protobuf c++ API
1、在.proto文件中定义消息格式
2、使用protobuf编译器
3、使用c++ api来读写消息
0、为何使用protobuf?
1、原始内存数据结构,可以以二进制方式sent/saved.这种方式需要相同的内存布局和字节序。
2、以ad-hoc方式将数据项编码成一个简单字符串----比如,将4个int类型编码成"12:3:-23:67"。这种方式简灵活。适用于简单数据。
3、将数据序列化为XML。这种方式很流行,因为xml可读性好,编码解码方便,性能也好。仅仅XML dom树比较复杂。
protobuf可以很好的解决上述问题。你编写一个.proto文件来描述数据结构。protobuf编译器使用它创建一个类,使用二进制方式自动编码/解码该数据结构。生成的类提供getter/setter方法。
最重要的是,protobuf支持在此基础上进行格式扩展。
示例
1、定义协议格式
package tutorial; message Person{
required string name =1;
required int32 id =2;
optional string email =3;
enumPhoneType{
MOBILE =0;
HOME =1;
WORK =2;
}
message PhoneNumber{
required string number =1;
optional PhoneType type =2[default= HOME];
}
repeated PhoneNumber phone =4;
}
message AddressBook{
repeated Person person =1;
}
该结构与c++或java很像.
.proto文件以包声明开始,防止名字冲突。
简单类型:bool, int32, float, double, string.
其它类型:如上述的Person, PhoneNumber
类型可以嵌套。
“=1”, “=2”标识唯一“tag”.tag数1-15需要至少一个字节。
required: 必须设置它的值
optional: 可以设置,也可以不设置它的值
repeated: 可以认为是动态分配的数组
google工程师认为使用required威害更大, 他们更喜欢使用optional, repeated.
2、编译你的协议
运行protoc 来生成c++文件:
protoc -I=$SRC_DIR --cpp_out=$DST_DIR $SRC_DIR/addressbook.proto
生成的文件为:
addressbook.pb.h,
addressbook.pb.cc
3、protobuf API
生成的文件中有如下方法:
// name
inlinebool has_name()const;
inlinevoid clear_name();
inlineconst::std::string& name()const;
inlinevoid set_name(const::std::string& value);
inlinevoid set_name(constchar* value);
inline::std::string* mutable_name();
// id
inlinebool has_id()const;
inlinevoid clear_id();
inlineint32_t id()const;
inlinevoid set_id(int32_t value);
// email
inlinebool has_email()const;
inlinevoid clear_email();
inlineconst::std::string& email()const;
inlinevoid set_email(const::std::string& value);
inlinevoid set_email(constchar* value);
inline::std::string* mutable_email();
// phone
inlineint phone_size()const;
inlinevoid clear_phone();
inlineconst::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber>& phone()const;
inline::google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber>* mutable_phone();
inlineconst::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber& phone(int index)const;
inline::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* mutable_phone(int index);
inline::tutorial::Person_PhoneNumber* add_phone();
4、枚举与嵌套类
生成的代码包含一个PhoneType枚举。Person::PhoneType, Person:MOBILE, Person::HOME, Person:WORK.
编译器生成的嵌套类称为Person::PhoneNumber. 实际生成类为Person_PhoneNumber.
5、标准方法
bool IsInitialized() const: 确认required字段是否被设置
string DebugString() const: 返回消息的可读表示,用于调试
void CopyFrom(const Person& from): 使用给定消息值copy
void Clear(): 清除所有元素为空状态
6、解析与序列化
bool SerializeToString(string* output) const: 序列化消息,将存储字节的以string方式输出。注意字节是二进制,而非文本;
bool ParseFromString(const string& data): 解析给定的string
bool SerializeToOstream(ostream* output) const: 写消息给定的c++ ostream中
bool ParseFromIstream(istream* input): 从给定的c++ istream中解析出消息
7、protobuf和 oo设计
不要继承生成类并在此基础上添加相应的行为
8、写消息
示例:它从一个文件中读取AddressBook,基于io添加一个新的Person,并将新的AddressBook写回文件。
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<string>
#include"addressbook.pb.h"
usingnamespace std;
// This function fills in a Person message based on user input.
