explain关键字
1.explain的用途:
1. 表的读取顺序如何
2. 数据读取操作有哪些操作类型
3. 哪些索引可以使用
4. 哪些索引被实际使用
5. 表之间是如何引用
6. 每张表有多少行被优化器查询 ......
2、explain的执行效果
mysql> explain select * from subject where id = 1 ****************************************************** id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: subject
partitions: NULL
type: const
possible_keys: PRIMARY
key: PRIMARY
key_len: 4
ref: const
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULL ******************************************************
3、explain包含的字段
1. id //select查询的序列号,包含一组数字,表示查询中执行select子句或操作表的顺序
2. select_type //查询类型
3. table //正在访问哪个表
4. partitions //匹配的分区
5. type //访问的类型
6. possible_keys //显示可能应用在这张表中的索引,一个或多个,但不一定实际使用到
7. key //实际使用到的索引,如果为NULL,则没有使用索引
8. key_len //表示索引中使用的字节数,可通过该列计算查询中使用的索引的长度
9. ref //显示索引的哪一列被使用了,如果可能的话,是一个常数,哪些列或常量被用于查找索引列上的值
10. rows //根据表统计信息及索引选用情况,大致估算出找到所需的记录所需读取的行数
11. filtered //查询的表行占表的百分比
12. Extra //包含不适合在其它列中显示但十分重要的额外信息
id字段:
执行顺序从上至下 例子:
explain select subject.* from subject,student_score,teacher where subject.id = student_id and subject.teacher_id = teacher.id;
读取顺序:subject > teacher > student_score
id不同:
如果是子查询,id的序号会递增,id的值越大优先级越高,越先被执行
例子:
explain select score.* from student_score as score where subject_id = (select id from subject where teacher_id = (select id from teacher where id = 2));
读取顺序:teacher > subject > student_score
3.id相同又不同
id如果相同,可以认为是一组,从上往下顺序执行 在所有组中,id值越大,优先级越高,越先执行
例子:
explain select subject.* from subject left join teacher on subject.teacher_id = teacher.id union select subject.* from subject right join teacher on subject.teacher_id = teacher.id;
读取顺序:2.teacher > 2.subject > 1.subject > 1.teacher
(2)select_type字段
1. SIMPLE
简单查询,不包含子查询或Union查询
例子:
explain select subject.* from subject,student_score,teacher where subject.id = student_id and subject.teacher_id = teacher.id;
2. PRIMARY
查询中若包含任何复杂的子部分,最外层查询则被标记为主查询
例子:
explain select score.* from student_score as score where subject_id = (select id from subject where teacher_id = (select id from teacher where id = 2));
3. SUBQUERY
在select或where中包含子查询
例子:
explain select score.* from student_score as score where subject_id = (select id from subject where teacher_id = (select id from teacher where id = 2));
4. DERIVED
在FROM列表中包含的子查询被标记为DERIVED(衍生),MySQL 会递归执行这些子查询,把结果放在临时表中 备注: MySQL5.7+ 进行优化了,增加了derived_merge(派生合并),默认开启,可加快查询效率
5. UNION
若第二个select出现在uion之后,则被标记为UNION
例子:
explain select subject.* from subject left join teacher on subject.teacher_id = teacher.id -> union -> select subject.* from subject right join teacher on subject.teacher_id = teacher.id;
6. UNION RESULT
从UNION表获取结果的select
例子:
explain select subject.* from subject left join teacher on subject.teacher_id = teacher.id union select subject.* from subject right join teacher on subject.teacher_id = teacher.id;
(3)type字段
NULL>system>const>eq_ref>ref>fulltext>ref_or_null>index_merge>unique_subquery>in dex_subquery>range>index>ALL //最好到最差 备注:掌握以下10种常见的即可 NULL>system>const>eq_ref>ref>ref_or_null>index_merge>range>index>ALL
1. NULL
MySQL能够在优化阶段分解查询语句,在执行阶段用不着再访问表或索引,比如通过id没有找到
例子:
explain select min(id) from subject;
2. system
表只有一行记录(等于系统表),这是const类型的特列,平时不大会出现,可以忽略
3. const
表示通过索引一次就找到了,const用于比较primary key或uique索引,因为只匹配一行数据,所以很 快,如主键置于where列表中,MySQL就能将该查询转换为一个常量
例子:
explain select * from teacher where teacher_no = 'T2010001';
4. eq_ref
唯一性索引扫描,对于每个索引键,表中只有一条记录与之匹配,常见于主键或唯一索引扫描
例子:
explain select subject.* from subject left join teacher on subject.teacher_id = teacher.id;
5. ref
非唯一性索引扫描,返回匹配某个单独值的所有行 本质上也是一种索引访问,返回所有匹配某个单独值的行 然而可能会找到多个符合条件的行,应该属于查找和扫描的混合体
例子:
explain select subject.* from subject,student_score,teacher where subject.id = student_id and subject.teacher_id = teacher.id;
6. ref_or_null
类似ref,但是可以搜索值为NULL的行 例子:
explain select * from teacher where name = 'wangsi' or name is null;
7. index_merge
表示使用了索引合并的优化方法 例子: explain select * from teacher where id = 1 or teacher_no = 'T2010001' .
8. range
只检索给定范围的行,使用一个索引来选择行,key列显示使用了哪个索引 一般就是在你的where语句中出现between、<>、in等的查询。
例子: explain select * from subject where id between 1 and 3;
9. index
Full index Scan,Index与All区别:index只遍历索引树,通常比All快 因为索引文件通常比数据文件小,也就是虽然all和index都是读全表,但index是从索引中读取的,而all 是从硬盘读的。
例子:
explain select id from subject;
10. ALL
Full Table Scan,
将遍历全表以找到匹配行
例子: explain select * from subject;