Git学习笔记

一.git文件状态变化

状态说明：

Untracked: 刚新加的文件，还没有纳入git管理范围

UnModified: 已经committed的文件

Modified: 已经committed的文件，通过vi等修改后，就变成Modified

Staged: git add 后的文件

状态转换:

Untracked->Staged: 通过git add 来完成

UnModified->Modified: 修改文件内容来完成，比如vi命令

Modified->Staged: 通过git add 来完成

UnModified->Untracked: 通过git rm 来完成

Staged->UnModified: 通过git commit 来完成

二.正常流程

2.1 git clone 从远程拉一个工程下来

#git clone git@github.com:sotrip/gittest.git	     
Cloning into 'gittest'...
warning: You appear to have cloned an empty repository.
Checking connectivity... done. 

2.2 增加一个文件

#vi 1.txt  里面内容如下:
the first line 

2.3 git status 查看状态

#git status
On branch master            //表示我们目前在master分支上
Initial commit
Untracked files:            //有哪些文件是Untracked状态，有1.txt
(use "git add ..." to include in what will be committed)
1.txt
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

2.4 git add 把文件从Untracked-->Staged

#git add 1.txt  成功后，没有输出
#git status     再次查看
On branch master
Initial commit
Changes to be committed:       //表示1.txt已经是staged了，可以被提交了
(use "git rm --cached ..." to unstage)  //如果不想提交了，可以用git rm --cached 1.txt
new file:   1.txt

2.5 git rm --cached

文件已经是staged了，但想要退回原来的状态

#git rm --cached 1.txt
rm '1.txt'

#git status       // 再来看又回来2.3这一步了
On branch master
Initial commit
Untracked files:
(use "git add ..." to include in what will be committed)
1.txt

#git add 1.txt  // 我们还是再加上
#git status
On branch master
Initial commit
Changes to be committed:     // 1.txt 又改为staged状态 准备提交
(use "git rm --cached ..." to unstage)
new file:   1.txt

2.6 git commit 提交

#git commit -m "first commit"          //-m后面是我们这一次提交的注释
[master (root-commit) e6b0e7d] first commit
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 1.txt

2.7 git push 把master分支的内容提交到远端

#git push origin master
Warning: Permanently added the RSA host key for IP address '*.*.*.*' to the list of known hosts.
Counting objects: 3, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 214 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@github.com:sotrip/gittest.git
* [new branch]      master -> master 

三.git diff 查看变化

命令概括

git diff           //查看 Modified的文件，做了哪些修改
git diff --staged  // 查看 Staged的文件，做了哪些修改

操作实例

#vi 1.txt    在后面增加一行,变成如下
the first line
the second line
#git status    
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
Changes not staged for commit:       //这个表示1.txt已经变为Modified了，not staged
(use "git add ..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified:   1.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
#git diff      查看Modified的文件，修改了哪些地方
diff --git a/1.txt b/1.txt
index 137b7fd..067030b 100644
--- a/1.txt
+++ b/1.txt
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
the first line
+the second line
#git add 1.txt       //把1.txt加入到staged中
#git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
modified:   1.txt
#git diff  这个时候不会输出任何东西，因为没有Modified的文件了	
#git diff --staged    //查看staged的文件和上一次commit有哪些修改
diff --git a/1.txt b/1.txt
index 137b7fd..067030b 100644
--- a/1.txt
+++ b/1.txt
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
the first line
+the second line

四.回滚还没有commit的文件

命令概括

#git reset HEAD 1.txt    //文件已经Staged的了，用这个来回滚到Modified状态，但是内容不会回滚
#git checkout 1.txt      //如果文件是Modified，不想做修改了，恢复原样，使用这个

操作实例

#git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD ..." to unstage)
modified:   1.txt
#git diff --staged
diff --git a/1.txt b/1.txt
index 137b7fd..067030b 100644
--- a/1.txt
+++ b/1.txt
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
the first line
+the second line	
#git reset HEAD 1.txt        //把1.txt 的状态由Staged变为Staged， 但是1.txt的内容不会变
Unstaged changes after reset:
M1.txt
#git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
Changes not staged for commit:            //可以看出1.txt 由Staged变为Modified
(use "git add ..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- ..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified:   1.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
#cat 1.txt            //查看内容，发现 1.txt的内容并没有回滚
the first line
the second line
#git checkout 1.txt   //回滚
#git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
nothing to commit, working directory clean
#cat 1.txt           //内容已经回滚
the first line

