一、爬虫配置文件
setting.py
#1 是否遵循爬虫协议 ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False #2 浏览器类型（默认写的是scrapy，） # USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.105 Safari/537.36' #3 日志级别（默认是info，执行爬虫，info会被打印出来） # 设置成ERROR，只打印错误信息(提高爬虫效率) LOG_LEVEL='ERROR' #4 使用自己的去重规则 DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'filter.MyDupeFilter' #5 支持执行的最大并发请求默认是16个，默认开启的并发线程是32个，可以自己修改并发线程数 # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16) #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
二、
#保存到json文件中 1 scrapy crawl cnblogs -o cnblogs.json (这个不需要记) -1 在items中写类，类中写字段 class CnblogsSpiderItem(scrapy.Item): title = scrapy.Field() desc=scrapy.Field() url=scrapy.Field() author=scrapy.Field() # 重点(文章详情，如果跟之前爬过的文章对应) content=scrapy.Field() -2 在爬虫中把要保存的字段放到item对象中 article_item['url']=url article_item['title']=title article_item['desc']=desc article_item['author']=author yield article_item -3 在控制台输入：scrapy crawl cnblogs -o cnblogs.json -o代表输出 cnblogs.json是输出的文件名（输出后会在项目根路径多cnblogs.json文件） 2 常用方式，只记住这一种 -1 在items中写类，类中写字段 class CnblogsSpiderItem(scrapy.Item): title = scrapy.Field() desc=scrapy.Field() url=scrapy.Field() author=scrapy.Field() # 重点(文章详情，如果跟之前爬过的文章对应) content=scrapy.Field() -2 在爬虫中把要保存的字段放到item对象中 article_item['url']=url article_item['title']=title article_item['desc']=desc article_item['author']=author yield article_item -3 在setting中配置 ITEM_PIPELINES = { 'cnblogs_spider.pipelines.CnblogsSpiderFilePipeline': 300, # 数字表示优先级，数字越小，优先级越大. 'cnblogs_spider.pipelines.CnblogsSpiderMysqlPipeline': 400, # 数字表示优先级，数字越小，优先级越大 } -4 在pipline中写 class CnblogsSpiderFilePipeline: # 爬虫启动他会执行 def open_spider(self,spider): # spider是爬虫对象 print(spider.name) print('爬虫开始了') self.f=open('cnblogs.txt','w',encoding='utf-8') def close_spider(self,spider): # 爬虫停止会执行 print('爬虫停止了') self.f.close() def process_item(self, item, spider): self.f.write(item['title']+item['desc']+item['author']+item['url']) self.f.write('/n') return item import pymysql class CnblogsSpiderMysqlPipeline: def open_spider(self,spider): self.conn=pymysql.connect( host='127.0.0.1', user='root', password="123",database='cnblogs', port=3306) self.cursor=self.conn.cursor() def close_spider(self,spider): self.conn.commit() self.cursor.close() self.conn.close() def process_item(self, item, spider): sql='insert into aritcle (title,`desc`,url,author) values (%s,%s,%s,%s )' self.cursor.execute(sql,args=[item['title'],item['desc'],item['url'],item['author']]) return item
三、
1 给另一个请求传递参数，在响应中拿到（借助meta）
#Request(url,meta={'key':value}) yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parser_detail,meta={'item':article_item}) 2 在解析方法中通过response对象获取
#response.meta.get('key') item=response.meta.get('item')
四、
提高scrapy的爬取效率（异步框架，基于twisted，性能很高了，但是也有可以优化的点）： - 在配置文件中进行相关的配置即可:(默认还有一套setting，类比django) #1 增加并发（并发请求数）： 默认scrapy开启的并发线程为32个，可以适当进行增加。在settings配置文件中修改CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 100值为100,并发设置成了为100。 CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 100 #2 降低日志级别： 在运行scrapy时，会有大量日志信息的输出，为了减少CPU的使用率。可以设置log输出信息为INFO或者ERROR即可。在配置文件中编写：LOG_LEVEL = ‘INFO’ # 3 禁止cookie：（cnblogs不需要cookie） 如果不是真的需要cookie，则在scrapy爬取数据时可以禁止cookie从而减少CPU的使用率，提升爬取效率。在配置文件中编写：COOKIES_ENABLED = False # 4禁止/取消重试（爬失败的网站就不要重试了）： 对失败的HTTP进行重新请求（重试）会减慢爬取速度，因此可以禁止重试。在配置文件中编写： RETRY_ENABLED = False # 5 减少下载超时间（超时时间设置短一些）： 如果对一个非常慢的链接进行爬取，减少下载超时可以能让卡住的链接快速被放弃，从而提升效率。在配置文件中进行编写： DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT = 10 超时时间为10s
#记住前5个就行
#6 加入cookie池
#7 加入代理池
#8 随机请求头（浏览器头---》放到列表中 fake_useragent使用这个模块）
五、
1.爬虫中间件用的比较少(略)
2.
