EF中的EntityState几个状态的说明

之前使用EF，我们都是通过调用SaveChanges方法把增加/修改/删除的数据提交到数据库，但是上下文是如何知道实体对象是增加、修改还是删除呢？答案是通过EntityState枚举来判断的，我们看一个方法：

/// <summary>
        /// 查看实体状态
        /// </summary>
        private static void GetOneEntityToSeeEntityState()
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                var destination = context.Destinations.Find(4);
                EntityState stateBefore = context.Entry(destination).State;
                Console.WriteLine(stateBefore);
            }
        }

注：使用EntityState需添加引用system.data    
跑下程序，输出结果为：Unchanged。从英文意思我们已经猜到一二：取出来的数据是Unchanged，那么添加、修改、删除自然也就是Added、Modified、Deleted了。我们在EntityState上按F12定位到其定义看看：  

  

的确，当调用SaveChanges方法的时候，EF会根据EntityState这个枚举检测到实体的状态，然后执行相应的增/删/改操作。它们的具体意思分别为：

• Detached：对象存在，但未由对象服务跟踪。在创建实体之后、但将其添加到对象上下文之前，该实体处于此状态；
• Unchanged：自对象加载到上下文中后，或自上次调用 System.Data.Objects.ObjectContext.SaveChanges() 方法后，此对象尚未经过修改；
• Added：对象已添加到对象上下文，但尚未调用 System.Data.Objects.ObjectContext.SaveChanges() 方法；
• Deleted：使用 System.Data.Objects.ObjectContext.DeleteObject(System.Object) 方法从对象上下文中删除了对象；
• Modified：对象已更改，但尚未调用 System.Data.Objects.ObjectContext.SaveChanges() 方法。

ok，已经知道了这个，我们利用EntityState这个枚举修改下之前单个实体的增删改方法：

增加：

/// <summary>
        /// 添加：DbSet.Add = > EntityState.Added
        /// </summary>
        private static void TestAddDestination()
        {
            var jacksonHole = new DbContexts.Model.Destination
            {
                Name = "Jackson Hole,Wyoming",
                Description = "Get your skis on."
            };
            //AddDestinationByDbSetAdd(jacksonHole);
            AddDestinationByEntityStateAdded(jacksonHole);
        }
        private static void AddDestinationByDbSetAdd(DbContexts.Model.Destination destination)
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                context.Destinations.Add(destination);
                context.SaveChanges();
            }
        }
        private static void AddDestinationByEntityStateAdded(DbContexts.Model.Destination destination)
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                Console.WriteLine(context.Entry(destination).State);    //添加前：Detached
                context.Entry(destination).State = EntityState.Added;
                Console.WriteLine(context.Entry(destination).State);    //添加后：Added
                context.SaveChanges();
            }
        }

exec sp_executesql N'insert [baga].[Locations]([LocationName], [Country], [Description], [Photo], [TravelWarnings], [ClimateInfo])
values (@0, null, @1, null, null, null)
select [LocationID]
from [baga].[Locations]
where @@ROWCOUNT > 0 and [LocationID] = scope_identity()',N'@0 nvarchar(200),@1 nvarchar(500)',@0=N'Jackson Hole,Wyoming',@1=N'Get your skis on.'

监控到的sql也跟之前调用DbSet.Add方法添加实体的没什么区别。

我们看一个标记实体为未改变实体：

/// <summary>
        /// 标记一个未改变的实体
        /// </summary>
        private static void TestAttachDestination()
        {
            DbContexts.Model.Destination canyon;
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
                          where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
                          select d).Single();
            }
            AttachDestination(canyon);
        }
        private static void AttachDestination(DbContexts.Model.Destination destination)
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                Console.WriteLine(context.Entry(destination).State);    //标记前：Detached
                context.Destinations.Attach(destination);  //修改使用Attach方法
                //context.Entry(destination).State = EntityState.Unchanged;   //跟Attach方法一样效果
                Console.WriteLine(context.Entry(destination).State);    //标记后：Unchanged
                context.SaveChanges();
            }
        }

可以看出，实体从数据库取出是Detached状态，调用Attach方法变成了Unchanged状态。Unchanged状态会被SaveChanges方法忽略掉，不会有任何sql发送到数据库。