voidPromptForAddress(tutorial::Person* person){
cout <<"Enter person ID number: ";
int id;
cin >> id;
person->set_id(id);
cin.ignore(256,'
');
cout <<"Enter name: ";
getline(cin,*person->mutable_name());
cout <<"Enter email address (blank for none): ";
string email;
getline(cin, email);
if(!email.empty()){
person->set_email(email);
}
while(true){
cout <<"Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ";
string number;
getline(cin, number);
if(number.empty()){
break;
}
tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber* phone_number = person->add_phone();
phone_number->set_number(number);
cout <<"Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ";
string type;
getline(cin, type);
if(type =="mobile"){
phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::MOBILE);
}elseif(type =="home"){
phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::HOME);
}elseif(type =="work"){
phone_number->set_type(tutorial::Person::WORK);
}else{
cout <<"Unknown phone type. Using default."<< endl;
}
}
}
// Main function: Reads the entire address book from a file,
// adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same
// file.
int main(int argc,char* argv[]){
// Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
// compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;
if(argc !=2){
cerr <<"Usage: "<< argv[0]<<" ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE"<< endl;
return-1;
}
tutorial::AddressBook address_book;
{
// Read the existing address book.
fstream input(argv[1], ios::in| ios::binary);
if(!input){
cout << argv[1]<<": File not found. Creating a new file."<< endl;
}elseif(!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)){
cerr <<"Failed to parse address book."<< endl;
return-1;
}
}
// Add an address.
PromptForAddress(address_book.add_person());
{
// Write the new address book back to disk.
fstream output(argv[1], ios::out| ios::trunc | ios::binary);
if(!address_book.SerializeToOstream(&output)){
cerr <<"Failed to write address book."<< endl;
return-1;
}
}
// Optional: Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf.
google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();
return0;
}
注意使用GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION宏。每一个.pb.cc文件在启动时都将自动调用该宏。
注意在程序结尾处调用ShutdownProtobufLibrary()。
9、读消息
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<string>
#include"addressbook.pb.h"
usingnamespace std;
// Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.
voidListPeople(const tutorial::AddressBook& address_book){
for(int i =0; i <address_book.person_size(); i++){
const tutorial::Person& person = address_book.person(i);
cout <<"Person ID: "<<person.id()<< endl;
cout <<" Name: "<<person.name()<< endl;
if(person.has_email()){
cout <<" E-mail address: "<<person.email()<< endl;
}
for(int j =0; j <person.phone_size(); j++){
const tutorial::Person::PhoneNumber& phone_number = person.phone(j);
switch(phone_number.type()){
casetutorial::Person::MOBILE:
cout <<" Mobile phone #: ";
break;
casetutorial::Person::HOME:
cout <<" Home phone #: ";
break;
casetutorial::Person::WORK:
cout <<" Work phone #: ";
break;
}
cout <<phone_number.number()<< endl;
}
}
}
// Main function: Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all
// the information inside.
int main(int argc,char* argv[]){
// Verify that the version of the library that we linked against is
// compatible with the version of the headers we compiled against.
GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_VERIFY_VERSION;
if(argc !=2){
cerr <<"Usage: "<< argv[0]<<" ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE"<< endl;
return-1;
}
tutorial::AddressBook address_book;
{
// Read the existing address book.
fstream input(argv[1], ios::in| ios::binary);
if(!address_book.ParseFromIstream(&input)){
cerr <<"Failed to parse address book."<< endl;
return-1;
}
}
ListPeople(address_book);
// Optional: Delete all global objects allocated by libprotobuf.
google::protobuf::ShutdownProtobufLibrary();
return0;
}
10、扩展protobuf
如果希望向后兼容,必须遵循:
a、不必更改tag数
b、不必添加或删除任何required字段
c、可以删除optional或repeated字段
d、可以添加新的optional或repeated字段,但你必须使用新的tag数。
11、优化
c++的protobuf库,已经极大地优化了。合理使用可以改善性能。
a、如果可能,复用message对象。
b、关于多线程的内存分配器
12、高级用法
protobuf的消息类的一个关键特性是,反射(reflection)。可以使用xml或json来实现。参考。
================================================================
常见问题:
1、undefined reference to `pthread_once'
使用-lpthread:
2、error while loading shared libraries: libprotobuf.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
使用-Wl,-Bstatic -lprotobuf -Wl,-Bdynamic -lpthread