Web服务器更换到Nginx

禁不住诱惑，还是把Web服务器更换为Nginx（读音[engine x]），这个俄罗斯人写的高性能的web服务器。[因为在Linode360方案中，使用Apache如果想达到比较好的性能，确实会比较频繁的出现OOM；要避免OOM，就只能减少并发处理能力和内存配置]

Debian Lenny自带的nginx是0.6x的，而目前最新版本是0.7x。因此决定，从官方网站安装。

本文简单介绍了完整的安装过程。

首先安装必要的package，这些package将会在后面的过程中用到：

$ sudo apt-get install libssl-dev libpcre3-dev build-essential
$ sudo apt-get install php5 php5-cgi mysql-server mysql-client

接下来下载并安装nginx（注意，下载的地址的可能会发生变化，可以参考http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxInstall#Stable）：

$ wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.7.62.tar.gz
$ tar -zxvf nginx-0.7.62.tar.gz
$ cd nginx-0.7.62
$ ./configure --prefix=/usr --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --pid-path=/var/run/nginx/nginx.pid  --lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/client/ --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/proxy/ --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/fcgi/ --with-md5-asm --with-md5=/usr/include --with-sha1-asm --with-sha1=/usr/include --with-http_stub_status_module
$ make
$ sudo make install

安装spawn-fcgi（曾经lighttpd的一部分，用来管理php-cgi进程）

$ wget http://www.lighttpd.net/download/spawn-fcgi-1.6.2.tar.gz
$ tar -zxvf spawn-fcgi-1.6.2.tar.gz
$ cd spawn-fcgi-1.6.2
$ ./configure
$ make
$ sudo cp ./src/spawn-cgi /usr/bin/

创建nginx和php-fastcgi的init脚本

$ sudo vi /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi
$ sudo vi /etc/init.d/nginx
$ sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi
$ sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx

/etc/init.d/nginx文件内容：

#! /bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          nginx
# Required-Start:    $remote_fs $syslog
# Required-Stop:     $remote_fs $syslog
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
# Short-Description: nginx init.d script for Ubuntu 8.10 and lesser versions.
# Description:       nginx init.d script for Ubuntu 8.10 and lesser versions.
### END INIT INFO
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# nginx - this script, which starts and stops the nginx daemon for ubuntu.
#
# description:  Nginx is an HTTP(S) server, HTTP(S) reverse \
#               proxy and IMAP/POP3 proxy server.  This \
#               script will manage the initiation of the \
#               server and its process state.
#
# processname: nginx
# config:      /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
# pidfile:     /acronymlabs/server/nginx.pid
# Provides:    nginx
#
# Author:  Jason Giedymin
#          <jason.giedymin AT acronymlabs.com>.
#
# Version: 1.0 01-Apr-2009 jason.giedymin AT gmail.com
# Notes: nginx init.d script for Ubuntu 8.10 and lesser versions.
#
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#                               MIT X11 License
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Copyright (c) 2009 Jason Giedymin, http://AcronymLabs.com
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
# the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#                               Functions
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. /lib/lsb/init-functions

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#                               Consts
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
DAEMON=/usr/sbin/nginx

NAME=nginx
DESCRIPTION="Nginx Server..."

PIDSPATH=/var/run/nginx
PS=$NAME                                #the process, which happens to be the NAME
PIDFILE=$NAME.pid                       #pid file
RUNAS=root                              #user to run as

SCRIPT_OK=0                             #ala error codes
SCRIPT_ERROR=1                          #ala error codes
TRUE=1                                  #boolean
FALSE=0                                 #boolean

lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/nginx
NGINX_CONF_FILE="/etc/nginx/nginx.conf"

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#                               Simple Tests
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#test if nginx is a file and executable
test -x $DAEMON || exit 0

