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  • 接口测试——HttpClient工具的https请求、代理设置、请求头设置、获取状态码和响应头

    目录

    https请求

    代理设置

    请求头设置

    获取状态码

    接收响应头

    https请求

    https协议(Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol) :

    安全超文本传输协议, HTTPS以保密为目标研发, 简单讲HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、 身份认证的网络协议, 其安全基础是SSL协议, 因此加密的详细内容请看SSL。 全称Hypertext Transfer Protocol overSecure Socket Layer。句法类同http:体系。 用于安全的HTTP数据传输。 https:URL表明它使用了HTTP, 但HTTPS存在不同于HTTP的默认端口及一个加密/身份验证层(在HTTP与TCP之间)。

    HTTPS和HTTP的区别:

    一、 https协议需要到ca申请证书, 一般免费证书很少, 需要交费。

    二、 http是超文本传输协议, 信息是明文传输, https 则是具有安全性的ssl加密传输协议。

    三、 http和https使用的是完全不同的连接方式, 用的端口也不一样, 前者是80,后者是443。

    四、 http的连接很简单, 是无状态的; HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、 身份认证的网络协议, 比http协议安全。

    https访问博客园中的新闻页面,实现代码如下:

     1 package com.httpclient;
     2 
     3 import java.io.IOException;
     4 import java.security.KeyManagementException;
     5 import java.security.KeyStoreException;
     6 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
     7 import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
     8 import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
     9 
    10 import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
    11 
    12 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
    13 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
    14 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
    15 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
    16 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;
    17 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContextBuilder;
    18 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustStrategy;
    19 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
    20 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
    21 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
    22 
    23 public class yihuqingjiu_https {
    24 
    25     public static CloseableHttpClient createSSLClientDefault(){
    26         try {
    27                 SSLContext sslContext = new SSLContextBuilder().loadTrustMaterial(null, new TrustStrategy(){
    28                 //信任所有
    29                 public boolean isTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain,String authType) throws CertificateException{
    30                 return true;
    31                 }
    32             }).build();
    33             SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslContext);
    34             return HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build();
    35             } catch (KeyManagementException e) {
    36                 e.printStackTrace();
    37             } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
    38                 e.printStackTrace();
    39             } catch (KeyStoreException e) {
    40                 e.printStackTrace();
    41             } 
    42             return HttpClients.createDefault();
    43             }
    44     
    45     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
    46         CloseableHttpClient hp = createSSLClientDefault();
    47         HttpGet hg = new HttpGet("https://news.cnblogs.com/");
    48         CloseableHttpResponse response = hp.execute(hg);
    49         HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
    50         String content = EntityUtils.toString(entity,"utf-8");
    51         System.out.println(content);
    52         hp.close();
    53 
    54     }
    55 
    56 }

    若不添加信任,createSSLClientDefault()方法,会访问失败

    代理设置

    代理,也称网络代理,是一种特殊的网络服务, 允许一个网络终端(一般为客户端) 通过这个服务与另一个网络终端(一般为服务器) 进行非直接的连接。 一些网关、 路由器等网络设备具备网络代理功能。 一般认为代理服务有利于保障网络终端的隐私或安全, 防止攻击。在使用httpclient进行接口测试的时候, 出现需要访问国外的接口请求地址、使用fiddler调试等时候需要先设置代理才能进行。

    fiddler会自动给浏览器加上127.0.0.1:8888,但java代码中fiddler不会自动给加上。运行上述实例,但在fiddler中抓取不到,这就需要进行代理设置了。

    代码实现如下:

     1 package com.httpclient;
     2 
     3 import java.io.IOException;
     4 
     5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
     6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
     7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
     8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
     9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
    10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
    11 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
    12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
    13 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
    14 
    15 public class yihuqingjiu_Proxy {
    16 
    17     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
    18         //创建httpclient对象
    19         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
    20         //代理对象
    21         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
    22         //配置对象
    23         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
    24         //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
    25         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
    26         //使用配置
    27         httpget.setConfig(config);
    28         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
    29         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
    30         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
    31         System.out.println(content);
    32         httpClient.close();
    33 
    34     }
    35 
    36 }

    请求头设置

    有很多服务器,会辨别访问形式是否为浏览器,若不是浏览器,会拒绝访问,所以就需要设置请求头

    当我们打开一个网页时, 浏览器要向网站服务器发送一个HTTP请求头, 然后网站服务器根据HTTP请求头的内容生成当次请求的内容发送给浏览器。HTTP请求头提供了关于请求, 响应或者其他的发送实体的信息。 HTTP的头信息包括通用头、 请求头、 响应头和实体头四个部分。 每个头域由一个域名, 冒号(:) 和域值三部分组成。

    部分请求头属性介绍:

    accept:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它所支持的数据类型。 如: text/html,image/jpeg

    accept-Charset:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它支持哪种字符集

    accept-encoding:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它支持哪种压缩格式

    accept-language:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它的语言环境

    host:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它想访问哪台主机

    Connection:表示客户端与服务连接类型

    User-Agent(用户代理),简称 UA, 它是一个特殊字符串头, 使得服务器能够识别客户端使用的操作系统及版本、 CPU 类型、 浏览器及版本、 浏览器渲染引擎、浏览器语言、 浏览器插件等

