"海淀区","businessZones":["中关村","万泉河"],"salary":"4k-6k","salaryMonth":"0","workYear":"应届毕业生","jobNature":"实习","education":"本科","positionAdvantage":"工作日餐补","imState":"today","lastLogin":"2020-07-08 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import json 

lagou_data = json.loads(resp.text)
job_list = lagou_data['content']['positionResult']['result']

for job in job_list:
            print(job)

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{'positionId': 7366250, 'positionName': 'python开发工程师', 'companyId': 147, 'companyFullName': '北京拉勾网络技术有限公司', 'companyShortName': '拉勾网', 'companyLogo': 'i/image2/M01/79/70/CgotOV1aS4qAWK6WAAAM4NTpXws809.png', 'companySize': '500-2000人', 'industryField': '企业服务', 'financeStage': 'D轮及以上', 'companyLabelList': ['五险一金', '弹性工作', '带薪年假', '免费两餐'], 'firstType': '开发|测试|运维类', 'secondType': '后端开发', 'thirdType': 'Python', 'skillLables': ['Python', 'Golang', 'Lua', 'Shell'], 'positionLables': ['教育', '企业服务', 'Python', 'Golang', 'Lua', 'Shell'], 'industryLables': ['教育', '企业服务', 'Python', 'Golang', 'Lua', 'Shell'], 'createTime': '2020-07-08 10:50:57', 'formatCreateTime': '10:50发布', 'city': '北京', 'district': '海淀区', 'businessZones': ['中关村', '万泉河', '苏州街'], 'salary': '20k-40k', 'salaryMonth': '0', 'workYear': '5-10年', 'jobNature': '全职', 'education': '本科', 'positionAdvantage': '发展空间大,弹性工作制,领导Nice', 'imState': 'today', 'lastLogin': '2020-07-08 10:50:50', 'publisherId': 294593, 'approve': 1, 'subwayline': '10号线', 'stationname': '中关村', 'linestaion': '4号线大兴线_海淀黄庄;4号线大兴线_中关村;4号线大兴线_北京大学东门;10号线_苏州街;10号线_海淀黄庄', 'latitude': '39.984752', 'longitude': '116.30679', 'distance': None, 'hitags': ['免费下午茶', 'ipo倒计时', 'bat背景', '地铁周边', '每天管两餐', '定期团建', '团队年轻有活力', '6险1金'], 'resumeProcessRate': 4, 'resumeProcessDay': 1, 'score': 83, 'newScore': 0.0, 'matchScore': 8.323763, 'matchScoreExplain': None, 'query': None, 'explain': None, 'isSchoolJob': 0, 'adWord': 0, 'plus': None, 'pcShow': 0, 'appShow': 0, 'deliver': 0, 'gradeDescription': None, 'promotionScoreExplain': None, 'isHotHire': 0, 'count': 0, 'aggregatePositionIds': [], 'promotionType': None, 'famousCompany': True, 'detailRecall': False}
{'positionId': 7176245, 'positionName': 'python工程师', 'companyId': 87747, 'companyFullName': '北京靠谱筹信息技术有限公司', 'companyShortName': '窄门集团', 'companyLogo': 'i/image/M00/1F/CA/CgqCHl7nOxGAWUd_AADxbAyrJpk250.jpg', 'companySize': '50-150人', 'industryField': '移动互联网,金融', 'financeStage': 'C轮', 'companyLabelList': ['技能培训', '节日礼物', '股票期权', '带薪年假'], 'firstType': '开发|测试|运维类', 'secondType': '后端开发', 'thirdType': 'Python', 'skillLables': ['后端'], 'positionLables': ['大数据', '新零售', '后端'], 'industryLables': ['大数据', '新零售', '后端'], 'createTime': '2020-07-08 11:02:08', 'formatCreateTime': '11:02发布', 'city': '北京', 'district': '朝阳区', 'businessZones': ['常营'], 'salary': '15k-25k', 'salaryMonth': '0', 'workYear': '3-5年', 'jobNature': '全职', 'education': '大专', 'positionAdvantage': '五险一金，周末双休，定期体检，年底双薪', 'imState': 'today', 'lastLogin': '2020-07-08 11:02:05', 'publisherId': 9745404, 'approve': 1, 'subwayline': '6号线', 'stationname': '草房', 'linestaion': '6号线_草房;6号线_常营', 'latitude': '39.924521', 'longitude': '116.603604', 'distance': None, 'hitags': None, 'resumeProcessRate': 100, 'resumeProcessDay': 1, 'score': 46, 'newScore': 0.0, 'matchScore': 8.385255, 'matchScoreExplain': None, 'query': None, 'explain': None, 'isSchoolJob': 0, 'adWord': 0, 'plus': None, 'pcShow': 0, 'appShow': 0, 'deliver': 0, 'gradeDescription': None, 'promotionScoreExplain': None, 'isHotHire': 0, 'count': 0, 'aggregatePositionIds': [], 'promotionType': None, 'famousCompany': False, 'detailRecall': False}
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{'positionId': 7083280, 'positionName': 'Python工程师', 'companyId': 286568, 'companyFullName': '北京音娱时光科技有限公司', 'companyShortName': '音娱时光', 'companyLogo': 'i/image2/M01/8B/9A/CgotOV15uyKAMCL3AAAvAzXIrFw812.png', 'companySize': '50-150人', 'industryField': '移动互联网', 'financeStage': 'A轮', 'companyLabelList': ['年底双薪', '绩效奖金', '带薪年假', '免费健身'], 'firstType': '开发|测试|运维类', 'secondType': '后端开发', 'thirdType': 'Python', 'skillLables': ['Python', '抓取', 'C++', '服务器端'], 'positionLables': ['Python', '抓取', 'C++', '服务器端'], 'industryLables': [], 'createTime': '2020-07-08 10:41:04', 'formatCreateTime': '10:41发布', 'city': '北京', 'district': '海淀区', 'businessZones': None, 'salary': '20k-30k', 'salaryMonth': '0', 'workYear': '3-5年', 'jobNature': '全职', 'education': '本科', 'positionAdvantage': '产品大牛；技术靠谱；项目有前景', 'imState': 'today', 'lastLogin': '2020-07-08 10:40:55', 'publisherId': 12147286, 'approve': 1, 'subwayline': '10号线', 'stationname': '知春路', 'linestaion': '10号线_知春路;10号线_西土城;13号线_大钟寺;13号线_知春路', 'latitude': '39.977555', 'longitude': '116.352145', 'distance': None, 'hitags': None, 'resumeProcessRate': 100, 'resumeProcessDay': 1, 'score': 43, 'newScore': 0.0, 'matchScore': 7.9045005, 'matchScoreExplain': None, 'query': None, 'explain': None, 'isSchoolJob': 0, 'adWord': 0, 'plus': None, 'pcShow': 0, 'appShow': 0, 'deliver': 0, 'gradeDescription': None, 'promotionScoreExplain': None, 'isHotHire': 0, 'count': 0, 'aggregatePositionIds': [], 'promotionType': None, 'famousCompany': False, 'detailRecall': False}
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resp.encoding