# Include nginx defaults if available
if [ -f /etc/default/nginx ] ; then
        . /etc/default/nginx
fi

#set exit condition
#set -e

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#                               Functions
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

configtest() {
        $DAEMON -t -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
}

getPSCount() {
        return `pgrep -f $PS | wc -l`
}

isRunning(){
        pidof_daemon
        PID=$?

        if [ $PID -gt 0 ]; then
                return 1
        else
                return 0
        fi
}

status(){
        isRunning
        isAlive=$?

        if [ "${isAlive}" -eq $TRUE ]; then
                echo "$NAME found running with processes:  `pidof $PS`"
        else
                echo "$NAME is NOT running."
        fi

}

removePIDFile(){
        if [ -f $PIDSPATH/$NAME.pid ]; then
                rm $PIDSPATH/$NAME.pid
        fi
}

start() {
        log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESCRIPTION"

        isRunning
        isAlive=$?

        if [ "${isAlive}" -eq $TRUE ]; then
                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_ERROR
        else
                start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --chuid $RUNAS --pidfile $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON
                chmod 400 $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE
                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK
        fi
}

stop() {
        log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESCRIPTION"

        isRunning
        isAlive=$?
        if [ "${isAlive}" -eq $TRUE ]; then
                start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --pidfile $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE

                removePIDFile

                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK
        else
                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_ERROR
        fi
}

reload() {
        configtest || return $?

        log_daemon_msg "Reloading (via HUP) $DESCRIPTION"

        isRunning
        if [ $? -eq $TRUE ]; then
                `killall -HUP $PS` #to be safe

                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK
        else
                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_ERROR
        fi
}

terminate() {
        log_daemon_msg "Force terminating (via KILL) $DESCRIPTION"

        PIDS=`pidof $PS` || true

        [ -e $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE ] && PIDS2=`cat $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE`

        for i in $PIDS; do
                if [ "$i" = "$PIDS2" ]; then
                        kill $i
                        removePIDFile
                fi
        done

        log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK

}

pidof_daemon() {
    PIDS=`pidof $PS` || true

    [ -e $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE ] && PIDS2=`cat $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE`

    for i in $PIDS; do
        if [ "$i" = "$PIDS2" ]; then
            return 1
        fi
    done
    return 0

}

case "$1" in
  start)
        start
        ;;
  stop)
        stop
        ;;
  restart|force-reload)
        stop
        start
        ;;
  reload)
        $1
        ;;
  status)
        status
        ;;
  configtest)
        $1
        ;;
  terminate)
        $1
        ;;
  *)
        FULLPATH=/etc/init.d/$NAME
        echo "Usage: $FULLPATH {start|stop|restart|force-reload|status|configtest|terminate}"
        exit 1
        ;;
esac

exit 0

/etc/init.d/php-fastcgi文件内容：

#! /bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          php-fastcgi
# Required-Start:    $all
# Required-Stop:     $all
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
# Short-Description: Start and stop php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode
# Description:       Start and stop php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode
### END INIT INFO

# Author: Kurt Zankl <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>

# Do NOT "set -e"

PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin
DESC="php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode"
NAME=php-fastcgi
DAEMON=/usr/bin/php-cgi
PIDFILE=/var/run/$NAME.pid
SCRIPTNAME=/etc/init.d/$NAME
PHP_CONFIG_FILE=/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini

# Exit if the package is not installed
[ -x "$DAEMON" ] || exit 0

# Read configuration variable file if it is present
[ -r /etc/default/$NAME ] && . /etc/default/$NAME

# Load the VERBOSE setting and other rcS variables
. /lib/init/vars.sh

# Define LSB log_* functions.
# Depend on lsb-base (>= 3.0-6) to ensure that this file is present.
. /lib/lsb/init-functions

# If the daemon is not enabled, give the user a warning and then exit,
# unless we are stopping the daemon
if [ "$START" != "yes" -a "$1" != "stop" ]; then
        log_warning_msg "To enable $NAME, edit /etc/default/$NAME and set START=yes"
        exit 0
fi

