一、wait/notify/notifyAll都是Object类的实例方法
1、wait方法:阻塞当前线程等待notify/notifyAll方法的唤醒,或等待超时后自动唤醒。
wait等待其实是对象monitor
JDK中提供了三个重载方法,
(1)void wait()方法的作用是将当前运行的线程挂起(即让其进入阻塞状态),不再占据CPU,直到notify或notifyAll方法来唤醒线程.
(2)void wait(long timeout),该方法与wait()方法类似,唯一的区别就是在指定时间内,如果没有notify或notifAll方法的唤醒,也会自动唤醒。
(3)void wait(long timeout,long nanos),本意在于更精确的控制调度时间,不过从目前版本来看,该方法貌似没有完整的实现该功能。
注意:wait(0);// timeout 为零时,则不考虑实际时间,在获得通知前该线程将一直等待;和wait()是一样的含义。实际wait()的实现就一句代码:wait(0)
我们写一段代码实现:程序执行以后,暂停一秒,然后再执行。
package com.paddx.test.concurrent; public class WaitTest { public void testWait(){ System.out.println("Start-----"); try { wait(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("End-------"); } public static void main(String[] args) { final WaitTest test = new WaitTest(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { test.testWait(); } }).start(); } }
运行上述代码,查看结果:
Start-----
Exception in thread
"Thread-0"
java.lang.IllegalMonitorStateException
at java.lang.Object.wait(Native Method)
at com.paddx.test.concurrent.WaitTest.testWait(WaitTest.java:
8
)
at com.paddx.test.concurrent.WaitTest$
1
.run(WaitTest.java:
20
)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:
745
)
Thrown to indicate that a thread has attempted to wait on an object
's monitor or to notify other threads waiting on an object'
s monitor without owning the specified monitor.
这句话的意思大概就是:线程 试图等待对象的监视器 或者 试图通知其他正在等待对象监视器 的线程,但本身没有对应的监视器的所有权。
这个问题在《synchronized底层实现原理》一文中有提到过,wait方法是一个本地方法,其底层是通过一个叫做监视器锁的对象来完成的。所以上面之所以会抛出异常,是因为在调用wait方式时没有获取到monitor对象的所有权。
那如何获取monitor对象所有权?Java中只能通过synchronized关键字来完成,修改上述代码,增加Synchronized关键字:
package com.paddx.test.concurrent; public class WaitTest { public synchronized void testWait(){//增加Synchronized关键字 System.out.println("Start-----"); try { wait(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("End-------"); } public static void main(String[] args) { final WaitTest test = new WaitTest(); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { test.testWait(); } }).start(); } }
现在再运行上述代码,就能看到预期的效果了:
Start-----
End-------
于是通过wait(long timeout)方法在单线程中,便实现了与Thread.sleep(long millis)一样的效果2、notify/notifyAll方法
(1)void notify() :Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor. 有多个线程在等待同一个object的monitor时,仅仅唤醒其中的一个线程(随机选择, 或者说是竞争到锁的那一个)
(2)void notifyAll():Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor. 有多个线程在等待同一个object的monitor时,会唤醒全部的这些线程(按照竞争到锁的顺序逐个唤醒)
wait/notify/notifyAll是通过对象的monitor对象来实现的,只要在同一对象上去调用notify/notifyAll方法,就可以唤醒对应对象monitor上等待的线程了
看下面的例子来理解这两者的差别:
package com.paddx.test.concurrent; public class NotifyTest { public synchronized void testWait(){ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +" Start-----"); try { wait(0); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +" End-------"); } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { final NotifyTest test = new NotifyTest(); for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { test.testWait(); } }).start(); } Thread.sleep(1000); synchronized (test) { test.notify(); } Thread.sleep(3000); System.out.println("-----------分割线-------------"); synchronized (test) { test.notifyAll(); } } }
输出结果如下:
Thread-
0
Start-----
Thread-
1
Start-----
Thread-
2
Start-----
Thread-
3
Start-----
Thread-
4
Start-----
Thread-
0
End-------
-----------分割线-------------
Thread-
4
End-------
Thread-
3
End-------
Thread-
2
End-------
Thread-
1
End-------
最后,有两点点需要注意:
(1)调用wait方法后,线程是会释放对monitor对象的所有权。
(2)一个通过wait方法阻塞的线程,必须同时满足以下两个条件才能被真正执行:
- 线程需要被唤醒(超时唤醒或调用notify/notifyAll)
- 线程唤醒后需要竞争到锁(monitor)
注意: notifyAll时,如果多个线程在wait,此时多个线程需要对锁进行竞争;竞争到锁的线程获得执行,等该线程释放锁后,剩下的线程再次竞争;如此重复,直到上一轮wait的线程都得到一次锁得以执行,否则一旦有线程释放了锁,未曾得到过锁的线程还会得到通知。
二、Thread类的sleep/yield/join方法:sleep和yield是静态方法,join是实例方法
sleep/join的底层实现也使用了synchronized /wait等机制或方法
1、sleep
先看一下实现源码:
public static void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException { Thread.sleep(millis, 0); } public static void sleep(long millis, int nanos) throws InterruptedException { if (millis < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("millis < 0: " + millis); } if (nanos < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("nanos < 0: " + nanos); } if (nanos > 999999) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("nanos > 999999: " + nanos); } // The JLS 3rd edition, section 17.9 says: "...sleep for zero // time...need not have observable effects." if (millis == 0 && nanos == 0) { // ...but we still have to handle being interrupted. if (Thread.interrupted()) { throw new InterruptedException(); } return; } long start = System.nanoTime(); long duration = (millis * NANOS_PER_MILLI) + nanos; Object lock = currentThread().lock; // Wait may return early, so loop until sleep duration passes. synchronized (lock) {//还是使用了锁 while (true) { sleep(lock, millis, nanos); long now = System.nanoTime(); long elapsed = now - start; if (elapsed >= duration) { break; } duration -= elapsed; start = now; millis = duration / NANOS_PER_MILLI; nanos = (int) (duration % NANOS_PER_MILLI); } } } @FastNative private static native void sleep(Object lock, long millis, int nanos) throws InterruptedException;