'utf8'

resp.headers

{'Server': 'openresty', 'Date': 'Wed, 08 Jul 2020 03:07:02 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'REQUEST_ID': 'a0cf4459-7c6e-40d2-83ce-e44bf8fbaf18', 'Cache-Control': 'no-store, no-cache', 'Content-Language': 'en-US'}

resp.url

'https://www.lagou.com/jobs/positionAjax.json?city=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&needAddtionalResult=false'

resp.cookies

<RequestsCookieJar[]>

r.cookies['www.lagou.com']

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-50-98f0e5cd1799> in <module>
----> 1 r.cookies['www.lagou.com']


~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/cookies.py in __getitem__(self, name)
    326         .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1).
    327         """
--> 328         return self._find_no_duplicates(name)
    329 
    330     def __setitem__(self, name, value):


~/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/cookies.py in _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain, path)
    397         if toReturn:
    398             return toReturn
--> 399         raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
    400 
    401     def __getstate__(self):


KeyError: "name='www.lagou.com', domain=None, path=None"

resp.status_code

200

resp.connection

<requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter at 0x7f8704d5cba8>

resp.json

<bound method Response.json of <Response [200]>>

resp.apparent_encoding

'utf-8'

resp.json()

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    'realName': '招聘HR',
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    'userLevel': 'G1',
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     'linestaion': '亦庄线_万源街;亦庄线_荣京东街;亦庄线_荣昌东街',
     'latitude': '39.791831',
     'longitude': '116.512863',
     'distance': None,
     'hitags': None,
     'resumeProcessRate': 48,
     'resumeProcessDay': 1,
     'score': 39,
     'newScore': 0.0,
     'matchScore': 7.55791,
     'matchScoreExplain': None,
     'query': None,
     'explain': None,
     'isSchoolJob': 0,
     'adWord': 0,
     'plus': None,
     'pcShow': 0,
     'appShow': 0,
     'deliver': 0,
     'gradeDescription': None,
     'promotionScoreExplain': None,
     'isHotHire': 0,
     'count': 0,
     'aggregatePositionIds': [],
     'promotionType': None,
     'famousCompany': False,
     'detailRecall': False},
    {'positionId': 7374101,
     'positionName': 'Python开发工程师',
     'companyId': 15083,
     'companyFullName': '北京寄云鼎城科技有限公司',
     'companyShortName': '寄云科技',
     'companyLogo': 'i/image/M00/2B/D4/CgpEMlklUXWAKM2cAAAxTvmX9ks215.jpg',
     'companySize': '50-150人',
     'industryField': '移动互联网,数据服务',
     'financeStage': 'A轮',
     'companyLabelList': ['绩效奖金', '弹性工作', '年度旅游', '岗位晋升'],
     'firstType': '开发|测试|运维类',
     'secondType': '后端开发',
     'thirdType': 'Python',
     'skillLables': ['Python', 'C++'],
     'positionLables': ['云计算', '大数据', 'Python', 'C++'],
     'industryLables': ['云计算', '大数据', 'Python', 'C++'],
     'createTime': '2020-07-08 09:17:11',
     'formatCreateTime': '09:17发布',
     'city': '北京',
     'district': '海淀区',
     'businessZones': ['西二旗', '上地', '马连洼'],
