线程池的应用及Callable接口的使用

public interface Executor {

    /**
     * Executes the given command at some time in the future.  The command
     * may execute in a new thread, in a pooled thread, or in the calling
     * thread, at the discretion of the <tt>Executor</tt> implementation.
     *
     * @param command the runnable task
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if this task cannot be
     * accepted for execution.
     * @throws NullPointerException if command is null
     */
    void execute(Runnable command);
}

public interface Executor {

    /**
     * Executes the given command at some time in the future.  The command
     * may execute in a new thread, in a pooled thread, or in the calling
     * thread, at the discretion of the <tt>Executor</tt> implementation.
     *
     * @param command the runnable task
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if this task cannot be
     * accepted for execution.
     * @throws NullPointerException if command is null
     */
    void execute(Runnable command);
}

//接口ExecutorService继承自Executor，它的目的是为我们管理Thread对象，从而简化并发编程
public interface ExecutorService extends Executor {

    <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);

    <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result);

    Future<?> submit(Runnable task);

    ...
}

//接口ExecutorService继承自Executor，它的目的是为我们管理Thread对象，从而简化并发编程
public interface ExecutorService extends Executor {

    <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);
   
    <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result);

    Future<?> submit(Runnable task);
	
    ...   
}

public interface Callable<V> {
    /**
     * Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
     *
     * @return computed result
     * @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
     */
    V call() throws Exception;
}


public interface Runnable {

    public abstract void run();
}

public interface Callable<V> {
    /**
     * Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
     *
     * @return computed result
     * @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
     */
    V call() throws Exception;
}


public interface Runnable {
   
    public abstract void run();
}

public interface Future<V> {

    boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);

    /**
     * Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
     * retrieves its result.
     *
     * @return the computed result
     */
    V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;


    V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}

public interface Future<V> {
    
    boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);    

    /**
     * Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
     * retrieves its result.
     *
     * @return the computed result  
     */
    V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;

   
    V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}

Callable接口和Runnable接口相似，区别就是Callable需要实现call方法，而Runnable需要实现run方法；并且，call方法还可以返回任何对象，无论是什么对象，JVM都会当作Object来处理。但是如果使用了泛型，我们就不用每次都对Object进行转换了。

 

Runnable和Callable都是接口

不同之处：
1.Callable可以返回一个类型V，而Runnable不可以
2.Callable能够抛出checked exception,而Runnable不可以。
3.Runnable是自从java1.1就有了，而Callable是1.5之后才加上去的
4.Callable和Runnable都可以应用于executors。而Thread类只支持Runnable.
上面只是简单的不同，其实这两个接口在用起来差别还是很大的。Callable与executors联合在一起，在任务完成时可立刻获得一个更新了的Future。而Runable却要自己处理

 

  Future接口，一般都是取回Callable执行的状态用的。其中的主要方法：

• cancel，取消Callable的执行，当Callable还没有完成时
• get，获得Callable的返回值
• isCanceled，判断是否取消了
• isDone，判断是否完成

 

用Executor来构建线程池，应该要做的事：

1).调用Executors类中的静态方法newCachedThreadPool(必要时创建新线程，空闲线程会被保留60秒)或newFixedThreadPool(包含固定数量的线程池)等，返回的是一个实现了ExecutorService接口的ThreadPoolExecutor类或者是一个实现了ScheduledExecutorServiece接口的类对象。

2).调用submit提交Runnable或Callable对象。

3).如果想要取消一个任务，或如果提交Callable对象，那就要保存好返回的Future对象。

4).当不再提交任何任务时，调用shutdown方法。

 

举2个例子如下：

package thread.test04;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
public class ThreadTestA {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService e=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        e.execute(new MyRunnableA());
        e.execute(new MyRunnableB());
       e.shutdown();
   }

}

class MyRunnableA implements Runnable{

    public void run(){
        System.out.println("Runnable:run()....");
        int i=0;
        while(i<20){
            i++;
            for(int j=0;j<1000000;j++);
            System.out.println("i="+i);
        }
    }
}

class MyRunnableB implements Runnable{
    public void run(){
        char c='A'-1;
        while(c<'Z'){
            c++;
            for(int j=0;j<1000000;j++);
            System.out.println("c="+c);
        }
    }
}