# 下载中间件，可以有多个，数字越小，优先级越高 DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'cnblogs_spider.middlewares.CnblogsSpiderDownloaderMiddleware': 543, }
1 请求来的时候 # Must either: # - return None: continue processing this request 返回None，进入下一个下载中间件的process_request # - or return a Response object 返回response对象，会给引擎，引擎给爬虫，进入解析 # - or return a Request object 返回请求对象，会给引擎，引擎给调度器，放到调度器 # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of 抛异常，就会触发process_exception的执行 # 总结： 返回None，继续爬取 返回Resoponse对象，会给引擎，给爬虫，去解析 返回Request对象，会给引擎，给调度器，等待下一次被调度 # 什么情况会用它： 加代理，加cookie，加浏览器类型 集成 selenium #为何要集成selenium？ # 爬虫scrapy框架基于Twisted 的框架,内部用的是协程。如果用selenium，它是阻塞式的，会影响效率，但是因为它有用所以selenium？在爬虫中广泛使用 # 修改cookie request.cookies={'name':'lqz'} # 使用代理 proxy='http://154.16.63.16:8080' # 从代理池中获取 request.meta["proxy"] =proxy # 修改请求头 request.headers.setlist(b'User-Agent','asdfadsfadsf')
process_response
# Must either; # - return a Response object 正常逻辑，给 引擎，引擎个爬虫去解析 # - return a Request object 返回Request对象，给引擎，引擎给调度器，等待下一次被调度 # - or raise IgnoreRequest 抛异常IgnoreRequest，响应不要了，不会给引擎，再给爬虫解析 # 总结 返回Response,正常逻辑走 返回Request，放到调度器 # 什么情况会用到 抛异常，不再解析该响应（用的也不多）
2.在下载中间件中修改浏览器
先自己随便写一个服务端，这里写的是flask
from flask import Flask app=Flask(__name__) app.secret_key='qazwsxedc' @app.route('/test') def test(): print(request.cookies) return 'xxxxxxxxx' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
客户端 下载中间件中写
from scrapy import Request from scrapy.http.response.html import HtmlResponse # 下载中间件（介于下载器和引擎之间） class CnblogsSpiderDownloaderMiddleware: # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined, # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the # passed objects. @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders. s = cls() crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened) return s # 请求走的时候 def process_request(self, request, spider): # Called for each request that goes through the downloader # middleware. # Must either: # - return None: continue processing this request # - or return a Response object # - or return a Request object # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of # installed downloader middleware will be called # 能拿到request对象（当次请求的地址），能拿到spider对象（当前爬虫） # print('中间件中打印当次请求的地址',request.url) # 加cookie print(request.cookies) # 搭建好cookie池，从cookie池中取一个，赋值给它，换cookie了 # request.cookies={'name':'lqz'} # 加代理(使用代理池) print(request.meta) # proxy = "http://" + get_proxy() # proxy='http://154.16.63.16:8080' # 从代理池中获取 # request.meta["proxy"] = # 修改请求头（token是放在请求头中的，token池） # request.header['xx']='sssssssss' # 修改浏览器类型 # request.header 重写了 setitem系列 # print(type(request.headers)) # print(request.headers) from scrapy.http.headers import Headers # print(request.headers.get(b'User-Agent')) request.headers.setlist(b'User-Agent','asdfadsfadsf')
六、
#使用selenium比用原生的download效率低 1 在爬虫中写 class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'chouti' allowed_domains = ['www.bilibili.com'] start_urls = ['https://www.bilibili.com/v/dance/otaku/#/all/default/0/1/'] bro=webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='./chromedriver') bro.implicitly_wait(10) @staticmethod def close(spider, reason): spider.bro.close() 2 在中间件中直接使用 class CnblogsSpiderDownloaderMiddleware: def process_request(self, request, spider): spider.bro.get(request.url) response=HtmlResponse(url=request.url,body=bytes(spider.bro.page_source,encoding='utf-8')) return response 3 如何隐藏浏览器？ -用无头浏览器
七、
#爬虫去重方式：
-方式一：scrapy默认的去重规则是：集合
-方式二：redis集合实现去重（自定义去重规则）
-方式三：使用布隆过滤器
1 默认会去重，使用了 from scrapy.dupefilters import RFPDupeFilter 2 在默认的setting中配的 3 本身原理是使用的是集合去重 4 更高级部分
-对地址进行了获取指纹（为了处理同样地址，但是参数位置不一样导致的两个地址不一致）
127.0.0.1/name=lili&age=19&sex=male
# 是不是同一个地址 127.0.0.1/?name=lili&age=19 127.0.0.1/?age=19&name=lili # 本质原理，把?后的打散了，再排序 fp = self.request_fingerprint(request) # 得到一个指纹，上面那两个地址结果一样 ## 自定义去重规则 如果你自己写去重类，如何使用？ 写一个类，继承 BaseDupeFilter，重写def request_seen(self, request): 返回true表示爬过了 返回false表示没有爬过 # 尝试用一个更牛逼的去重方案 -集合去重可以，存在问题，如果地址特别多，上亿个地址，集合会特别大，会非常占用内存 -极小内存，完成去重（布隆过滤器）
自定义去重规则
