C++ lambda表达式用法

原文：http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd293599.aspx

参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/zhuyp1015/archive/2012/04/08/2438176.html

　　   http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd293603.aspx

C++11引入了lambda表达式，使得程序员可以定义匿名函数，该函数是一次性执行的，既方便了编程，又能防止别人的访问。

Lambda表达式的语法通过下图来介绍：

         这里假设我们定义了一个如上图的lambda表达式。现在来介绍途中标有编号的各个部分是什么意思。

1. Lambda表达式的引入标志，在‘[]’里面可以填入‘=’或‘&’表示该lambda表达式“捕获”（lambda表达式在一定的scope可以访问的数据）的数据时以什么方式捕获的，‘&’表示一引用的方式；‘=’表明以值传递的方式捕获，除非专门指出。
2. Lambda表达式的参数列表
3. Mutable 标识
4. 异常标识
5. 返回值
6. “函数”体，也就是lambda表达式需要进行的实际操作

下面介绍Lambda几种用法：

1、可以直接给auto变量赋值

// declaring_lambda_expressions1.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc /W4
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{

    using namespace std;

    // Assign the lambda expression that adds two numbers to an auto variable.
    auto f1 = [](int x, int y) { return x + y; };

    cout << f1(2, 3) << endl;

    // Assign the same lambda expression to a function object.
    function<int(int, int)> f2 = [](int x, int y) { return x + y; };

    cout << f2(3, 4) << endl;
}

输出结果为：5　　7

2、可以使用传值或引用来“捕获”数据，i采用传值来捕获，所以再次赋值不会改变表达式的运算结果

// declaring_lambda_expressions2.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc /W4
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
   using namespace std;

   int i = 3;
   int j = 5;

   // The following lambda expression captures i by value and
   // j by reference.
   function<int (void)> f = [i, &j] { return i + j; };

   // Change the values of i and j.
   i = 22;
   j = 44;

   // Call f and print its result.
   cout << f() << endl;
}

输出结果：67(相当于44+3);

3、通过给Lambda表达式传递参数，立即调用Lambda表达式

// calling_lambda_expressions1.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
   using namespace std;
   int n = [] (int x, int y) { return x + y; }(5, 4);
   cout << n << endl;
}

4、将Lambda表达式作为函数的参数

// calling_lambda_expressions2.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc /W4
#include <list>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    using namespace std;

    // Create a list of integers with a few initial elements.
    list<int> numbers;
    numbers.push_back(13);
    numbers.push_back(17);
    numbers.push_back(42);
    numbers.push_back(46);
    numbers.push_back(99);

    // Use the find_if function and a lambda expression to find the 
    // first even number in the list.
    const list<int>::const_iterator result = 
        find_if(numbers.begin(), numbers.end(),[](int n) { return (n % 2) == 0; });

    // Print the result.
    if (result != numbers.end()) {
        cout << "The first even number in the list is " << *result << "." << endl;
    } else {
        cout << "The list contains no even numbers." << endl;
    }
}

输出：The first even number in the list is 42.

5、支持嵌套调用

// nesting_lambda_expressions.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc /W4
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    using namespace std;

    // The following lambda expression contains a nested lambda
    // expression.
    int timestwoplusthree = [](int x) { return [](int y) { return y * 2; }(x) + 3; }(5);

    // Print the result.
    cout << timestwoplusthree << endl;
}

输出结果：13

6、higher-order function

// higher_order_lambda_expression.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc /W4
#include <iostream>
#include <functional>

int main()
{
    using namespace std;

    // The following code declares a lambda expression that returns 
    // another lambda expression that adds two numbers. 
    // The returned lambda expression captures parameter x by value.
    auto addtwointegers = [](int x) -> function<int(int)> { 
        return [=](int y) { return x + y; }; 
    };

    // The following code declares a lambda expression that takes another
    // lambda expression as its argument.
    // The lambda expression applies the argument z to the function f
    // and multiplies by 2.
    auto higherorder = [](const function<int(int)>& f, int z) { 
        return f(z) * 2; 
    };

    // Call the lambda expression that is bound to higherorder. 
    auto answer = higherorder(addtwointegers(7), 8);

    // Print the result, which is (7+8)*2.
    cout << answer << endl;
}

7、在方法内使用Lambda表达式

void ApplyScale(const vector<int>& v) const
{
   for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), 
      [this](int n) { cout << n * _scale << endl; });
}

或者

void ApplyScale(const vector<int>& v) const
{
   for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), 
      [=](int n) { cout << n * _scale << endl; });
}

8、和模板一起使用

// template_lambda_expression.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// Negates each element in the vector object. Assumes signed data type.
template <typename T>
void negate_all(vector<T>& v)
{
    for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), [](T& n) { n = -n; });
}

// Prints to the console each element in the vector object.
template <typename T>
void print_all(const vector<T>& v)
{
    for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), [](const T& n) { cout << n << endl; });
}

int main()
{
    // Create a vector of signed integers with a few elements.
    vector<int> v;
    v.push_back(34);
    v.push_back(-43);
    v.push_back(56);

    print_all(v);
    negate_all(v);
    cout << "After negate_all():" << endl;
    print_all(v);
}

输出结果：

34
-43
56
After negate_all():
-34
43
-56
9、处理异常

// eh_lambda_expression.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc /W4
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    // Create a vector that contains 3 elements.
    vector<int> elements(3);

    // Create another vector that contains index values.
    vector<int> indices(3);
    indices[0] = 0;
    indices[1] = -1; // This is not a valid subscript. It will trigger an exception.
    indices[2] = 2;

    // Use the values from the vector of index values to 
    // fill the elements vector. This example uses a 
    // try/catch block to handle invalid access to the 
    // elements vector.
    try
    {
        for_each(indices.begin(), indices.end(), [&](int index) { 
            elements.at(index) = index; 
        });
    }
    catch (const out_of_range& e)
    {
        cerr << "Caught '" << e.what() << "'." << endl;
    };
}

输出结果：Caught 'invalid vector<T> subscript'.