Executors源码之线程池

Executors框架结构图

几种线程池的构造方法：

/**
     * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
     * operating off a shared unbounded queue.  At any point, at most
     * {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing tasks.
     * If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
     * they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
     * If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
     * prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
     * execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will exist
     * until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
     *
     * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
     */
    public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that maintains enough threads to support
     * the given parallelism level, and may use multiple queues to
     * reduce contention. The parallelism level corresponds to the
     * maximum number of threads actively engaged in, or available to
     * engage in, task processing. The actual number of threads may
     * grow and shrink dynamically. A work-stealing pool makes no
     * guarantees about the order in which submitted tasks are
     * executed.
     *
     * @param parallelism the targeted parallelism level
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code parallelism <= 0}
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static ExecutorService newWorkStealingPool(int parallelism) {
        return new ForkJoinPool
            (parallelism,
             ForkJoinPool.defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory,
             null, true);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a work-stealing thread pool using all
     * {@link Runtime#availableProcessors available processors}
     * as its target parallelism level.
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @see #newWorkStealingPool(int)
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static ExecutorService newWorkStealingPool() {
        return new ForkJoinPool
            (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(),
             ForkJoinPool.defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory,
             null, true);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
     * operating off a shared unbounded queue, using the provided
     * ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed.  At any point,
     * at most {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing
     * tasks.  If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are
     * active, they will wait in the queue until a thread is
     * available.  If any thread terminates due to a failure during
     * execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if
     * needed to execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will
     * exist until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown
     * shutdown}.
     *
     * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new threads
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
     */
    public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
                                      threadFactory);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
     * off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
     * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
     * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
     * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
     * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
     * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
     * {@code newFixedThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
     * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
     *
     * @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
     */
    public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
    }

    /**
     * Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
     * off an unbounded queue, and uses the provided ThreadFactory to
     * create a new thread when needed. Unlike the otherwise
     * equivalent {@code newFixedThreadPool(1, threadFactory)} the
     * returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use
     * additional threads.
     *
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new
     * threads
     *
     * @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
                                    threadFactory));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
     * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
     * available.  These pools will typically improve the performance
     * of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
     * Calls to {@code execute} will reuse previously constructed
     * threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
     * thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
     * not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
     * the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
     * not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
     * properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
     * may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
     *
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     */
    public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
     * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
     * available, and uses the provided
     * ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed.
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new threads
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>(),
                                      threadFactory);
    }

newSingleThreadExecutor 创建一个单线程化的线程池，它只会用唯一的工作线程来执行任务，保证所有任务按照指定顺序(FIFO, LIFO, 优先级)执行。

newFixedThreadPool  创建一个定长线程池，可控制线程最大并发数，超出的线程会在队列中等待。

newScheduledThreadPool 创建一个可定期或者延时执行任务的定长线程池，支持定时及周期性任务执行。 

newCachedThreadPool 创建一个可缓存线程池，线程池的线程数量不确定，如果线程池长度超过处理需要，可灵活回收空闲线程，若无可回收，则新建线程。 

四种线程池都是创建了ThreadPollExecutor对象，只是传递的参数不一样而已，观察传入的workQueue 都是默认，即最大可添加Integer.MAX_VALUE个任务，这也就是阿里巴巴java开发规范禁止直接使用java提供的默认线程池的原因了

newWorkStealingPool适合使用在很耗时的操作，但是newWorkStealingPool不是ThreadPoolExecutor的扩展

ThreadPoolExecutor构造参数

int corePoolSize, 核心线程大小

int maximumPoolSize,最大线程大小

long keepAliveTime, 超过corePoolSize的线程多久不活动被销毁时间

TimeUnit unit,时间单位

BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue 任务队列

ThreadFactory threadFactory 线程池工厂

RejectedExecutionHandler handler 拒绝策略

其中任务队列：

ArrayBlockingQueue ：一个由数组结构组成的有界阻塞队列

LinkedBlockingQueue ：一个由链表结构组成的有界阻塞队列（常用）

PriorityBlockingQueue ：一个支持优先级排序的无界阻塞队列

DelayQueue： 一个使用优先级队列实现的无界阻塞队列

SynchronousQueue： 一个不存储元素的阻塞队列（常用）

LinkedTransferQueue： 一个由链表结构组成的无界阻塞队列

LinkedBlockingDeque： 一个由链表结构组成的双向阻塞队列

线程池I的执行流程

当线程池小于corePoolSize时，新提交任务将创建一个新线程执行任务，即使此时线程池中存在空闲线程。

当线程池达到corePoolSize时，新提交任务将被放入workQueue中，等待线程池中任务调度执行

当workQueue已满，且maximumPoolSize>corePoolSize时，新提交任务会创建新线程执行任务

当提交任务数超过maximumPoolSize时，新提交任务由RejectedExecutionHandler处理

当线程池中超过corePoolSize线程，空闲时间达到keepAliveTime时，释放空闲线程

当设置allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true)时，该参数默认false，线程池中corePoolSize线程空闲时间达到keepAliveTime也将关闭