修改：

/// <summary>
        /// 修改：EntityState.Modified
        /// </summary>
        private static void TestUpdateDestination()
        {
            DbContexts.Model.Destination canyon;
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
                          where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
                          select d).Single();
            }
            canyon.TravelWarnings = "Don't Fall in!";
            UpdateDestination(canyon);
        }
        private static void UpdateDestination(DbContexts.Model.Destination destination)
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                Console.WriteLine(context.Entry(destination).State);    //修改前：Detached
                context.Entry(destination).State = EntityState.Modified;
                Console.WriteLine(context.Entry(destination).State);    //修改后：Modified
                context.SaveChanges();
            }
        }

exec sp_executesql N'update [baga].[Locations]
set [LocationName] = @0, [Country] = @1, [Description] = @2, [Photo] = null, [TravelWarnings] = @3, [ClimateInfo] = null
where ([LocationID] = @4)
',N'@0 nvarchar(200),@1 nvarchar(max) ,@2 nvarchar(500),@3 nvarchar(max) ,@4 int',@0=N'Grand Canyon',@1=N'USA',@2=N'One huge canyon.',@3=N'Don''t Fall in!',@4=1

我们标记实体为Modified后调用SaveChanges方法后，EF知道要更新实体了，但是它并不知道具体更新的是哪一列，所以每一列都更新了。见上面的sql

删除：

/// <summary>
        /// 删除：DbSet.Remove = > EntityState.Deleted
        /// </summary>
        private static void TestDeleteDestination()
        {
            DbContexts.Model.Destination canyon;
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
                          where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
                          select d).Single();
            }
            //DeleteDestination(canyon);
            DeleteDestinationByEntityStateDeletion(canyon);
        }
        private static void DeleteDestination(DbContexts.Model.Destination destination)
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                context.Destinations.Attach(destination);  //先告诉EF这个实体
                context.Destinations.Remove(destination);  //执行删除
                context.SaveChanges();
            }
        }
        private static void DeleteDestinationByEntityStateDeletion(DbContexts.Model.Destination destination)
        {
            using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
            {
                Console.WriteLine(context.Entry(destination).State);    //删除前：Detached
                context.Entry(destination).State = EntityState.Deleted;
                Console.WriteLine(context.Entry(destination).State);    //删除后：Deleted
                context.SaveChanges();
            }
        }

exec sp_executesql N'delete [baga].[Locations]
where ([LocationID] = @0)',N'@0 int',@0=1

ADO.NET Entity Framework学习笔记(3)ObjectContext对象[转] 