     'salary': '20k-30k',
     'salaryMonth': '0',
     'workYear': '5-10年',
     'jobNature': '全职',
     'education': '本科',
     'positionAdvantage': '扁平管理、五险一金、带薪年假、股票期权',
     'imState': 'today',
     'lastLogin': '2020-07-08 09:10:28',
     'publisherId': 175597,
     'approve': 1,
     'subwayline': '10号线',
     'stationname': '知春路',
     'linestaion': '4号线大兴线_人民大学;4号线大兴线_海淀黄庄;10号线_海淀黄庄;10号线_知春里;10号线_知春路;13号线_大钟寺;13号线_知春路',
     'latitude': '39.972134',
     'longitude': '116.329519',
     'distance': None,
     'hitags': None,
     'resumeProcessRate': 16,
     'resumeProcessDay': 1,
     'score': 39,
     'newScore': 0.0,
     'matchScore': 7.5075984,
     'matchScoreExplain': None,
     'query': None,
     'explain': None,
     'isSchoolJob': 0,
     'adWord': 0,
     'plus': None,
     'pcShow': 0,
     'appShow': 0,
     'deliver': 0,
     'gradeDescription': None,
     'promotionScoreExplain': None,
     'isHotHire': 0,
     'count': 0,
     'aggregatePositionIds': [],
     'promotionType': None,
     'famousCompany': False,
     'detailRecall': False},
    {'positionId': 7327082,
     'positionName': '云平台开发架构师（python / go / golang语言均可）',
     'companyId': 35361,
     'companyFullName': '北京百家互联科技有限公司',
     'companyShortName': '跟谁学',
     'companyLogo': 'i/image2/M01/50/CF/CgotOV0Ru5CAZIIwAAAdQkIlneg727.png',
     'companySize': '2000人以上',
     'industryField': '移动互联网,教育',
     'financeStage': '上市公司',
     'companyLabelList': ['节日礼物', '技能培训', '股票期权', '精英团队'],
     'firstType': '开发|测试|运维类',
     'secondType': '后端开发',
     'thirdType': 'Python',
     'skillLables': ['后端'],
     'positionLables': ['后端'],
     'industryLables': [],
     'createTime': '2020-07-08 00:46:05',
     'formatCreateTime': '00:46发布',
     'city': '北京',
     'district': '海淀区',
     'businessZones': None,
     'salary': '30k-60k',
     'salaryMonth': '16',
     'workYear': '5-10年',
     'jobNature': '全职',
     'education': '本科',
     'positionAdvantage': '美国上市，五险一金，有班车，餐补',
     'imState': 'today',
     'lastLogin': '2020-07-08 01:18:06',
     'publisherId': 13181504,
     'approve': 1,
     'subwayline': None,
     'stationname': None,
     'linestaion': None,
     'latitude': '40.044484',
     'longitude': '116.283741',
     'distance': None,
     'hitags': None,
     'resumeProcessRate': 6,
     'resumeProcessDay': 1,
     'score': 19,
     'newScore': 0.0,
     'matchScore': 2.1510973,
     'matchScoreExplain': None,
     'query': None,
     'explain': None,
     'isSchoolJob': 0,
     'adWord': 0,
     'plus': None,
     'pcShow': 0,
     'appShow': 0,
     'deliver': 0,
     'gradeDescription': None,
     'promotionScoreExplain': None,
     'isHotHire': 0,
     'count': 0,
     'aggregatePositionIds': [],
     'promotionType': None,
     'famousCompany': True,
     'detailRecall': False},
    {'positionId': 7163066,
     'positionName': '资深Python/Go工程师',
     'companyId': 35361,
     'companyFullName': '北京百家互联科技有限公司',
     'companyShortName': '跟谁学',
     'companyLogo': 'i/image2/M01/50/CF/CgotOV0Ru5CAZIIwAAAdQkIlneg727.png',
     'companySize': '2000人以上',
     'industryField': '移动互联网,教育',
     'financeStage': '上市公司',
