集群组成：
一台主机，一台从节点。
系统环境：
操作系统：CentOS 7，64位，7.4.1708（/etc/redhat-release中查看）
CPU：AMD Fx-8300 8核
内存：8GB
硬盘：120GB
GNOME：3.22.2
安装版本：
GPDB：V5.4.1
GPORCA：V2.53.11
经验参考：
http://www.jishux.com/plus/view-683368-1.html
https://www.cnblogs.com/arthurqin/p/5849354.html
http://www.jpblog.cn/greenplum%E6%BA%90%E7%A0%81%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85.html
前提条件：禁用防火墙（所有节点和主机都要禁用！！）
使用root账号执行下列命令（同时禁用默认的防火墙和可能已经安装的iptables，共两个防火墙程序）：
关闭默认的防火墙
# systemctl stop firewalld
屏蔽默认的防火墙（重启后也不会启动）
# systemctl mask firewalld
关闭iptables
# systemctl stop iptables
禁用iptables
# systemctl disable iptables
安装过程
一）创建专有账号gpdba，并加入root用户组。
下面所有操作都使用gpdba账号来执行！如果操作失败，则使用root账号。
二）修改所有服务器的主机名（所有节点和主机）
1）修改hosts使用命令 vi /etc/hosts 来修改
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain
192.168.58.102 Master shsm002
192.168.58.104 Slave1 shsm004
最后，再输入 source /etc/profile 刷新。
2）修改network文件，输入命令vi /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=对应的主机名称
3）如果主机名称与设备名称不符，则按照下列格式修改：
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain
IP地址 主机名称 设备名称
最后使用ping命令验证是否可以连通。
三）修改系统文件（所有节点和主机）
1）修改内核配置
vi /etc/sysctl.conf，添加下面内容：
kernel.shmmax = 5000000000
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.shmall = 4000000000
kernel.sem = 250 512000 100 2048
kernel.sysrq = 1
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.msgmni = 2048
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 4096
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1025 65535
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 10000
net.core.rmem_max = 2097152
net.core.wmem_max = 2097152
vm.overcommit_memory = 2
执行命令 sysctl -p 使修改数值生效
2）修改限制配置
vi /etc/security/limits.conf
添加下面内容：
* soft nofile 65536
* hard nofile 65536
* soft nproc 131072
* hard nproc 131072
3）禁用SELINUX
vi /etc/selinux/config，修改SELINUX的值为disabled。修改后，如下：
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
三）安装优化器GPORCA的依赖项（所有节点和主机）
1）安装cmake（3.10.2）
下载：
$ wget http://www.cmake.org/files/v3.10/cmake-3.10.2.tar.gz
解压：
$ tar xzf cmake-3.10.2.tar.gz
定位到解压后的目录中：
$ cd cmake-3.10.2
关于configure命令：
如果要查看详细的配置选项，使用下面命令：
$ ./configure --help
执行配置命令（安装到目录/usr/cmake）：
$ ./configure --prefix=/usr/cmake
编译：
$ make
安装：
# make install
最后进行验证：
$ /usr/cmake/bin/cmake -version
输出类似下面内容显示出版本号：
cmake version 3.10.2
编辑修改/etc/profile文件，将cmake添加到环境变量定义中，添加下面内容：
### CMAKE 3.10 ###
export PATH=/usr/cmake/bin:$PATH
2）安装gp-xerces
使用gpdba账号解压源码文件压缩包，进入解压目录，执行下面命令。
mkdir build
cd build
../configure --prefix=/usr/local ##安装到/usr/local目录下
（注意：如果出错，则使用root账号执行下面的make命令）
make
make install
3）安装re2c（1.0.3）
进入 http://re2c.org/install/install.html 页面下载自己需要的版本
安装re2c是由于配置ninja时需要
$ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
（注意：使用root账号执行下面的make命令；如果用户没有在root用户组中时）
$ make
$ make install
4）安装Ninja
可以使用git下载：https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja.git
下载后进入ninja目录执行如下命令:
./configure.py --bootstrap
由于最终结果只是一个二进制文件ninja，之后使用root账号拷贝ninja文件到/usr/bin目录即可（/usr/bin目录已经在环境变量PATH中配置定义了）
Installation is not necessary because the only required file is the resulting ninja binary. However, to enable features like Bash completion and Emacs and Vim editing modes, some files in misc/ must be copied to appropriate locations.