# 使用自己的去重规则 settings.py配置 DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'filter.MyDupeFilter' #fitter.py from scrapy.dupefilters import BaseDupeFilter class MyDupeFilter(BaseDupeFilter): pool=set() def request_seen(self, request): print('走了自己的') if request.url in self.pool: return True else: self.pool.add(request.url) return False
八、总结代码
run.py #右键运行，可无
from scrapy.cmdline import execute # execute(['scrapy', 'crawl', 'cnblogs','--nolog']) # execute(['scrapy', 'crawl', 'cnblogs']) execute(['scrapy', 'crawl', 'chouti'])
filter.py #自己写的去重规则，可无
from scrapy.dupefilters import BaseDupeFilter class MyDupeFilter(BaseDupeFilter): pool=set() def request_seen(self, request): print('走了自己的') if request.url in self.pool: return True else: self.pool.add(request.url) return False
s1.py #检验是否爬重复了，可无
from scrapy.utils.request import request_fingerprint from scrapy import Request #检测是否会爬重复，这里写的是同一个地址，结论：说明获取的指纹，不会爬重复 url1=Request(url='http://127.0.0.1/?name=lqz&age=19') url2=Request(url='http://127.0.0.1/?age=19&name=lqz') fp1=request_fingerprint(url1) fp2=request_fingerprint(url2) print(fp1)#afbaa0881bb50eb208caba3c4ac4aa8ffdbb7ba4 print(fp2)#afbaa0881bb50eb208caba3c4ac4aa8ffdbb7ba4
cnblogs_spidersettings.py
BOT_NAME = 'cnblogs_spider' SPIDER_MODULES = ['cnblogs_spider.spiders'] NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'cnblogs_spider.spiders' # Obey robots.txt rules #1 是否遵循爬虫协议 ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False #2 浏览器类型（默认写的是scrapy，） # USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.105 Safari/537.36' #3 日志级别（默认是info，执行爬虫，info会被打印出来） # 设置成ERROR，只打印错误信息(提高爬虫效率) LOG_LEVEL='ERROR' # 使用自己的去重规则 DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'filter.MyDupeFilter' #支持一次性发送多少个请求，默认是16个 # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16) #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32 # Enable or disable downloader middlewares # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html # 下载中间件，可以有多个，数字越小，优先级越高 DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = { 'cnblogs_spider.middlewares.CnblogsSpiderDownloaderMiddleware': 543, } # Configure item pipelines # See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html # 持久化相关的配置 ITEM_PIPELINES = { # 'cnblogs_spider.pipelines.CnblogsSpiderFilePipeline': 300, # 数字表示优先级，数字越小，优先级越大 'cnblogs_spider.pipelines.CnblogsSpiderMysqlPipeline': 400, # 数字表示优先级，数字越小，优先级越大 }
cnblogs_spideritems.py
import scrapy # 类比models.py,写一个个的类，一定要继承scrapy.Item # 如何判断一个对象是不是Item的对象 # isinstance 跟 type的区别是什么 class CnblogsSpiderItem(scrapy.Item): title = scrapy.Field() desc=scrapy.Field() url=scrapy.Field() author=scrapy.Field() # 重点(文章详情，如果跟之前爬过的文章对应) content=scrapy.Field()
cnblogs_spiderpipelines.py
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter # 这个类就是存储相关，存到文件，存到数据库 # 把爬取的数据保存到文件中 class CnblogsSpiderFilePipeline: # 爬虫启动他会执行 def open_spider(self,spider): # spider是爬虫对象 print(spider.name) print('爬虫开始了') self.f=open('cnblogs.txt','w',encoding='utf-8') def close_spider(self,spider): # 爬虫停止会执行 print('爬虫停止了') self.f.close() def process_item(self, item, spider): # 没yield一个item会执行 # item 就是在爬虫中yield的那个item # with open('cnblogs.txt','w',encoding='utf-8') as f: # f.write('标题是：'+item['title']) # f.write('摘要是：'+item['desc']) # f.write('作者是：'+item['author']) # f.write('连接是：'+item['url']) # print('来了一个itme') self.f.write(item['title']+item['desc']+item['author']+item['url']) self.f.write('/n') return item import pymysql class CnblogsSpiderMysqlPipeline: def open_spider(self,spider): self.conn=pymysql.connect( host='127.0.0.1', user='root', password="123",database='cnblogs', port=3306) self.cursor=self.conn.cursor() def close_spider(self,spider): self.conn.commit() self.cursor.close() self.conn.close() def process_item(self, item, spider): sql='insert into aritcle (title,`desc`,url,author,content) values (%s,%s,%s,%s,%s )' self.cursor.execute(sql,args=[item['title'],item['desc'],item['url'],item['author'],item['content']]) return item
cnblogs_spidermiddlewares.py #注意：跟浏览器相关，需要在项目中加入适合本电脑的浏览器 chromedriver