     'companyLabelList': ['节日礼物', '技能培训', '股票期权', '精英团队'],
     'firstType': '开发|测试|运维类',
     'secondType': '后端开发',
     'thirdType': 'Python',
     'skillLables': ['后端'],
     'positionLables': ['后端'],
     'industryLables': [],
     'createTime': '2020-07-08 00:46:04',
     'formatCreateTime': '00:46发布',
     'city': '北京',
     'district': '海淀区',
     'businessZones': ['西北旺', '上地', '马连洼'],
     'salary': '30k-60k',
     'salaryMonth': '0',
     'workYear': '3-5年',
     'jobNature': '全职',
     'education': '本科',
     'positionAdvantage': '美国上市，五险一金，有班车，餐补',
     'imState': 'today',
     'lastLogin': '2020-07-08 01:18:06',
     'publisherId': 13181504,
     'approve': 1,
     'subwayline': None,
     'stationname': None,
     'linestaion': None,
     'latitude': '40.048632',
     'longitude': '116.282935',
     'distance': None,
     'hitags': None,
     'resumeProcessRate': 6,
     'resumeProcessDay': 1,
     'score': 19,
     'newScore': 0.0,
     'matchScore': 2.1510973,
     'matchScoreExplain': None,
     'query': None,
     'explain': None,
     'isSchoolJob': 0,
     'adWord': 0,
     'plus': None,
     'pcShow': 0,
     'appShow': 0,
     'deliver': 0,
     'gradeDescription': None,
     'promotionScoreExplain': None,
     'isHotHire': 0,
     'count': 0,
     'aggregatePositionIds': [],
     'promotionType': None,
     'famousCompany': True,
     'detailRecall': False},
    {'positionId': 7297489,
     'positionName': 'Python开发工程师-风控（技术平台）',
     'companyId': 36031,
     'companyFullName': '上海一起作业信息科技有限公司',
     'companyShortName': '一起教育科技',
     'companyLogo': 'i/image2/M01/8D/CB/CgoB5l2Ari-AaqxZAABJgBonLDo457.png',
     'companySize': '2000人以上',
     'industryField': '移动互联网,教育',
     'financeStage': 'D轮及以上',
     'companyLabelList': ['节日礼物', '岗位晋升', '扁平管理', '领导好'],
     'firstType': '开发|测试|运维类',
     'secondType': '后端开发',
     'thirdType': 'Python',
     'skillLables': ['Python'],
     'positionLables': ['教育', '移动互联网', 'Python'],
     'industryLables': ['教育', '移动互联网', 'Python'],
     'createTime': '2020-07-08 10:53:34',
     'formatCreateTime': '10:53发布',
     'city': '北京',
     'district': '朝阳区',
     'businessZones': ['望京', '大山子', '酒仙桥'],
     'salary': '15k-30k',
     'salaryMonth': '0',
     'workYear': '3-5年',
     'jobNature': '全职',
     'education': '本科',
     'positionAdvantage': '企业福利 平台 发展空间 团队氛围',
     'imState': 'today',
     'lastLogin': '2020-07-08 10:53:29',
     'publisherId': 10147386,
     'approve': 1,
     'subwayline': '15号线',
     'stationname': '望京东',
     'linestaion': '14号线东段_望京;15号线_望京东;15号线_望京',
     'latitude': '40.000355',
     'longitude': '116.48597',
     'distance': None,
     'hitags': ['试用期上社保', '试用期上公积金', '5险1金', '试用享转正工资'],
     'resumeProcessRate': 4,
     'resumeProcessDay': 1,
     'score': 18,
     'newScore': 0.0,
     'matchScore': 3.3384495,
     'matchScoreExplain': None,
     'query': None,
     'explain': None,
     'isSchoolJob': 0,
     'adWord': 0,
     'plus': None,
     'pcShow': 0,
     'appShow': 0,
     'deliver': 0,
     'gradeDescription': None,
     'promotionScoreExplain': None,
     'isHotHire': 0,
     'count': 0,
     'aggregatePositionIds': [],