特别说明：先在主机上安装所有依赖项的程序，然后通过scp命令远程复制安装包或压缩包到其他节点上逐个执行安装。
四）安装GPORCA
下载地址：https://github.com/greenplum-db/gporca
安装GPORCA（GPDB-5.4.1对应的依赖版本，2.53.11）
使用gpdba账号解压源码文件压缩包，进入解压目录，执行下面命令。
cmake -GNinja -H. -Bbuild
ninja install -C build
查看GPDB依赖的ORCA的版本信息：/gpdb-5.4.1/depends/conanfile_orca.txt文件
[requires]
orca/v2.53.11@gpdb/stable
安装完成后，进入/gporca/build目录，执行ctest命令进行检查
如果最后输出类似如下结果：
100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 119
Total Test time (real) = 195.48 sec
这说明编译成功了。
【删除旧版的GPORCA】
进入源文件目录下，执行命令
rm -rf build/*
rm -rf /usr/local/include/naucrates
rm -rf /usr/local/include/gpdbcost
rm -rf /usr/local/include/gpopt
rm -rf /usr/local/include/gpos
rm -rf /usr/local/lib/libnaucrates.so*
rm -rf /usr/local/lib/libgpdbcost.so*
rm -rf /usr/local/lib/libgpopt.so*
rm -rf /usr/local/lib/libgpos.so*
五）安装GPDB（选择版本5.4.1）
1）使用root账号安装依赖项
sudo yum install -y epel-release
sudo yum install -y apr-devel bison bzip2-devel cmake3 flex gcc gcc-c++ krb5-devel libcurl-devel libevent-devel libkadm5 libyaml-devel libxml2-devel perl-ExtUtils-Embed python-devel python-paramiko python-pip python-psutil python-setuptools readline-devel xerces-c-devel zlib-devel
# Install lockfile with pip because the yum package `python-pip` is too old (0.8).
sudo pip install lockfile conan
2）下载源代码文件，解压后编译安装。
使用gpdba账号进入下载解压的源文件目录下，执行命令（prefix后面的路径/usr/gpdb是安装目录）
./configure --with-perl --with-python --with-libxml --with-gssapi --prefix=/usr/gpdb
如果没有安装ORCA，则可以使用：./configure --with-perl --with-python --with-libxml --with-gssapi --disable-orca --prefix=/usr/gpdb
然后执行make
make -j8
最后执行安装
make -j8 install
3）分发
首先，创建服务器之间的ssh免密连接。
创建目录/usr/gpdb-conf，在该目录中创建主机清单文件hostlist，文件内容如下：
Master
Salve1
然后继续在gpdb-conf目录中创建seg_hosts，文件内容如下：
Slave1
刷新greenplum_path的配置
source /usr/gpdb/greenplum_path.sh
gpssh交换密钥
gpssh-exkeys -f /usr/gpdb-conf/hostlist
最后，将安装成功的文件夹压缩打包
gtar -cvf /home/gpdba/gpdb-install-binary-5.4.1.tar /usr/gpdb
使用gpscp命令复制到其他节点上（或者先ssh后scp也可以）
gpscp -f /usr/gpdb-conf/seg_hosts /home/gpdba/gpdb-install-binary-5.4.1.tar =:/usr
使用gpssh连接主机与从节点，解压tar文件，安装路径同主机的安装路径保持一致。
gpssh -f /usr/gpdb-conf/hostlist
master 节点连接 slave 节点之后，执行所有命令都应该有n份输出才表示正常。
解压文件
gtar -xvf gpdb-install-binary-5.4.1.tar
创建数据库工作目录
cd /home/gpdba/gpdata
mkdir gpdatap1 gpdatap2 gpdatam1 gpdatam2 gpmaster
4）初始化数据库（在master主机）
配置bash_profile环境变量
vi .bash_profile
修改如下：
# .bash_profile
# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi
# User specific environment and startup programs
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin
export PATH
## Greenplum Database
source /usr/gpdb/greenplum_path.sh
export MASTER_DATA_DIRECTORY=/home/gpdba/gpdata/gpmaster/gpseg-1
export PGPORT=2346
export PGDATABASE=testDB
保存后，刷新生效：
. ~/.bash_profile
配置数据库的启动参数
将/usr/gpdb/docs/cli_help/gpconfigs/gpinitsystem_config 文件 复制到 /usr/gpdb-conf 目录下然后编辑，保留如下内容：