sleep方法的作用是让当前线程暂停指定的时间(毫秒)。唯一需要注意的是其与wait方法的区别。
1)wait方法依赖于同步,而sleep方法可以直接调用。
2)sleep方法只是暂时让出CPU的执行权,并不释放锁。而wait方法则需要释放锁。(看下面的例子理解)
第2)个区别可以理解 调用 Thread.sleep(0) 的作用:进行一次CPU使用权的重新争夺
package com.paddx.test.concurrent; public class SleepTest { public synchronized void sleepMethod(){ System.out.println("Sleep start-----"); try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("Sleep end-----"); } public synchronized void waitMethod(){ System.out.println("Wait start-----"); synchronized (this){ try { wait(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } System.out.println("Wait end-----"); } public static void main(String[] args) { final SleepTest test1 = new SleepTest(); for(int i = 0;i<3;i++){ new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { test1.sleepMethod(); } }).start(); } try { Thread.sleep(10000);//暂停十秒,等上面程序执行完成 } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("-----分割线-----"); final SleepTest test2 = new SleepTest(); for(int i = 0;i<3;i++){ new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { test2.waitMethod(); } }).start(); } } }
执行结果:
Sleep start-----
Sleep end-----
Sleep start-----
Sleep end-----
Sleep start-----
Sleep end-----
-----分割线-----
Wait start-----
Wait start-----
Wait start-----
Wait end-----
Wait end-----
Wait end-----
package com.paddx.test.concurrent; public class YieldTest implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { try { Thread.sleep(100); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } for(int i=0;i<5;i++){ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + i); Thread.yield(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { YieldTest runn = new YieldTest(); Thread t1 = new Thread(runn,"FirstThread"); Thread t2 = new Thread(runn,"SecondThread"); t1.start(); t2.start(); } }
运行结果如下:
FirstThread:
0
SecondThread:
0
FirstThread:
1
SecondThread:
1
FirstThread:
2
SecondThread:
2
FirstThread:
3
SecondThread:
3
FirstThread:
4
SecondThread:
4
源码中的说明主要说了三个问题:
- 调度器可能会忽略该方法。
- 使用的时候要仔细分析和测试,确保能达到预期的效果。
- 很少有场景要用到该方法,主要使用的地方是调试和测试。
public final void join(long millis, int nanos) throws InterruptedException { synchronized(lock) { if (millis < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative"); } if (nanos < 0 || nanos > 999999) { throw new IllegalArgumentException( "nanosecond timeout value out of range"); } if (nanos >= 500000 || (nanos != 0 && millis == 0)) { millis++; } join(millis); } } public final void join() throws InterruptedException { join(0); } public final void join(long millis) throws InterruptedException { synchronized(lock) {//使用了锁 long base = System.currentTimeMillis(); long now = 0; if (millis < 0) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative"); } if (millis == 0) { while (isAlive()) { lock.wait(0);//调用了wait } } else { while (isAlive()) { long delay = millis - now; if (delay <= 0) { break; } lock.wait(delay); now = System.currentTimeMillis() - base; } } } }
void join():Waits for this thread to die.
比如在线程B中调用了线程A的Join()方法,直到线程A执行完毕后,才会继续执行线程B。
t.join(); //调用join方法,等待线程t执行完毕
t.join(1000); //等待 t 线程,等待时间是1000毫秒
下面我们通过一个例子来演示join方法的作用:
(1)不使用join方法:
package com.paddx.test.concurrent; public class JoinTest implements Runnable{ @Override public void run() { try { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " start-----"); Thread.sleep(1000); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end------"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i=0;i<5;i++) { Thread test = new Thread(new JoinTest()); test.start(); } System.out.println("Finished~~~"); } }
执行结果如下:
Thread-
0
start-----
Thread-
1
start-----
Thread-
2
start-----
Thread-
3
start-----
Finished~~~
Thread-
4
start-----
Thread-
2
end------
Thread-
4
end------
Thread-
1
end------
Thread-
0
end------
Thread-
3
end------
(2)使用join方法:
package com.paddx.test.concurrent; public class JoinTest implements Runnable{ @Override public void run() { try { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " start-----"); Thread.sleep(1000); System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " end------"); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i=0;i<5;i++) { Thread test = new Thread(new JoinTest()); test.start(); try { test.join(); //调用join方法 } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } System.out.println("Finished~~~"); } }
执行结果如下:
Thread-
0
start-----
Thread-
0
end------
Thread-
1
start-----
Thread-
1
end------
Thread-
2
start-----
Thread-
2
end------
Thread-
3
start-----
Thread-
3
end------
Thread-
4
start-----
Thread-
4
end------
Finished~~~
public static boolean holdsLock(Object obj) //判断当前线程是否拥有obj的锁(Monitor)