     'promotionType': None,
     'famousCompany': True,
     'detailRecall': False},
    {'positionId': 2748374,
     'positionName': 'Python后端工程师',
     'companyId': 145597,
     'companyFullName': '云势天下（北京）软件有限公司',
     'companyShortName': '云势软件',
     'companyLogo': 'i/image2/M00/10/C1/CgoB5lnpdm-APsYHAAA25xNvELM604.jpg',
     'companySize': '150-500人',
     'industryField': '企业服务',
     'financeStage': 'B轮',
     'companyLabelList': ['年底双薪', '专项奖金', '绩效奖金', '带薪年假'],
     'firstType': '开发|测试|运维类',
     'secondType': '后端开发',
     'thirdType': '其他后端开发',
     'skillLables': ['Java', 'MySQL', 'PHP', 'Python'],
     'positionLables': ['Java', 'MySQL', 'PHP', 'Python'],
     'industryLables': [],
     'createTime': '2020-07-08 10:53:05',
     'formatCreateTime': '10:53发布',
     'city': '北京',
     'district': '朝阳区',
     'businessZones': ['三里屯', '朝外', '呼家楼'],
     'salary': '18k-25k',
     'salaryMonth': '0',
     'workYear': '3-5年',
     'jobNature': '全职',
     'education': '本科',
     'positionAdvantage': '六险一金,团队优秀,带薪年假,扁平管理',
     'imState': 'disabled',
     'lastLogin': '2020-07-08 10:41:30',
     'publisherId': 6789594,
     'approve': 1,
     'subwayline': '2号线',
     'stationname': '团结湖',
     'linestaion': '2号线_东四十条;6号线_呼家楼;6号线_东大桥;10号线_农业展览馆;10号线_团结湖;10号线_呼家楼',
     'latitude': '39.932346',
     'longitude': '116.450826',
     'distance': None,
     'hitags': None,
     'resumeProcessRate': 64,
     'resumeProcessDay': 1,
     'score': 18,
     'newScore': 0.0,
     'matchScore': 3.3362134,
     'matchScoreExplain': None,
     'query': None,
     'explain': None,
     'isSchoolJob': 0,
     'adWord': 0,
     'plus': None,
     'pcShow': 0,
     'appShow': 0,
     'deliver': 0,
     'gradeDescription': None,
     'promotionScoreExplain': None,
     'isHotHire': 0,
     'count': 0,
     'aggregatePositionIds': [],
     'promotionType': None,
     'famousCompany': False,
     'detailRecall': False},
    {'positionId': 7389849,
     'positionName': 'python开发实习生工程师',
     'companyId': 147,
     'companyFullName': '北京拉勾网络技术有限公司',
     'companyShortName': '拉勾网',
     'companyLogo': 'i/image2/M01/79/70/CgotOV1aS4qAWK6WAAAM4NTpXws809.png',
     'companySize': '500-2000人',
     'industryField': '企业服务',
     'financeStage': 'D轮及以上',
     'companyLabelList': ['五险一金', '弹性工作', '带薪年假', '免费两餐'],
     'firstType': '开发|测试|运维类',
     'secondType': '后端开发',
     'thirdType': 'Python',
     'skillLables': ['Python'],
     'positionLables': ['Python'],
     'industryLables': [],
     'createTime': '2020-07-08 10:50:57',
     'formatCreateTime': '10:50发布',
     'city': '北京',
     'district': '海淀区',
     'businessZones': ['中关村', '万泉河'],
     'salary': '4k-6k',
     'salaryMonth': '0',
     'workYear': '应届毕业生',
     'jobNature': '实习',
     'education': '本科',
     'positionAdvantage': '工作日餐补',
     'imState': 'today',
     'lastLogin': '2020-07-08 10:47:39',
     'publisherId': 10683197,
     'approve': 1,
     'subwayline': '10号线',
     'stationname': '中关村',
     'linestaion': '4号线大兴线_海淀黄庄;4号线大兴线_中关村;4号线大兴线_北京大学东门;10号线_苏州街;10号线_海淀黄庄',
     'latitude': '39.982128',
     'longitude': '116.307747',
     'distance': None,
     'hitags': ['免费下午茶',