五.回滚某个提交

命令概括

#git revert HEAD         //回滚上一次提交
#git revert HEAD^        //回滚上上次提交
#git revert #commit no#  //回滚某一次提交
#git revert -m 1 #commit no#  //回滚某一次merge提交

操作实例

增加了2.txt 并提交了，现在想回滚

#vi 2.txt  在里面增加内容
#git add 2.txt    把文件由Untracked 变为 Staged
#git commit -m "2.txt commit"  提交
#git log   查看提交日志
commit 710c5e84bd02e5d041b537b8732b9e80fee257a1    //这个是我们2.txt的提交
Author: jingbo 
Date:   Thu Apr 7 22:10:00 2016 +0800
2.txt commit
commit e6b0e7d844154d5473a37baed2ef56807dca16b3
Author: jingbo 
Date:   Wed Apr 6 22:42:44 2016 +0800
first commit
#git show   710c5e84bd02e5d041b537b8732b9e80fee257a1  可以查看这次修改的内容     
#git revert 710c5e84bd02e5d041b537b8732b9e80fee257a1  //回滚提交
[master d3ab103] Revert "2.txt commit"
1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
delete mode 100644 2.txt    
#git revert -m 1 9d55502f0e05bef943d6b4e7cf57aafe08e42d63  //保留master,去除别的分支提交过来的

六.分支操作

6.1 查看分支

#git branch    //查看目前有哪些分支
* master       //只有一个分支,"*"表示当前是在master分支上

6.2 创建分支

#git branch first-branch  //打出第一个分支，名字是first-branch
#git branch
first-branch   //分支已经有了
* master         //"*"表示当前是在master分支上
#git checkout first-branch
Switched to branch 'first-branch'
#git branch
* first-branch    //已经成功切换到自己打的分支上了
master

6.3 分支上增加内容

#vi 2.txt
#cat 2.txt         //增加的内容如下
edit in first-branch
#git add 2.txt
#git commit -m "2.txt commit in first-branch"      //在分支上提交
[first-branch 9abd8f2] 2.txt commit in first-branch
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 2.txt

6.4 推送分支到远程

# git push origin first-branch
Counting objects: 7, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Writing objects: 100% (7/7), 692 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 7 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@github.com:sotrip/gittest.git
* [new branch]      first-branch -> first-branch

6.5 两个分支进行比较

#git diff master first-branch    // 比较master与first-branch
diff --git a/2.txt b/2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b09edf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2.txt              // 表示first-branch上多了一个2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+edit in first-branch+

6.6 分支合并到master上

#git checkout master
#git merge first-branch    //把first-branch的内容合并到master上
Updating d3ab103..9abd8f2
Fast-forward
2.txt | 2 ++
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 2.txt    
#ls
1.txt	2.txt 
# cat 2.txt
edit in first-branch 
#git log
commit 9abd8f2d8fe7c08ca246464552dae25397694582
Author: jingbo 
Date:   Thu Apr 7 22:26:26 2016 +0800
2.txt commit in first-branch         //在first-branch上提交的内容也显示在日志中

6.7 从远程拉一个分支

有两个办法，第一种是:

#git fecth origin 
#git checkout first-branch
Branch first-branch set up to track remote branch first-branch from origin.
Switched to a new branch 'first-branch'

第二个办法:

#git checkout -t origin/first-branch
Branch first-branch set up to track remote branch first-branch from origin.
Switched to a new branch 'first-branch'

七.tag操作

tag一般维护一个只读的版本，不再进行修改

#git tag -a v1.0 -m "v1.0 ready for  publish"    //创建一个tag ,名字是"v1.0"
#git tag   //查看tag 
v1.0  
#git push origin v1.0            //推送tag 到github上
Counting objects: 1, done.
Writing objects: 100% (1/1), 162 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 1 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@github.com:sotrip/gittest.git
* [new tag]         v1.0 -> v1.0    
#git checkout v1.0   切换到这个tag 上

注意 最好不要在tag进行修改东西，就把tag维护成一个只读的版本

八.其他

#git rm 2.txt  删除2.txt 这个文件
#git remote -v   可以查看远程的git的地址