# Process configuration
export PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
DAEMON_ARGS="-q -b $FCGI_HOST:$FCGI_PORT -c $PHP_CONFIG_FILE"

do_start()
{
        # Return
        #   0 if daemon has been started
        #   1 if daemon was already running
        #   2 if daemon could not be started
        start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON --test > /dev/null \
                || return 1
        start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON \
                --background --make-pidfile --chuid $EXEC_AS_USER --startas $DAEMON -- \
                $DAEMON_ARGS \
                || return 2
}

do_stop()
{
        # Return
        #   0 if daemon has been stopped
        #   1 if daemon was already stopped
        #   2 if daemon could not be stopped
        #   other if a failure occurred
        start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry=TERM/30/KILL/5 --pidfile $PIDFILE > /dev/null # --name $DAEMON
        RETVAL="$?"
        [ "$RETVAL" = 2 ] && return 2
        # Wait for children to finish too if this is a daemon that forks
        # and if the daemon is only ever run from this initscript.
        # If the above conditions are not satisfied then add some other code
        # that waits for the process to drop all resources that could be
        # needed by services started subsequently.  A last resort is to
        # sleep for some time.
        start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --retry=0/30/KILL/5 --exec $DAEMON
        [ "$?" = 2 ] && return 2
        # Many daemons don't delete their pidfiles when they exit.
        rm -f $PIDFILE
        return "$RETVAL"
}
case "$1" in
  start)
        [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME"
        do_start
        case "$?" in
                0|1) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 0 ;;
                2) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 1 ;;
        esac
        ;;
  stop)
        [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME"
        do_stop
        case "$?" in
                0|1) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 0 ;;
                2) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 1 ;;
        esac
        ;;
  restart|force-reload)
        log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME"
        do_stop
        case "$?" in
          0|1)
                do_start
                case "$?" in
                        0) log_end_msg 0 ;;
                        1) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Old process is still running
                        *) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Failed to start
                esac
                ;;
          *)
                # Failed to stop
                log_end_msg 1
                ;;
        esac
        ;;
  *)
        echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {start|stop|restart|force-reload}" >&2
        exit 3
        ;;
esac

创建nginx配置文件/etc/nginx/nginx.conf（并实现VirtualHost）

user www-data www-data;
worker_processes  4;
events {
    worker_connections  1024;
    use epoll;
}
http {
        include       mime.types;
        default_type  application/octet-stream;
        sendfile        on;
        tcp_nopush     on;
        tcp_nodelay    on;


        keepalive_timeout  65;
        gzip  on;

        include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; #这一句就是实现nginx VirtualHost的
}

创建VirtualHost文件/etc/nginx/sites-available/domain.tld

server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  domain.tld www.domain.tld;
        access_log      /srv/www/domain.tld/logs/access.log;
        location / {
                root   /srv/www/domain.tld/public_html;
                index  index.html index.htm index.php;
        }

        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
                root   /usr/html;
        }

        location ~ \.php$ {
                root           /srv/www/domain.tld/public_html;
                fastcgi_pass    127.0.0.1:9000;
                fastcgi_index  index.php;
                fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
                include        fastcgi_params;
        }
}

Enable VirualHost

$ sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/domain.tld /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/domain.tld

启动php-fastcgi和nginx

$ sudo /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi start
$ sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start

配置php-fastcgi和nginx自动启动

$ sudo apt-get install rcconf
$ sudo rcconf # 选中php-fastcgi和nginx

此时，php的配置文件使用/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini。

创建WordPress的rewrite rule：修改/etc/nginx/sites-available/domain.tld，在location /中添加如下的内容：

location / {
        root   /srv/www/weigblog.com/public_html;
        index  index.html index.htm index.php;
        if (!-e $request_filename) {
                rewrite (.*) /index.php;
        }
}

其中：
-e为存在目录或文件
-d为存在目录
-f为存在文件