from scrapy import signals from itemadapter import is_item, ItemAdapter # 爬虫中间件（介于爬虫和引擎之间） class CnblogsSpiderSpiderMiddleware: # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined, # scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the # passed objects. @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders. s = cls() crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened) return s def process_spider_input(self, response, spider): # Called for each response that goes through the spider # middleware and into the spider. # Should return None or raise an exception. return None def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider): # Called with the results returned from the Spider, after # it has processed the response. # Must return an iterable of Request, or item objects. for i in result: yield i def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider): # Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method # (from other spider middleware) raises an exception. # Should return either None or an iterable of Request or item objects. pass def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider): # Called with the start requests of the spider, and works # similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except # that it doesn’t have a response associated. # Must return only requests (not items). for r in start_requests: yield r def spider_opened(self, spider): spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name) from scrapy import Request from scrapy.http.response.html import HtmlResponse # 下载中间件（介于下载器和引擎之间） class CnblogsSpiderDownloaderMiddleware: # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined, # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the # passed objects. @classmethod def from_crawler(cls, crawler): # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders. s = cls() crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened) return s # 请求走的时候 def process_request(self, request, spider): # Called for each request that goes through the downloader # middleware. # Must either: # - return None: continue processing this request # - or return a Response object # - or return a Request object # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of # installed downloader middleware will be called # 能拿到request对象（当次请求的地址），能拿到spider对象（当前爬虫） # print('中间件中打印当次请求的地址',request.url) # 加cookie print(request.cookies) # 搭建好cookie池，从cookie池中取一个，赋值给它，换cookie了 # request.cookies={'name':'lqz'} # 加代理(使用代理池) print(request.meta) # proxy = "http://" + get_proxy() # proxy='http://154.16.63.16:8080' # 从代理池中获取 # request.meta["proxy"] = # 修改请求头（token是放在请求头中的，token池） # request.header['xx']='sssssssss'
# 修改浏览器类型 # request.header 重写了 setitem系列 # print(type(request.headers)) # print(request.headers) from scrapy.http.headers import Headers # print(request.headers.get(b'User-Agent')) # request.headers.setlist(b'User-Agent','asdfadsfadsf') # 集成selenium # from selenium import webdriver # bro=webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='./chromedriver') spider.bro.get(request.url) # bro.page_source # 包装一个Response对象即可 # scrapy.http.response.html.HtmlResponse response=HtmlResponse(url=request.url,body=bytes(spider.bro.page_source,encoding='utf-8')) return response # 响应来的时候 def process_response(self, request, response, spider): # Called with the response returned from the downloader. # Must either; # - return a Response object # - return a Request object # - or raise IgnoreRequest return response # 出异常的时候 # 在这里把所有爬取失败的地址，用request.url取出来并且存起来，下次再爬 def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider): # Called when a download handler or a process_request() # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception. # Must either: # - return None: continue processing this exception # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain pass # 爬虫开启的时候 def spider_opened(self, spider): spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)
cnblogs_spiderspiderscnblogs.py #使用默认去重规则