说明 
ObjectContext提供了管理数据的功能
 
 
Context操作数据 
AddObject 添加实体 
将实体添加到集合中, 
创建实体时,状态为EntityState.Detached 
当调用AddObject将实体添加到Context时,状态为EntityState.Added 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = new myTab(); 
r.ID = 10; 
r.a = "wxwinter"; 
Console.WriteLine(r.EntityState); //print:Detached 
context.AddTomyTab(r); 
Console.WriteLine(r.EntityState); //print:Added 
context.SaveChanges();
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab newrow = new myTab() { a = "wxd", b = "lzm", c = "wxwinter" }; 
context.AddObject("myTab",newrow); 
context.SaveChanges();
DeleteObject 删除实体 
将集合中的实体添标记为删除 
当调用Context.DeleteObject时,并不是将实体移除集合,而是将实体添标记为EntityState.Deleted ,在下次调用SaveChanges()方法时跟新数据库
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p=>p.ID==1); 
Console.WriteLine(r.EntityState); //print:Unchanged 
context.DeleteObject(r); 
Console.WriteLine(r.EntityState); //print:Deleted 
context.SaveChanges();
Detach 分离实体 
将实体从Context中分离,将状态标记为EntityState.Detached 。
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = myTab.CreatemyTab(22); 
Console.WriteLine(r.EntityState); //print:Detached 
context.AddTomyTab(r); 
Console.WriteLine(r.EntityState); //print:Added 
context.Detach(r); 
Console.WriteLine(r.EntityState); //print: Detached
修改实体 
可以直接修在实体对象上修改 
当修改在Context中的实体时,会将实体的状态标记为EntityState.Modified
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p=>p.ID==1); 
Console.WriteLine(r.EntityState); //print:Unchanged 
r.a = "wxwinter"; 
Console.WriteLine(r.EntityState); //print:Modified 
context.SaveChanges();
ApplyPropertyChanges 修改实体 
使用ApplyPropertyChanges,可以使用不在集合中的实体覆盖到集合中主键对应用实体上,如果内存中没有主键对应的记录,会报错:“ObjectStateManager 不包含具有对“XXX”类型的对象的引用的 ObjectStateEntry。”该方法还有一个特点就是，会拿内存中的对象（新对象）和context中的对象（旧对象）对比，自动生成对应字段修改的Update语句，如果内存中的对象与context中的对象完全相等(每个字段的值都相等),将不生成响应的Update
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r1 = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1); 
myTab nr = myTab.CreatemyTab(1); 
nr.a = "wxwinter"; 
Console.WriteLine(nr.EntityState); //print:Detached 
Console.WriteLine(r1.EntityState); //print:Unchanged 
context.ApplyPropertyChanges("myTab", nr); 
myTab r2 = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1); 
Console.WriteLine(nr.EntityState); //print:Detached 
Console.WriteLine(r2.EntityState); //print:Modified 
context.SaveChanges();
Orders order;
using (NorthwindEntities ne = new NorthwindEntities())
{
    //利用EntityObject.Execute(MergeOption.NoTracking)，等效于使用ObjectContext.Dettach(EntityObject)
    //查询并分离对象
    order = ne.Orders.Execute(MergeOption.NoTracking).Where(v => v.OrderID == 10248).FirstOrDefault();
}
//修改分离的值
order.ShipName = "1111111111111111";
//使用分离的对象 order 更新 
using (NorthwindEntities context = new NorthwindEntities())
{
    //将数据载入到context中以便更新
    context.GetObjectByKey(order.EntityKey);
    //使用order 更新 context中的对应对象
    context.ApplyPropertyChanges(order.EntityKey.EntitySetName, order);
    context.SaveChanges();
}
 
Attach / AttachTo 附加实体 
使用Attach方法可将[外部实体]附加到Context集合中
在使用 服务器/客户端模式,或要将[实体]从Context集合中分离,修改后要用Context更新回数据库时,可用这种方式
Attach与ApplyPropertyChanges有类似之处,都是将Context集合外的[实体]与Context集合内的[实体]同步. 
ApplyPropertyChanges调用时,要求对应的[实体]在内存中,Attach不要求
ApplyPropertyChanges调用后,集合内的实体状态会标记为EntityState.Modified
Attach调用后不会修改合内的实体状态,如要SaveChanges(),要手动标记EntityState.Modified
ApplyPropertyChanges是用[外部实体]全覆盖Context集合中的[实体],
Attach方式,通过SetModifiedProperty()方法,可在调用SaveChanges()时,只修改只定有字段值  
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab v = myTab.CreatemyTab(1);  
v.EntityKey = context.CreateEntityKey("myTab", v); 
v.a = "wxwinter";
context.Attach(v);
//context.AttachTo("myTab", v);
ObjectStateEntry ose = context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(v);
//设置修改
ose.SetModified();
//指定修改的字段名
ose.SetModifiedProperty("a");
context.SaveChanges();
修改前 
 
修改后 
CreateEntityKey 创建EntityKey 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab nr = myTab.CreatemyTab(1); 
EntityKey ek= context.CreateEntityKey("myTab", nr);
EntityKey 
EntityContainerName 属性
 