# FILE NAME: gpinitsystem_config
# Configuration file needed by the gpinitsystem
################################################
#### REQUIRED PARAMETERS
################################################
#### Name of this Greenplum system enclosed in quotes.
ARRAY_NAME="Greenplum Data Platform"
#### Naming convention for utility-generated data directories.
SEG_PREFIX=gpseg
#### Base number by which primary segment port numbers
#### are calculated.
PORT_BASE=40000
#### File system location(s) where primary segment data directories
#### will be created. The number of locations in the list dictate
#### the number of primary segments that will get created per
#### physical host (if multiple addresses for a host are listed in
#### the hostfile, the number of segments will be spread evenly across
#### the specified interface addresses).
declare -a DATA_DIRECTORY=(/data1/primary /data1/primary /data1/primary /data2/primary /data2/primary /data2/primary)
#### OS-configured hostname or IP address of the master host.
MASTER_HOSTNAME=mdw
#### File system location where the master data directory
#### will be created.
MASTER_DIRECTORY=/data/master
#### Port number for the master instance.
MASTER_PORT=5432
#### Shell utility used to connect to remote hosts.
TRUSTED_SHELL=ssh
#### Maximum log file segments between automatic WAL checkpoints.
CHECK_POINT_SEGMENTS=8
#### Default server-side character set encoding.
ENCODING=UNICODE
################################################
#### OPTIONAL MIRROR PARAMETERS
################################################
#### Base number by which mirror segment port numbers
#### are calculated.
#MIRROR_PORT_BASE=50000
#### Base number by which primary file replication port
#### numbers are calculated.
#REPLICATION_PORT_BASE=41000
#### Base number by which mirror file replication port
#### numbers are calculated.
#MIRROR_REPLICATION_PORT_BASE=51000
#### File system location(s) where mirror segment data directories
#### will be created. The number of mirror locations must equal the
#### number of primary locations as specified in the
#### DATA_DIRECTORY parameter.
#declare -a MIRROR_DATA_DIRECTORY=(/data1/mirror /data1/mirror /data1/mirror /data2/mirror /data2/mirror /data2/mirror)
################################################
#### OTHER OPTIONAL PARAMETERS
################################################
#### Create a database of this name after initialization.
#DATABASE_NAME=name_of_database
#### Specify the location of the host address file here instead of
#### with the the -h option of gpinitsystem.
#MACHINE_LIST_FILE=/home/gpadmin/gpconfigs/hostfile_gpinitsystem
最后，执行命令开始初始化：
gpinitsystem -c /usr/gpdb-conf/gpinitsystem_config -a
特别说明：如果初始化执行失败之后，再次执行初始化，则需要先执行下面命令进行环境重置：
查询并关闭配置指定端口的postgres进程
删除生成的未完成的数据库文件（可能是所有节点服务器），/home/gpdba/gpdata/gpmaster/gpseg-1文件夹。
六）错误解决
错误：
[gpdba@shsm002 ~]$ gpssh-exkeys -f /usr/gpdb-conf/hostlist
Error: unable to import module: version conflict: '/usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/psutil/_psutil_linux.so' C extension module was built for another version of psutil (different than 2.2.1)
解决：重新安装psutil。sudo pip install psutil==2.2.1
错误：
20180129:23:40:43:gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[FATAL]:-Found indication of postmaster process on port 2345 on Master host Script Exiting!
解决：关闭杀死占用端口2345的进程。
先查询进程
$ lsof -i:2345
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
postgres 10738 gpadmin 3u IPv4 264510 0t0 TCP *:postgres (LISTEN)
postgres 10738 gpadmin 4u IPv6 264511 0t0 TCP *:postgres (LISTEN)
然后杀死进程
$ kill -9 10738
错误：
20180207:00:14:09:005166 gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[INFO]:-Building the Master instance database, please wait...
20180207:00:14:17:005166 gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[INFO]:-Starting the Master in admin mode
20180207:00:14:23:gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[FATAL]:-Unknown host shsm004 Script Exiting!
20180207:00:14:23:005166 gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[WARN]:-Script has left Greenplum Database in an incomplete state
原因：hostname与用户账号的@后面的主机名称不一致，hosts定义中也没有shsm004，添加进去即可。
解决：修改hosts文件，每行记录为：IP地址 主机名 域名。将hostname数值shsm004放到域名字段保存即可。使用ping命令可以ping通。
错误:
20180207:00:05:00:003516 gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[INFO]:-Checking Master host
20180207:00:05:00:003516 gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[WARN]:-Have lock file /tmp/.s.PGSQL.2346.lock but no process running on port 2346
20180207:00:05:00:gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[FATAL]:-Found indication of postmaster process on port 2346 on Master host Script Exiting!