      'ipo倒计时',
      'bat背景',
      '地铁周边',
      '每天管两餐',
      '定期团建',
      '团队年轻有活力',
      '6险1金'],
     'resumeProcessRate': 5,
     'resumeProcessDay': 1,
     'score': 18,
     'newScore': 0.0,
     'matchScore': 3.3295052,
     'matchScoreExplain': None,
     'query': None,
     'explain': None,
     'isSchoolJob': 1,
     'adWord': 0,
     'plus': None,
     'pcShow': 0,
     'appShow': 0,
     'deliver': 0,
     'gradeDescription': None,
     'promotionScoreExplain': None,
     'isHotHire': 0,
     'count': 0,
     'aggregatePositionIds': [],
     'promotionType': None,
     'famousCompany': True,
     'detailRecall': False},
    {'positionId': 7183784,
     'positionName': '高级python开发工程师',
     'companyId': 286568,
     'companyFullName': '北京音娱时光科技有限公司',
     'companyShortName': '音娱时光',
     'companyLogo': 'i/image2/M01/8B/9A/CgotOV15uyKAMCL3AAAvAzXIrFw812.png',
     'companySize': '50-150人',
     'industryField': '移动互联网',
     'financeStage': 'A轮',
     'companyLabelList': ['年底双薪', '绩效奖金', '带薪年假', '免费健身'],
     'firstType': '开发|测试|运维类',
     'secondType': '后端开发',
     'thirdType': 'Python',
     'skillLables': ['Python', '算法', '后端'],
     'positionLables': ['直播', 'Python', '算法', '后端'],
     'industryLables': ['直播', 'Python', '算法', '后端'],
     'createTime': '2020-07-08 10:41:04',
     'formatCreateTime': '10:41发布',
     'city': '北京',
     'district': '海淀区',
     'businessZones': None,
     'salary': '25k-45k',
     'salaryMonth': '0',
     'workYear': '5-10年',
     'jobNature': '全职',
     'education': '本科',
     'positionAdvantage': '技术氛围好;团队优秀;',
     'imState': 'today',
     'lastLogin': '2020-07-08 10:40:55',
     'publisherId': 12147286,
     'approve': 1,
     'subwayline': '10号线',
     'stationname': '知春路',
     'linestaion': '10号线_知春路;10号线_西土城;13号线_大钟寺;13号线_知春路',
     'latitude': '39.977555',
     'longitude': '116.352145',
     'distance': None,
     'hitags': None,
     'resumeProcessRate': 100,
     'resumeProcessDay': 1,
     'score': 17,
     'newScore': 0.0,
     'matchScore': 3.3004363,
     'matchScoreExplain': None,
     'query': None,
     'explain': None,
     'isSchoolJob': 0,
     'adWord': 0,
     'plus': None,
     'pcShow': 0,
     'appShow': 0,
     'deliver': 0,
     'gradeDescription': None,
     'promotionScoreExplain': None,
     'isHotHire': 0,
     'count': 0,
     'aggregatePositionIds': [],
     'promotionType': None,
     'famousCompany': False,
     'detailRecall': False}],
   'locationInfo': {'city': '北京',
    'district': None,
    'businessZone': None,
    'isAllhotBusinessZone': False,
    'locationCode': None,
    'queryByGisCode': False},
   'queryAnalysisInfo': {'positionName': 'python',
    'companyName': None,
    'industryName': None,
    'usefulCompany': False,
    'jobNature': None},
   'strategyProperty': {'name': 'dm-csearch-personalPositionLayeredStrategyNew',
    'id': 0},
   'hotLabels': None,
   'hiTags': None,
   'benefitTags': None,
   'industryField': None,
   'companySize': None,
   'positionName': None,
   'totalCount': 315,
   'triggerOrSearch': False,
   'categoryTypeAndName': {'3': 'Python'}},
  'pageSize': 15},
 'resubmitToken': None,
 'requestId': None}