EntityKeyValues 集合
 
EntitySetName 属性
 
IsTemporary 属性
 
GetEntitySet(System.Data.Metadata.Edm.MetadataWorkspace) 方法
 
OnDeserialized(System.Runtime.Serialization.StreamingContext) 方法
 
OnDeserializing(System.Runtime.Serialization.StreamingContext) 方法
 
GetObjectByKey/TryGetObjectByKey 通过EntityKey得到实体 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab nr = myTab.CreatemyTab(1);
EntityKey ek= context.CreateEntityKey("myTab", nr); 
myTab r = context.GetObjectByKey(ek) as myTab ; 
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1},{2},{3}", r.ID, r.a, r.b, r.c);
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab nr = myTab.CreatemyTab(1);
EntityKey ek= context.CreateEntityKey("myTab", nr);
object obj; 
if (context.TryGetObjectByKey(ek,out obj)) 
{
    myTab r = obj as myTab; 
    Console.WriteLine("{0},{1},{2},{3}", r.ID, r.a, r.b, r.c); 
}
CreateQuery 创建查询 
更多见esql 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
string esql = "SELECT VALUE DBItemList FROM myContext.DBItemList"; 
// ObjectQuery<DBItemList> query = new ObjectQuery<DBItemList>(esql, context); 
ObjectQuery<DBItemList> query = context.CreateQuery<DBItemList>(esql); 
foreach (DBItemList r in query) 
{ 
    Console.WriteLine(r.NameID); 
}
 
状态管理 
EntityState 状态枚举 
EntityState.Added 已通过AddObject方法加到集合中，AcceptChanges 尚未调用。 
EntityState.Deleted 已通过 DeleteObject 方法被删除。 
EntityState.Detached 已被创建，但不属于任何集合。在以下情况下立即处于此状态：创建之后添加到集合中之前；或从集合中移除之后。 
EntityState.Modified 已被修改，AcceptChanges 尚未调用。 
EntityState.Unchanged 自上次调用 AcceptChanges 以来尚未更改
Context.ObjectStateManager 管理记录的状态 
GetObjectStateEntry 根据实体对象或实体主键得到状态实体 
实体必须在当前连接对象context中否则无法获取实体状态会引发：
ObjectStateManager 不包含具有对“context ”类型的对象的引用的 ObjectStateEntry
也就是该方法无法获取已分离的实体对象状态
ObjectStateEntry = GetObjectStateEntry(实体对像/EntityKey) 
得到所指定的[实体对像]或EntityKey的 ObjectStateEntry 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = myTab.CreatemyTab(22); 
context.AddTomyTab(r); 
// ObjectStateEntry ose= context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r); 
ObjectStateEntry ose = context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r.EntityKey); 
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); //print:Added
TryGetObjectStateEntry 根据实体对象或实体主键得到状态实体 
bool = TryGetObjectStateEntry(实体对像/EntityKey,out ObjectStateEntry) 
得到所指定的[实体对像]或EntityKey的 ObjectStateEntry 
myContext context = new myContext();
myTab r = myTab.CreatemyTab(22); 
context.AddTomyTab(r); 
ObjectStateEntry ose; 
if( context.ObjectStateManager.TryGetObjectStateEntry(r,out ose)) 
{ 
    Console.WriteLine(ose.State); //print:Added 
}
GetObjectStateEntries 根据状态类型得到状态实体集合 
IEnumerable<ObjectStateEntry> = GetObjectStateEntries(EntityState枚举) 
返回IEnumerable<ObjectStateEntry>,得到EntityState枚举所指定的某种状态的列表 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = myTab.CreatemyTab(22); 
context.AddTomyTab(r);
IEnumerable<ObjectStateEntry> oseList = context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntries(EntityState.Added);
foreach (ObjectStateEntry v in oseList) 
{ 
    Console.WriteLine("{0},{1},{2}", v.State, v.CurrentValues["ID"], v.EntitySet.Name);
} 
//print:Added,22,myTab
ObjectStateManagerChanged 事件 
CollectionChangeEventHandler(object sender, CollectionChangeEventArgs e) 
e.Action : 集合操作行为 
System.ComponentModel.CollectionChangeAction.Add 
System.ComponentModel.CollectionChangeAction.Refresh 
System.ComponentModel.CollectionChangeAction.Remove 
e.Element : 操作的实体对象 
void ObjectStateManager_ObjectStateManagerChanged(object sender, CollectionChangeEventArgs e) 
{ 
    Console.WriteLine(e.Action);
    myTab v = e.Element as myTab;
    Console.WriteLine("{0}",v.ID); 
} 
//=================================== 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
context.ObjectStateManager.ObjectStateManagerChanged+=new CollectionChangeEventHandler(ObjectStateManager_ObjectStateManagerChanged); 
myTab r = myTab.CreatemyTab(22);
context.AddTomyTab(r); 
/* 
*print: 
Add 
22 
*/
ObjectStateEntry 对象 
基本属性 
IsRelationship 属性
 