 

package thread.test04;

import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;

public class ThreadTestB {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService e=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        Future f1=e.submit(new MyCallableA());
        Future f2=e.submit(new MyCallableA());
        Future f3=e.submit(new MyCallableA());
        System.out.println("--Future.get()....");
        try {
            System.out.println(f1.get());
            System.out.println(f2.get());
            System.out.println(f3.get());
        } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
            e1.printStackTrace();
        } catch (ExecutionException e1) {
            e1.printStackTrace();
        }

        e.shutdown();

    }

}

class MyCallableA implements Callable<String>{
    public String call() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("开始执行Callable");
        String[] ss={"zhangsan","lisi"};
        long[] num=new long[2];
        for(int i=0;i<1000000;i++){
            num[(int)(Math.random()*2)]++;
        }

        if(num[0]>num[1]){
            return ss[0];
        }else if(num[0]<num[1]){
            throw new Exception("弃权!");
        }else{
            return ss[1];
        }
    }

}

 来源：http://junlas.iteye.com/blog/846457

/**
 * Factory and utility methods for {@link Executor}, {@link
 * ExecutorService}, {@link ScheduledExecutorService}, {@link
 * ThreadFactory}, and {@link Callable} classes defined in this
 * package. This class supports the following kinds of methods:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li> Methods that create and return an {@link ExecutorService}
 *        set up with commonly useful configuration settings.
 *   <li> Methods that create and return a {@link ScheduledExecutorService}
 *        set up with commonly useful configuration settings.
 *   <li> Methods that create and return a "wrapped" ExecutorService, that
 *        disables reconfiguration by making implementation-specific methods
 *        inaccessible.
 *   <li> Methods that create and return a {@link ThreadFactory}
 *        that sets newly created threads to a known state.
 *   <li> Methods that create and return a {@link Callable}
 *        out of other closure-like forms, so they can be used
 *        in execution methods requiring <tt>Callable</tt>.
 * </ul>
 *
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 */
public class Executors {

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
     * operating off a shared unbounded queue.  At any point, at most
     * <tt>nThreads</tt> threads will be active processing tasks.
     * If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
     * they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
     * If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
     * prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
     * execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will exist
     * until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
     *
     * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>nThreads &lt;= 0</tt>
     */
    public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
     * operating off a shared unbounded queue, using the provided
     * ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed.  At any point,
     * at most <tt>nThreads</tt> threads will be active processing
     * tasks.  If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are
     * active, they will wait in the queue until a thread is
     * available.  If any thread terminates due to a failure during
     * execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if
     * needed to execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will
     * exist until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown
     * shutdown}.
     *
     * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new threads
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>nThreads &lt;= 0</tt>
     */
    public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
                                      threadFactory);
    }

    /**
     * Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
     * off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
     * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
     * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
     * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
     * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
     * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
     * <tt>newFixedThreadPool(1)</tt> the returned executor is
     * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
     *
     * @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
     */
    public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
    }

    /**
     * Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
     * off an unbounded queue, and uses the provided ThreadFactory to
     * create a new thread when needed. Unlike the otherwise
     * equivalent <tt>newFixedThreadPool(1, threadFactory)</tt> the
     * returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use
     * additional threads.
     *
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new
     * threads
     *
     * @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
                                    threadFactory));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
     * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
     * available.  These pools will typically improve the performance
     * of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
     * Calls to <tt>execute</tt> will reuse previously constructed
     * threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
     * thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
     * not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
     * the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
     * not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
     * properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
     * may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
     *
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     */
    public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
     * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
     * available, and uses the provided
     * ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed.
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new threads
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>(),
                                      threadFactory);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands
     * to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * (Note however that if this single
     * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
     * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
     * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
     * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
     * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
     * <tt>newScheduledThreadPool(1)</tt> the returned executor is
     * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
     * @return the newly created scheduled executor
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor() {
        return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
            (new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands
     * to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.  (Note
     * however that if this single thread terminates due to a failure
     * during execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its
     * place if needed to execute subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are
     * guaranteed to execute sequentially, and no more than one task
     * will be active at any given time. Unlike the otherwise
     * equivalent <tt>newScheduledThreadPool(1, threadFactory)</tt>
     * the returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to
     * use additional threads.
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new
     * threads
     * @return a newly created scheduled executor
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
            (new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, threadFactory));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
     * given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
     * even if they are idle.
     * @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>corePoolSize &lt; 0</tt>
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
        return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
     * given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
     * even if they are idle.
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
     * creates a new thread.
     * @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>corePoolSize &lt; 0</tt>
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(
            int corePoolSize, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize, threadFactory);
    }
    ........

    /** Cannot instantiate. */
    private Executors() {}
}