解决：删除文件，rm /tmp/.s.PGSQL.2346.lock。
错误：
[gpdba@shsm002 ~]$ /bin/bash /home/gpdba/gpAdminLogs/backout_gpinitsystem_gpdba_20180207_225128
[FATAL]:-Not on original master host Master, backout script exiting!
解决：不使用这个脚本清理中间数据，直接删除gpdata目录下的未完成的数据库文件即可。
错误：
20180207:23:39:31:028691 gpcreateseg.sh:shsm002:gpdba-[INFO][1]:-Start Function PROCESS_QE
20180207:23:39:31:028691 gpcreateseg.sh:shsm002:gpdba-[INFO][1]:-Processing segment Slave1
/usr/gpdb/bin/postgres: error while loading shared libraries: libgpopt.so.3: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
no data was returned by command ""/usr/gpdb/bin/postgres" -V"
The program "postgres" is needed by initdb but was either not found in the same directory as "/usr/gpdb/bin/initdb" or failed unexpectedly.
Check your installation; "postgres -V" may have more information.
/usr/gpdb/bin/postgres: error while loading shared libraries: libgpopt.so.3: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
no data was returned by command ""/usr/gpdb/bin/postgres" -V"
The program "postgres" is needed by initdb but was either not found in the same directory as "/usr/gpdb/bin/initdb" or failed unexpectedly.
Check your installation; "postgres -V" may have more information.
cat: /home/gpdba/gpdata/gpdatap1/gpseg0.initdb: No such file or directory
cat: /home/gpdba/gpdata/gpdatap2/gpseg1.initdb: No such file or directory
解决：修改/usr/gpdb/greenplum_path.sh文件，添加libgpopt.so.3文件所在目录到环境变量LD_LIBRARY_PATH定义中，然后执行source命令刷新（在重启电脑之前，可能每次打开终端命令行时都需要手动刷新一下）。修改后的文件内容如下：
GPHOME=/usr/gpdb
# Replace with symlink path if it is present and correct
if [ -h ${GPHOME}/../greenplum-db ]; then
GPHOME_BY_SYMLINK=`(cd ${GPHOME}/../greenplum-db/ && pwd -P)`
if [ x"${GPHOME_BY_SYMLINK}" = x"${GPHOME}" ]; then
GPHOME=`(cd ${GPHOME}/../greenplum-db/ && pwd -L)`/.
fi
unset GPHOME_BY_SYMLINK
fi
#setup PYTHONHOME
if [ -x $GPHOME/ext/python/bin/python ]; then
PYTHONHOME="$GPHOME/ext/python"
fi
PYTHONPATH=$GPHOME/lib/python
PATH=$GPHOME/bin:$PYTHONHOME/bin:$PATH
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$GPHOME/lib:/usr/local/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH-}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
OPENSSL_CONF=$GPHOME/etc/openssl.cnf
export GPHOME
export PATH
export PYTHONPATH
export PYTHONHOME
export OPENSSL_CONF
错误：
20180208:01:57:59:012804 gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[INFO]:-Start Function CREATE_DATABASE
psql: FATAL: DTM initialization: failure during startup recovery, retry failed, check segment status (cdbtm.c:1513)
20180208:01:58:00:012804 gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[INFO]:-Start Function ERROR_CHK
20180208:01:58:00:012804 gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[INFO]:-End Function ERROR_CHK
20180208:01:58:00:012804 gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[INFO]:-Start Function ERROR_EXIT
20180208:01:58:00:gpinitsystem:shsm002:gpdba-[FATAL]:-Failed to complete create database testDB Script Exiting!
解决：关闭并禁用防火墙（所有的防火墙程序）
运行命令：
# systemctl stop firewalld
# systemctl mask firewalld
# systemctl stop iptables
# systemctl disable iptables
另一种方法供参考：shared_buffers设置太大，对于如何根据自己内存和segment节点个数分配shared_buffers,可以去官网找一下，通常出去2g的other，以及statement_mem * segment 个数，剩下的除以segment的个数即可。这种情况通常出现中安装过程中就设置了shared_buffers，一般默认的125MB。