Entity 属性
 
EntityKey 属性
 
EntitySet 属性
 
State 状态属性 
EntityState 枚举 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = myTab.CreatemyTab(22); 
context.AddTomyTab(r);
ObjectStateEntry ose= context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r);
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); //print:Added
CurrentValues 当前值 
处于 deleted 或 detached 状态的对象没有当前值。 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = new myTab() { ID = 22, a = "wxwinter" }; 
context.AddTomyTab(r);
ObjectStateEntry ose= context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r);
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}",ose.CurrentValues["ID"],ose.CurrentValues["a"]);
//print: 22,wxwinter
OriginalValues 原始值 
处于 added 或 detached 状态的对象没有原始值 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1); 
r.a = "wxwinter"; 
ObjectStateEntry ose= context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r); 
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); 
Console.WriteLine("CurrentValues :{0},{1}", ose.CurrentValues["ID"], ose.CurrentValues["a"]); 
Console.WriteLine("OriginalValues:{0},{1}", ose.OriginalValues["ID"], ose.OriginalValues["a"]); 
/* 
* print: 
Modified 
CurrentValues :1,wxwinter 
OriginalValues:1,aa 
*/
GetModifiedProperties 得到被修改的属性 
返回IEnumerable<string> 
得到被修改的属性集合 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1); 
r.a = "wxwinter"; 
r.b = "wxd"; 
ObjectStateEntry ose= context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r); 
IEnumerable<string> list = ose.GetModifiedProperties(); 
foreach (string pr in list) 
{ 
Console.WriteLine(pr); 
} 
/* 
* print: 
a 
b 
*/
SetModified,SetModifiedProperty 标记为修改 
SetModified() 方法将记录标记为 EntityState.Modified 
只是这样,调用Context.SaveChanges方法是无法保存修改到数据库中的,Context.SaveChanges方法要查找被修改过的属性, 
可用SetModifiedProperty方法标记被修改过的属性
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1);
r.a = "wxwinter"; 
ObjectStateEntry ose= context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r);
ose.AcceptChanges();
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); 
Console.WriteLine("CurrentValues :{0},{1}", ose.CurrentValues["ID"], ose.CurrentValues["a"]); 
Console.WriteLine("OriginalValues:{0},{1}", ose.OriginalValues["ID"], ose.OriginalValues["a"]); 
/* 
* print: 
Unchanged 
CurrentValues :1,wxwinter 
OriginalValues:1,wxwinter 
*/ 
ose.SetModified(); 
ose.SetModifiedProperty("a"); 
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); 
Console.WriteLine("CurrentValues :{0},{1}", ose.CurrentValues["ID"], ose.CurrentValues["a"]); 
Console.WriteLine("OriginalValues:{0},{1}", ose.OriginalValues["ID"], ose.OriginalValues["a"]); 
/* 
* print: 
Modified 
CurrentValues :1,wxwinter 
OriginalValues:1,wxwinter 
*/ 
context.SaveChanges();
Delete 标记为删除 
标记为EntityState.Deleted 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1); 
ObjectStateEntry ose= context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r); 
ose.Delete(); 
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); //print: Detached 
Console.WriteLine("OriginalValues:{0},{1}", ose.OriginalValues["ID"], ose.OriginalValues["a"]); 
//print:OriginalValues:1,wxwinter
用 context.DeleteObject方法的效果与上例一样 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1);
ObjectStateEntry ose = context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r);
context.DeleteObject(r);
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); //print: Detached
Console.WriteLine("OriginalValues:{0},{1}", ose.OriginalValues["ID"], ose.OriginalValues["a"]); 
//print:OriginalValues:1,wxwinter
AcceptChanges 方法 
将记录的状态置为EntityState.Unchanged 
用[CurrentValues 当前值]替换[OriginalValues 原始值], 
使用[ Context.AcceptAllChanges 方法]也有同样效果 
注意:状态为[EntityState.Deleted ]的记录,会被[Detach]
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1);
r.a = "wxwinter"; 
context.AcceptAllChanges(); 
ObjectStateEntry ose= context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r); 
ose.AcceptChanges(); 
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); 
Console.WriteLine("CurrentValues :{0},{1}", ose.CurrentValues["ID"], ose.CurrentValues["a"]); 
Console.WriteLine("OriginalValues:{0},{1}", ose.OriginalValues["ID"], ose.OriginalValues["a"]); 
/* 
* print: 
Unchanged 
CurrentValues :1,wxwinter 
OriginalValues:1,wxwinter 
*/
当调用AcceptChanges时,如果对像处于[EntityState.Deleted ],会将对象移除集合,这时对像的状态为[EntityState.Detached ] 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1); 
ObjectStateEntry ose= context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r); 
ose.Delete(); 
ose.AcceptChanges(); 
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); //print: Detached
 
