一、请求到来后,都要先执行dispatch方法
dispatch根据请求方式的不同触发get/post/put/delete等方法
注意,APIView中的dispatch方法有很多的功能
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ `.dispatch()` is pretty much the same as Django's regular dispatch, but with extra hooks for startup, finalize, and exception handling. """ self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs 第一步:对request进行加工(添加数据) request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs) self.request = request self.headers = self.default_response_headers # deprecate? try: #第二步: #处理版权信息 #认证 #权限 #请求用户进行访问频率的限制 self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs) # Get the appropriate handler method if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names: handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed) else: handler = self.http_method_not_allowed # 第三步、执行:get/post/put/delete函数 response = handler(request, *args, **kwargs) except Exception as exc: response = self.handle_exception(exc) #第四步、 对返回结果再次进行加工 self.response = self.finalize_response(request, response, *args, **kwargs) return self.response
二、上面是大致步骤,下面我们来具体分析一下
1、对request进行加工(添加数据)
我们来看看request里面都添加了那些数据
a、首先 request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)点进去,会发现:在Request里面多加了四个,如下
def initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ Returns the initial request object. """ #把请求弄成一个字典返回了 parser_context = self.get_parser_context(request) return Request( request, parsers=self.get_parsers(), #解析数据,默认的有三种方式,可点进去看 #self.get_authenticator优先找自己的,没有就找父类的 authenticators=self.get_authenticators(), #获取认证相关的所有类并实例化,传入request对象供Request使用 negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(), parser_context=parser_context )
b、获取认证相关的类的具体 authenticators=self.get_authenticators(),
def get_authenticators(self): """ Instantiates and returns the list of authenticators that this view can use. """ #返回的是对象列表 return [auth() for auth in self.authentication_classes] #[SessionAuthentication,BaseAuthentication]
c、查看认证的类:self.authentication_classes
authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES #默认的,如果自定制了会优先执行自定制的
d、接着走进api_settings
api_settings = APISettings(None, DEFAULTS, IMPORT_STRINGS) #点击继承的DEFAULTS类
DEFAULTS = { # Base API policies 'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': ( 'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication', #这时候就找到了他默认认证的类了,可以导入看看 'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication' ),
e、导入了类看看类里面具体干了什么
from rest_framework.authentication import SessionAuthentication from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
f、看到里面有个authenticate方法和authenticate_header方法
class BaseAuthentication(object): """ All authentication classes should extend BaseAuthentication. """ def authenticate(self, request): """ Authenticate the request and return a two-tuple of (user, token). """ raise NotImplementedError(".authenticate() must be overridden.") def authenticate_header(self, request): """ Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate` header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses. """ pass
具体处理认证,从headers里面能获取用户名和密码
class BasicAuthentication(BaseAuthentication): """ HTTP Basic authentication against username/password. """ www_authenticate_realm = 'api' def authenticate(self, request): """ Returns a `User` if a correct username and password have been supplied using HTTP Basic authentication. Otherwise returns `None`. """ auth = get_authorization_header(request).split() if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic': return None #返回none不处理。让下一个处理 if len(auth) == 1: msg = _('Invalid basic header. No credentials provided.') raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg) elif len(auth) > 2: msg = _('Invalid basic header. Credentials string should not contain spaces.') raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg) try: auth_parts = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode(HTTP_HEADER_ENCODING).partition(':') #用partition切割,保留了分割项冒号 except (TypeError, UnicodeDecodeError, binascii.Error): msg = _('Invalid basic header. Credentials not correctly base64 encoded.') raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(msg) userid, password = auth_parts[0], auth_parts[2] # 返回用户和密码 return self.authenticate_credentials(userid, password, request) def authenticate_credentials(self, userid, password, request=None): """ Authenticate the userid and password against username and password with optional request for context. """ credentials = { get_user_model().USERNAME_FIELD: userid, 'password': password } user = authenticate(request=request, **credentials) if user is None: raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(_('Invalid username/password.')) if not user.is_active: raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed(_('User inactive or deleted.')) return (user, None) def authenticate_header(self, request): return 'Basic realm="%s"' % self.www_authenticate_realm
g、当然restfulframework默认定义了两个类。我们也可以自定制类,自己有就用自己的了,自己没有就去找父类的了,但是里面必须实现authenticate方法,不然会报错。