import scrapy from .. import items # 相对导入只能用在包内，如果该文件以脚本运行，必须是绝对导入 # from cnblogs_spider import items from scrapy import Request class CnblogsSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'cnblogs' # 爬虫名字（不能重复） # allowed_domains = ['www.cnblogs.com'] # 允许的域（只爬取当前域下的地址） allowed_domains = ['127.0.0.1:5000'] # 允许的域（只爬取当前域下的地址） start_urls = ['http://127.0.0.1:5000/test'] # 爬取的起始地址 # def parse(self, response): # 解析方法 # # response：响应对象（requests模块的响应对象） # # print(response.text) # # response.xpath() # # response.css() # ll = [] # 持久化相关 # article_list=response.xpath('//article[@class="post-item"]') # for article in article_list: # article_item=items.CnblogsSpiderItem() # # title=article.xpath('.//a[@class="post-item-title"]/text()').extract_first() # desc=article.css('p.post-item-summary::text').extract()[-1] # # author=article.css('a.post-item-author>span::text').extract_first() # # author=article.css('footer.post-item-foot span::text').extract_first() # # > css # # // xpath # author=article.xpath('.//a[@class="post-item-author"]/span/text()').extract_first() # # url=article.xpath('.//a[@class="post-item-title"]/@href').extract_first() # url=article.css('a.post-item-title::attr(href)').extract_first() # # 持久化的第一种，讲完就忘掉 # ll.append({'title':title,'desc':desc,'url':url}) # # print(url) # # callback解析方法 # yield Request(url,callback=self.parser_detail) # # # # 解析下一页 # # next=response.xpath('//div[@class="pager"]/a[last()]/@href').extract_first() # next=response.css('div.pager a:last-child::attr(href)').extract_first() # next='https://www.cnblogs.com'+next # print(next) # # yield Request(next) # return ll def parse(self, response): # 解析方法 print(type(response)) article_list = response.xpath('//article[@class="post-item"]') for article in article_list: article_item = items.CnblogsSpiderItem() author=article.css('a.post-item-autho>span::text').extract_first() author=article.css('footer.post-item-foot span::text').extract_first() title = article.xpath('.//a[@class="post-item-title"]/text()').extract_first() desc = article.css('p.post-item-summary::text').extract()[-1] author = article.xpath('.//a[@class="post-item-author"]/span/text()').extract_first() url = article.css('a.post-item-title::attr(href)').extract_first() # 往对象中放属性(不能用.的方式，只能用[]) # article_item.url=url # article_item.title=title # article_item.desc=desc # article_item.author=author article_item['url']=url article_item['title']=title article_item['desc']=desc article_item['author']=author # print(title) # yield article_item yield Request(url=url,callback=self.parser_detail,meta={'item':article_item}) # yield Request(url, callback=self.parser_detail) next = response.css('div.pager a:last-child::attr(href)').extract_first() next = 'https://www.cnblogs.com' + next print(next) yield Request(next) def parser_detail(self,response): item=response.meta.get('item') # 获取到标签，把标签直接转成字符串直接存标签（因为标签会有样式，而存为text的话没有样式） content=response.css('#cnblogs_post_body').extract_first() # 把文章详情放入 item['content']=str(content) yield item
cnblogs_spiderspiderschouti.py #验证自己写的去重规则
import scrapy from scrapy.dupefilters import RFPDupeFilter # 默认用的去重类 # DUPEFILTER_CLASS = 'scrapy.dupefilters.RFPDupeFilter' 在内置的配置文件中写死的，如果你想更换，可以自己写一个类 from scrapy import Request from scrapy.http.request import Request from selenium import webdriver class ChoutiSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = 'chouti' allowed_domains = ['www.bilibili.com'] #起始地址 start_urls = ['https://www.bilibili.com/v/dance/otaku/#/all/default/0/1/'] bro=webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='./chromedriver') bro.implicitly_wait(10) @staticmethod def close(spider, reason): spider.bro.close() # 真正的开始爬取的地址（看源码），所以可以不用start_urls，直接重写start_requests # def start_requests(self): # yield Request('http://www.baidu.com') def parse(self, response): # print(response.text) li_list=response.css('ul.vd-list li') print(len(li_list)) for li in li_list: url=li.css('div.r>a::attr(href)').extract_first() print(url) # yield Request(url='https:'+url,callback=self.parser_detail) yield Request(url='https://www.bilibili.com/v/dance/otaku/#/all/default/0/1/') def parser_detail(self,response): print(len(response.text))