保存修改到数据库 
Context.SaveChanges 方法 
如果集合中有状态为EntityState.Added的记录,用[CurrentValues 当前值]添加到数据库中 
如果集合中有状态为EntityState.Deleted的记录,从数据库是删除与之对应的数据库记录 
如果集合中有状态为EntityState.Modified的记录,用[OriginalValues 原始值]与对应的数据库记录比效,查看并发, 用[CurrentValues 当前值]更新与之对应的数据库记录 
SaveChanges(true)
将数据保存到数据库后 
将所有记录状态标记为EntityState.Unchanged ,(调用Context.AcceptAllChanges )
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1); 
r.a = "wxwinter"; 
ObjectStateEntry ose = context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r);
context.SaveChanges(true); 
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); 
Console.WriteLine("CurrentValues :{0},{1}", ose.CurrentValues["ID"], ose.CurrentValues["a"]); 
Console.WriteLine("OriginalValues:{0},{1}", ose.OriginalValues["ID"], ose.OriginalValues["a"]); 
/* 
* print: 
Unchanged 
CurrentValues :1,wxwinter 
OriginalValues:1,wxwinter 
*/
SaveChanges()
与SaveChanges(true)相同
SaveChanges(false)
将数据保存到数据库, 
但并不改变记录状态
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1); 
r.a = "wxwinter"; 
ObjectStateEntry ose = context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r);
context.SaveChanges(false);
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); 
Console.WriteLine("CurrentValues :{0},{1}", ose.CurrentValues["ID"], ose.CurrentValues["a"]); 
Console.WriteLine("OriginalValues:{0},{1}", ose.OriginalValues["ID"], ose.OriginalValues["a"]); 
/* 
* print: 
Modified 
CurrentValues :1,wxwinter 
OriginalValues:1,aa 
*/
Context.SavingChanges 事件 
myContext context = new myContext(); 
context.SavingChanges+=new EventHandler(context_SavingChanges); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1);
r.a = "wxwinter"; 
context.SaveChanges();
void context_SavingChanges(object sender, EventArgs e) 
{ 
    myContext context = sender as myContext; 
    Console.WriteLine(context.DefaultContainerName); 
} 
Context.AcceptAllChanges 方法 
将所有记录的状态置为EntityState.Unchanged 
用[CurrentValues 当前值]替换[OriginalValues 原始值] 
效果与对所在记录的ObjectStateEntry上调用AcceptAllChanges一样 
注意:状态为[EntityState.Deleted ]的记录,会被[Detach]
myContext context = new myContext(); 
myTab r = context.myTab.First(p => p.ID == 1); 
r.a = "wxwinter"; 
context.AcceptAllChanges(); 
ObjectStateEntry ose= context.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(r); 
Console.WriteLine(ose.State); 
Console.WriteLine("CurrentValues :{0},{1}", ose.CurrentValues["ID"], ose.CurrentValues["a"]); 
Console.WriteLine("OriginalValues:{0},{1}", ose.OriginalValues["ID"], ose.OriginalValues["a"]); 
/* 
* print: 
Unchanged 
CurrentValues :1,wxwinter 
OriginalValues:1,wxwinter 
*/
 
连接属性 
Context.DefaultContainerName 属性 
Context.Connection 属性 
Context.CommandTimeout 属性 
 
Context.MetadataWorkspace 
 
数据刷新与并发 
EF提供了两种并发冲突处理方式：放任不管方式和开放式并发。默认采用放任不管的方式处理。 
如果要使用开放式并发，必须设置相应属性上的[并发模式]值[Fixed] 
后修改数据的ObjectContext缓存了旧版本的数据时,当提交修改后系统就会抛出"OptimisticConcurrencyException"（开放式并发异常）。 
当程序捕获到异常以后，可以使用ObjectContext的Refresh方法对异常采取处理。 
 