2、进行以下操作(处理版权信息,认证,权限,访问频率限制)
- 处理版权信息
- 认证
- 权限
- 请求用户进行访问频率的限制
我们主要来看一下认证流程
认证流程:
a、首先 self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)可以看到做了以下操作
def initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs): """ Runs anything that needs to occur prior to calling the method handler. """ self.format_kwarg = self.get_format_suffix(**kwargs) # Perform content negotiation and store the accepted info on the request neg = self.perform_content_negotiation(request) request.accepted_renderer, request.accepted_media_type = neg # Determine the API version, if versioning is in use. #2.1 处理版本信息 version, scheme = self.determine_version(request, *args, **kwargs) request.version, request.versioning_scheme = version, scheme # Ensure that the incoming request is permitted #2.2 认证 self.perform_authentication(request) # 2.3 权限 self.check_permissions(request) # 2.4 请求用户进行访问频率的限制 self.check_throttles(request)
b、我们先来看认证,self.perform_authentication(request) 具体干了什么,按住ctrl点击进去
def perform_authentication(self, request): """ Perform authentication on the incoming request. Note that if you override this and simply 'pass', then authentication will instead be performed lazily, the first time either `request.user` or `request.auth` is accessed. """ request.user #执行request的user,这是的request已经是加工后的request了
c、那么我们可以从视图里面导入一下Request,找到request对象的user方法
from rest_framework.views import Request
@property def user(self): """ Returns the user associated with the current request, as authenticated by the authentication classes provided to the request. """ if not hasattr(self, '_user'): with wrap_attributeerrors(): self._authenticate() # return self._user #返回user
d、执行self._authenticate() 开始用户认证,如果验证成功后返回元组: (用户,用户Token)
def _authenticate(self): """ Attempt to authenticate the request using each authentication instance in turn. """ #循环对象列表 for authenticator in self.authenticators: try: #执行每一个对象的authenticate 方法 user_auth_tuple = authenticator.authenticate(self) except exceptions.APIException: self._not_authenticated() raise if user_auth_tuple is not None: self._authenticator = authenticator self.user, self.auth = user_auth_tuple #返回一个元组,user,和auth,赋给了self, # 只要实例化Request,就会有一个request对象,就可以request.user,request.auth了 return self._not_authenticated()
e、在user_auth_tuple = authenticator.authenticate(self) 进行验证,如果验证成功,执行类里的authenticatie方法
f、如果用户没有认证成功:self._not_authenticated()
def _not_authenticated(self): """ Set authenticator, user & authtoken representing an unauthenticated request. Defaults are None, AnonymousUser & None. """ #如果跳过了所有认证,默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置 self._authenticator = None # if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER: self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为:匿名用户AnonymousUser else: self.user = None # None 表示跳过该认证 if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN: self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN() # 默认值为:None else: self.auth = None # (user, token) # 表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token; # AuthenticationFailed异常
3、执行get/post/delete等方法
4、对返回结果在进行加工
三、完整过程
现在我们主要去分析rest_framework内部对这个url的具体实现过程。
- 首先我们访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/ 根据urls.py中的配置,执行views.TestView.as_view()函数
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as_view方法是被定义在rest_framework/views.py里面的一个静态方法,所以可以通过类名直接调用。
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父类的as_view方法是定义在django/views/generic/base.py里面的View类中的方法。在这个方法中最终会执行cls.dispatch,在第一步中我们知道cls是<class 'app01.views.TestView'>
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dispatch是定义在TestView继承的父类APIView(rest_framework/views.py)里面的方法。在这个方法里面,首先通过
request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)
这条语句重新封装了request对象 -
initialize_request是APIView类里面的一个方法,重新封装了request对象,增加了一些属性信息
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认证信息。主要通过APIView类中的get_authenticators(rest_framework/views.py)方法获取,这个方法会返回一个所有认证对象的列表
在全局定义的authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES
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默认的认证配置信息是在rest_framework/settings.py文件中定义的
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在rest_framework/authentication.py中定义了几种认证类型,一般情况我们需要自定义认证类,也可以使用django-oauth-toolkit组件进行认证。
- dispatch中的initialize_request方法执行完成之后,还有执行一个重要方法是self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs),这个方法也是APIView类里的。在这个方法里面初始化
被重新封装的request对象
实现功能:- 版本处理
- 用户认证
- 权限
- 访问频率限制
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执行APIView里面的perform_authentication方法,该方法返回request.user,则会调用<rest_framework.request.request object="" at="" 0x10e80deb8="">里面的user方法。在user方法里面最终调用了Request类里面的_authenticate方法
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执行rest_framework.request.Request类中的_authenticate方法,这个方法会遍历认证类,并根据认证结果给self.user, self.auth赋值。由于user,和auth都有property属性,
所以给赋值的时候先在先执行setter方法 -
dispatch中的initial方法执行完之后,会继续判断request.method并执行method相应的method.
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执行TestView中定义的get方法,返回数据