不同的使用场景

newFixedThreadPool：

• 底层：返回ThreadPoolExecutor实例，接收参数为所设定线程数量n，corePoolSize和maximumPoolSize均为n；keepAliveTime为0L；时间单位TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS；WorkQueue为：new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>() 无界阻塞队列
• 通俗：创建可容纳固定数量线程的池子，每个线程的存活时间是无限的，当池子满了就不再添加线程了；如果池中的所有线程均在繁忙状态，对于新任务会进入阻塞队列中(无界的阻塞队列)
• 适用：执行长期任务

newSingleThreadExecutor:

• 底层：FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService包装的ThreadPoolExecutor实例，corePoolSize为1；maximumPoolSize为1；keepAliveTime为0L；时间单位TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS；workQueue为：new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>() 无解阻塞队列
• 通俗：创建只有一个线程的线程池，当该线程正繁忙时，对于新任务会进入阻塞队列中(无界的阻塞队列)
• 适用：按顺序执行任务的场景

newCachedThreadPool：

• 底层：返回ThreadPoolExecutor实例，corePoolSize为0；maximumPoolSize为Integer.MAX_VALUE；keepAliveTime为60L；时间单位TimeUnit.SECONDS；workQueue为SynchronousQueue(同步队列)
• 通俗：当有新任务到来，则插入到SynchronousQueue中，由于SynchronousQueue是同步队列，因此会在池中寻找可用线程来执行，若有可以线程则执行，若没有可用线程则创建一个线程来执行该任务；若池中线程空闲时间超过指定时间，则该线程会被销毁。
• 适用：执行很多短期的异步任务

NewScheduledThreadPool:

• 底层：创建ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor实例，该对象继承了ThreadPoolExecutor，corePoolSize为传递来的参数，maximumPoolSize为Integer.MAX_VALUE；keepAliveTime为0；时间单位TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS；workQueue为：new DelayedWorkQueue() 一个按超时时间升序排序的队列
• 通俗：创建一个固定大小的线程池，线程池内线程存活时间无限制，线程池可以支持定时及周期性任务执行，如果所有线程均处于繁忙状态，对于新任务会进入DelayedWorkQueue队列中，这是一种按照超时时间排序的队列结构
• 适用：执行周期性任务

注：

• 一般如果线程池任务队列采用LinkedBlockingQueue队列的话，那么不会拒绝任何任务（因为其大小为Integer.MAX_VALUE），这种情况下，ThreadPoolExecutor最多仅会按照最小线程数corePoolSize来创建线程，也就是说线程池大小被忽略了。
• 如果线程池任务队列采用ArrayBlockingQueue队列，初始化设置了最大队列数。那么ThreadPoolExecutor的maximumPoolSize才会生效，那么ThreadPoolExecutor的maximumPoolSize才会生效会采用新的算法处理任务，
• 例如假定线程池的最小线程数为4，最大为8，ArrayBlockingQueue最大为10。随着任务到达并被放到队列中，线程池中最多运行4个线程（即核心线程数）直到队列完全填满，也就是说等待状态的任务小于等于10，ThreadPoolExecutor也只会利用4个核心线程线程处理任务。
• 如果队列已满，而又有新任务进来，此时才会启动一个新线程，这里不会因为队列已满而拒接该任务，相反会启动一个新线程。新线程会运行队列中的第一个任务，为新来的任务腾出空间。如果线程数已经等于最大线程数，任务队列也已经满了，则线程池会拒绝这个任务，默认拒绝策略是抛出异常。
• 这个算法背的理念是：该池大部分时间仅使用核心线程（4个），即使有适量的任务在队列中等待运行。这时线程池就可以用作节流阀。如果挤压的请求变得非常多，这时该池就会尝试运行更多的线程来清理；这时第二个节流阀—最大线程数就起作用了。

返回类ExecutorService extends Executor

new类ThreadPoolExecutor extends AbstractExecutorService implements ExecutorService extends Executor

 

超负载：拒绝策略

任务数量超过系统承载能力，就需要用到拒绝策略

默认策略：抛出异常，组织系统正常工作

JDK内置的四种拒绝策略

运行未被丢弃的任务；

抛出异常；

默默丢弃无法处理的任务；

丢弃最老的请求；

优化线程池线程数量

考虑CPU和内存大小等因素，公式：

 程序中可以获取CPU数量，也可以在配置中，然后计算并传入