 
缓存数据不会自动更新 
公共
myContext context1 = new myContext(); 
myContext context2 = new myContext();
查询
foreach (var r in context1.DBItem) 
{ 
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", r.ItemID, r.ItemMatter); 
} 
Console.WriteLine("---------------------"); 
foreach (var r in context2.DBItem) 
{ 
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", r.ItemID, r.ItemMatter); 
}
a,this is a 
b,this is b 
c,this is c 
--------------------- 
a,this is a 
b,this is b 
c,this is c
修改
DBItem dbitem1 = context1.DBItem.First(p => p.ItemID == "a"); 
dbitem1.ItemMatter = "hello"; 
context1.SaveChanges();
再查询
foreach (var r in context1.DBItem) 
{ 
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", r.ItemID, r.ItemMatter); 
} 
Console.WriteLine("---------------------"); 
foreach (var r in context2.DBItem) 
{ 
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", r.ItemID, r.ItemMatter); 
}
a,hello 
b,this is b 
c,this is c 
--------------------- 
a,this is a 
b,this is b 
c,this is c
[并发模式]值为[Fixed]的并发异常 
注意,只有后修改数据的ObjectContext缓存了旧版本的数据时,长会产生异常 
DBItem dbitem1 = context1.DBItem.First(p => p.ItemID == "a"); 
dbitem1.ItemMatter = "hello"; 
context1.SaveChanges(); 
DBItem dbitem2 = context2.DBItem.First(p => p.ItemID == "a"); 
dbitem2.ItemMatter = "wxwinter"; 
context2.SaveChanges();
ObjectContext.Refresh() 
Refresh的第一个参数RefreshMode枚举,RefreshMode.StoreWins,RefreshMode.ClientWins 
StoreWins 
StoreWins : Refresh以后，用数据库的值回写,当前的修改值被放弃 
公共
myContext context1 = new myContext(); 
myContext context2 = new myContext();
查询
foreach (var r in context1.DBItem) 
{ 
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", r.ItemID, r.ItemMatter); 
} 
Console.WriteLine("---------------------"); 
foreach (var r in context2.DBItem) 
{ 
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", r.ItemID, r.ItemMatter); 
}
a,this is a 
b,this is b 
c,this is c 
--------------------- 
a,this is a 
b,this is b 
c,this is c
修改
DBItem dbitem1 = context1.DBItem.First(p => p.ItemID == "a"); 
dbitem1.ItemMatter = "hello"; 
context1.SaveChanges(); 
DBItem dbitem2 = context2.DBItem.First(p => p.ItemID == "a"); 
dbitem2.ItemMatter = "wxwinter"; 
try 
{ 
context2.SaveChanges(); 
} 
catch 
{ 
context2.Refresh( RefreshMode.StoreWins , dbitem2); 
}
在System.Data.OptimisticConcurrencyException 中第一次偶然出现的"System.Data.Entity.dll"类型的异常
再查询
foreach (var r in context1.DBItem) 
{ 
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", r.ItemID, r.ItemMatter); 
} 
Console.WriteLine("---------------------"); 
foreach (var r in context2.DBItem) 
{ 
Console.WriteLine("{0},{1}", r.ItemID, r.ItemMatter); 
}
a,hello 
b,this is b 
c,this is c 
--------------------- 
a,hello 
b,this is b 
c,this is c
ClientWins 
StoreWins: Refresh以后，当前的修改值仍存在,只是告诉ObjectContext知到的并发问题了,这时再调用 ObjectContext.SaveChanges()时,ObjectContext就不会报[开放式并发异常] 
DBItem dbitem1 = context1.DBItem.First(p => p.ItemID == "a"); 
dbitem1.ItemMatter = "hello"; 
context1.SaveChanges(); 
DBItem dbitem2 = context2.DBItem.First(p => p.ItemID == "a"); 
dbitem2.ItemMatter = "wxwinter"; 
try 
{ 
context2.SaveChanges(); 
} 
catch 
{ 
context2.Refresh(RefreshMode.ClientWins, dbitem2); 
context2.SaveChanges(); 
}
也可以先Refresh()再SaveChanges(),而不用异常捕获 
DBItem dbitem1 = context1.DBItem.First(p => p.ItemID == "a"); 
dbitem1.ItemMatter = "hello"; 
context1.SaveChanges(); 
DBItem dbitem2 = context2.DBItem.First(p => p.ItemID == "a"); 
dbitem2.ItemMatter = "wxwinter"; 
context2.Refresh(RefreshMode.ClientWins, dbitem2); 
context2.SaveChanges();
 