resp.close()

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)

print(r.text)

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {
    "key1": "value1", 
    "key2": "value2"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Content-Length": "23", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.21.0", 
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5f05808a-5af6abf8b106ba2a325e3a3c"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "114.249.218.217", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

在使用爬虫做反爬策略时,注意cookies user_agnet 和referer 链接,同时注意在爬取的时间间隔

payload = (('key1', 'value1'), ('key1', 'value2'))

r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
print(r.text)

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {
    "key1": [
      "value1", 
      "value2"
    ]
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Content-Length": "23", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.21.0", 
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5f0580d2-ed7d555667c6252410ad0024"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "114.249.218.217", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

s = requests.Session()

s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789')
r = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")

print(r.text)

{
  "cookies": {
    "sessioncookie": "123456789"
  }
}

s = requests.Session()
s.auth = ('user', 'pass')
s.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})

# both 'x-test' and 'x-test2' are sent
x = s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})

print(x.text)

{
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Authorization": "Basic dXNlcjpwYXNz", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.21.0", 
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5f05826e-a11b21aa52124fd070a5ada2", 
    "X-Test": "true", 
    "X-Test2": "true"
  }
}

s = requests.Session()

r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies', cookies={'from-my': 'browser'})
print(r.text)
# '{"cookies": {"from-my": "browser"}}'

r = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(r.text)
# '{"cookies": {}}'

{
  "cookies": {
    "from-my": "browser"
  }
}

{
  "cookies": {}
}

网址

https://www.jb51.net/article/180450.htm
https://blog.csdn.net/jia666666/article/details/82154253