    首先看httpclient发送的请求和浏览器访问的不同之处

    httpclient访问:

    浏览器访问:

    可以很清楚的看出,各自的请求头不同

    设置请求头的方法有三种实现方法:

    第一种实现代码如下

    package com.httpclient;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    
    import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
    import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
    import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
    import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
    import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
    import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
    import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
    import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
    import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
    
    public class yihuqingjiu_header {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
            //创建httpclient对象
            CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
            //代理对象
            HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
            //配置对象
            RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
            //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
            HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
            //使用配置
            httpget.setConfig(config);
            //设置请求头
            httpget.setHeader("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
            httpget.setHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");
            httpget.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8");
            httpget.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.91 Safari/537.36");
            CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
            HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
            String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
            System.out.println(content);
            httpClient.close();
    
        }
    
    }

    然后到fiddler中查看请求头信息,和浏览器访问一样了,如下图所示:

    第二中实现方式,创建代理对象,代码如下:

     1 package com.httpclient;
     2 
     3 import java.io.IOException;
     4 
     5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
     6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
     7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
     8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
     9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
    10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
    11 import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;
    12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
    13 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
    14 import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;
    15 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
    16 
    17 import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;
    18 
    19 public class yihuqingjiu_header1 {
    20 
    21     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
    22         //创建httpclient对象
    23         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
    24         //代理对象
    25         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
    26         //配置对象
    27         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
    28         //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
    29         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
    30         //使用配置
    31         httpget.setConfig(config);
    32         //设置请求头,对象实现
    33         BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
    34         httpget.setHeader(a);
    35         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
    36         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
    37         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
    38         System.out.println(content);
    39         httpClient.close();
    40 
    41     }
    42 
    43 }

    第三种实现方式,数组实现,代码如下:

    package com.httpclient;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    
    import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
    import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
    import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
    import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
    import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
    import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
    import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;
    import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
    import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
    import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;
    import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
    
    import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;
    
    public class yihuqingjiu_header2 {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
            //创建httpclient对象
            CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
            //代理对象
            HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
            //配置对象
            RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
            //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
            HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
            //使用配置
            httpget.setConfig(config);
            //设置请求头,数组实现
            BasicHeader[] header = new BasicHeader[2];
            //写法1
            //BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
            //header[0]=a;
            //写法2
            header[0] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");
            header[1] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8");
            httpget.setHeaders(header);
            CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
            HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
            String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
            System.out.println(content);
            httpClient.close();
    
        }
    
    }

    获取状态码

    可以获取Headers中的信息,也就是Headers中的第一行数据,获取状态码实现代码如下:

     1 package com.httpclient;
     2 
     3 import java.io.IOException;
     4 
     5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
     6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
     7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
     8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
     9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
    10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
    11 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
    12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
    13 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
    14 
    15 public class yihuqingjiu_response1 {
    16 
    17     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
    18         //创建httpclient对象
    19         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
    20         //代理对象
    21         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
    22         //配置对象
    23         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
    24         //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
    25         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
    26         //使用配置
    27         httpget.setConfig(config);
    28         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
    29         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
    30         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
    31         System.out.println(content);
    32         System.out.println("------------------------------------");
    33         //获取响应状态码
    34         int code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
    35         System.out.println("code:"+code);
    36         String a = response.getStatusLine().toString();
    37         System.out.println("a:"+a);    
    38         httpClient.close();
    39     }
    40 
    41 }

    接收响应头

    响应头也是Headers中的内容,如下图所示:

    实现代码如下所示,里面包含多种实现方式,但输出的内容都差不多

     1 package com.httpclient;
     2 
     3 import java.io.IOException;
     4 
     5 import org.apache.http.Header;
     6 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
     7 import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
     8 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
     9 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
    10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
    11 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
    12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
    13 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
    14 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
    15 
    16 public class yihuqingjiu_response {
    17 
    18     public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
    19         //创建httpclient对象
    20         CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
    21         //代理对象
    22         HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");
    23         //配置对象
    24         RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();
    25         //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url
    26         HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");
    27         //使用配置
    28         httpget.setConfig(config);
    29         CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);
    30         HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();
    31         String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");
    32         System.out.println(content);
    33         System.out.println("------------------------------------");
    34         //接收响应头
    35         //获取一个响应头,first和last两个方法指的是,当里面有两个一样的响应时,就去第一个或最后一个
    36         String server = response.getFirstHeader("Server").toString();
    37         System.out.println(server);
    38         //获取所有响应头
    39         Header[] header = response.getAllHeaders();
    40         //遍历输出所有
    41         for(Header as:header){
    42             System.out.println(as.toString());
    43         }
    44         System.out.println("------------------------------------");
    45         //输出name
    46         for(Header name:header){
    47             System.out.println(name.getName());
    48         }
    49         System.out.println("------------------------------------");
    50         //输出value
    51         for(Header value:header){
    52             System.out.println(value.getValue());
    53         }
    54         //输出第一个
    55         //System.out.println(header[0].toString());
    56         //输出数组大小
    57         Header[] ha = response.getHeaders("Server");
    58         System.out.println(ha.length);
    59         httpClient.close();
    60 
    61     }
    62 
    63 }

     遍历输出所有响应头内容,如下所示:

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/hong-fithing/p/7617855.html
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