事务处理 
同一SubmitChanges 会做默认的事务处理 
下例由于ItemID主键冲突,两条数据都不会被插入 
myContext context1 = new myContext(); 
DBItem item1 = new DBItem(); 
item1.ItemID = "w"; 
item1.ItemMatter = "wxwinter"; 
context1.AddObject("DBItem", item1); 
DBItem item2 = new DBItem(); 
item2.ItemID = "w"; 
item2.ItemMatter = "wxd"; 
context1.AddObject("DBItem", item2); 
context1.SaveChanges();
不同SubmitChanges 不会做事务处理 
下例由于ItemID主键冲突,后一条数据都不会被插入 
myContext context1 = new myContext(); 
DBItem item1 = new DBItem(); 
item1.ItemID = "w"; 
item1.ItemMatter = "wxwinter"; 
context1.AddObject("DBItem", item1); 
context1.SaveChanges(); 
myContext context2 = new myContext(); 
DBItem item2 = new DBItem(); 
item2.ItemID = "w"; 
item2.ItemMatter = "wxd"; 
context2.AddObject("DBItem", item2); 
context2.SaveChanges();
System.Data.Common.DbTransaction 
下例由于ItemID主键冲突,两条数据都不会被插入 
myContext context1 = new myContext(); 
DBItem item1 = new DBItem(); 
item1.ItemID = "w"; 
item1.ItemMatter = "wxwinter"; 
context1.AddObject("DBItem", item1); 
if (context1.Connection.State != ConnectionState.Open) 
{ 
context1.Connection.Open(); 
} 
System.Data.Common.DbTransaction tran = context1.Connection.BeginTransaction(); 
context1.SaveChanges(); 
try 
{ 
DBItem item2 = new DBItem(); 
item2.ItemID = "w"; 
item2.ItemMatter = "wxd"; 
context1.AddObject("DBItem", item2); 
context1.SaveChanges(); 
tran.Commit(); 
} 
catch 
{ 
tran.Rollback(); 
}
死锁(两个Context使用DbTransaction) 
myContext context1 = new myContext(); 
DBItem item1 = new DBItem(); 
item1.ItemID = "w"; 
item1.ItemMatter = "wxwinter"; 
context1.AddObject("DBItem", item1); 
if (context1.Connection.State != ConnectionState.Open) 
{ 
context1.Connection.Open(); 
} 
System.Data.Common.DbTransaction tran = context1.Connection.BeginTransaction(); 
context1.SaveChanges(); 
try 
{ 
myContext context2 = new myContext(); 
DBItem item2 = new DBItem(); 
item2.ItemID = "w"; 
item2.ItemMatter = "wxd"; 
context2.AddObject("DBItem", item2); 
context2.SaveChanges(); 
tran.Commit(); 
} 
catch 
{ 
tran.Rollback(); 
}
TransactionScope 事务(两个Context) 
System.Transactions.TransactionScope 
可解决[死锁(两个Context使用DbTransaction)] 
下例由于ItemID主键冲突,两条数据都不会被插入 
using (System.Transactions.TransactionScope tc = new TransactionScope()) 
{ 
try 
{ 
myContext context1 = new myContext(); 
DBItem item1 = new DBItem(); 
item1.ItemID = "w"; 
item1.ItemMatter = "wxwinter"; 
context1.AddObject("DBItem", item1); 
context1.SaveChanges(); 
myContext context2 = new myContext(); 
DBItem item2 = new DBItem(); 
item2.ItemID = "w"; 
item2.ItemMatter = "wxd"; 
context2.AddObject("DBItem", item2); 
context2.SaveChanges(); 
tc.Complete(); 
} 
catch 
{ 
} 
}