一：consul介绍
consul用于提供服务发现和服务配置的工具。有以下特性：
1. 服务发现
consul的客户端提供一个服务，比如api或者mysql，另外一个客户端就可以去发现指定服务的服务提供者。通过DNS或者HTTP应用程序可以容易找到所依赖的服务
2. 健康检查
consul 可以提供健康检查服务（比如：webserver是否返回了200 ok状态码）或者使用本地节点（比如：内存使用大于90%）。这个信息可以监视集群的健康。可以用来避免将流量发送到不健康的主机
3.key/value 存储
应用程序可以使用consul的层级的key/value存储，比如动态配置，协调服务。直接可以用HTTP API来操作
4.多数据中心
consul支持开箱即用的多数据中心。
二：consul安装配置
consul的安装非常容易，直接到 https://www.consul.io/downloads.html 下载你所在平台的安装包，可以直接下载二进制包， 然后unzip解压，会得到一个 consul 的文件，然后把它 cp 到/usr/local/bin 目录下
验证安装：在终端下直接输入 consul ，输出下面的内容说明安装成功
Usage: consul [--version] [--help] <command> [<args>] Available commands are: agent Runs a Consul agent catalog Interact with the catalog connect Interact with Consul Connect event Fire a new event exec Executes a command on Consul nodes force-leave Forces a member of the cluster to enter the "left" state info Provides debugging information for operators. intention Interact with Connect service intentions join Tell Consul agent to join cluster keygen Generates a new encryption key keyring Manages gossip layer encryption keys kv Interact with the key-value store leave Gracefully leaves the Consul cluster and shuts down lock Execute a command holding a lock maint Controls node or service maintenance mode members Lists the members of a Consul cluster monitor Stream logs from a Consul agent operator Provides cluster-level tools for Consul operators reload Triggers the agent to reload configuration files rtt Estimates network round trip time between nodes snapshot Saves, restores and inspects snapshots of Consul server state validate Validate config files/directories version Prints the Consul version watch Watch for changes in Consul
三：consul启动
完成consul的安装后，必须运行agent. agent可以运行为 server 或者 client模式。还有个开发模式dev。 每个数据中心至少必须拥有一台server。建议在一个集群中有3或者5个server。部署单一server，在出现失败时，会不可避免的出现数据丢失。
以dev模式启动consul
还有一个特殊的运行模式 -dev的模式，命令如下
./consul agent -dev
说明：
-dev 表示开发模式运行，默认客户端地址是在127.0.0.1 上
-dev（该节点的启动不能用于生产环境，因为该模式下不会持久化任何状态），该启动模式仅仅是为了快速便捷的启动单节点consul
以server模式启动consul
consul agent -server -bind=192.168.0.109 -data-dir=/etc/consul.d
其实没有 -server，默认就是以client模式启动的
以client模式启动consul
consul agent -client=0.0.0.0 -bind=192.168.0.109 -data-dir=/etc/consul.d
四：consul的常用命令
https://www.consul.io/docs/commands/index.html 官方命令大全地址
consul常用命令+常用选项
agent
作用：运行一个consul agent
join
作用：将agent加入到consul cluster
members
作用：列出consul cluster集群中的members
常用选项option：
-data-dir
作用：指定agent储存状态的数据目录
这是所有agent都必须的
对于server尤其重要，因为他们必须持久化集群的状态
-config-dir
作用：指定service的配置文件和检查定义所在的位置
通常会指定为"某一个路径/consul.d"（通常情况下，.d表示一系列配置文件存放的目录）
-config-file
作用：指定一个要装载的配置文件
该选项可以配置多次，进而配置多个配置文件（后边的会合并前边的，相同的值覆盖）
-dev
作用：创建一个开发环境下的server节点
该参数配置下，不会有任何持久化操作，即不会有任何数据写入到磁盘
这种模式不能用于生产环境（因为第二条）
-bootstrap-expect
作用：该命令通知consul server我们现在准备加入的server节点个数，该参数是为了延迟日志复制的启动直到我们指定数量的server节点成功的加入后启动。
-node
作用：指定节点在集群中的名称
该名称在集群中必须是唯一的（默认采用机器的host）
推荐：直接采用机器的IP
-bind
作用：指明节点的IP地址
-server
作用：指定节点为server
每个数据中心（DC）的server数推荐为3或5（理想的是，最多不要超过5）
所有的server都采用raft一致性算法来确保事务的一致性和线性化，事务修改了集群的状态，且集群的状态保存在每一台server上保证可用性
server也是与其他DC交互的门面（gateway）
-client
作用：指定节点为client
若不指定为-server，其实就是-client
-join
作用：将节点加入到集群
-domain
-dc
作用：指定机器加入到哪一个dc中
查看consul的命令 ./consul
# ./consul
Usage: consul [--version] [--help] <command> [<args>] Available commands are: acl Interact with Consul's ACLs agent Runs a Consul agent catalog Interact with the catalog connect Interact with Consul Connect debug Records a debugging archive for operators event Fire a new event exec Executes a command on Consul nodes force-leave Forces a member of the cluster to enter the "left" state info Provides debugging information for operators. intention Interact with Connect service intentions join Tell Consul agent to join cluster keygen Generates a new encryption key keyring Manages gossip layer encryption keys kv Interact with the key-value store leave Gracefully leaves the Consul cluster and shuts down lock Execute a command holding a lock maint Controls node or service maintenance mode members Lists the members of a Consul cluster monitor Stream logs from a Consul agent operator Provides cluster-level tools for Consul operators reload Triggers the agent to reload configuration files rtt Estimates network round trip time between nodes services Interact with services snapshot Saves, restores and inspects snapshots of Consul server state tls Builtin helpers for creating CAs and certificates validate Validate config files/directories version Prints the Consul version watch Watch for changes in Consul
查看某一个子命令的使用方法
比如查看 catalog 的使用方法，使用下面的命令：
./consul catalog help
Usage: consul catalog <subcommand> [options] [args]
This command has subcommands for interacting with Consul's catalog. The
catalog should not be confused with the agent, although the APIs and
responses may be similar.
Here are some simple examples, and more detailed examples are available
in the subcommands or the documentation.
List all datacenters:
$ consul catalog datacenters
List all nodes:
$ consul catalog nodes
List all services:
$ consul catalog services
For more examples, ask for subcommand help or view the documentation.
Subcommands:
datacenters Lists all known datacenters
nodes Lists all nodes in the given datacenter
services Lists all registered services in a datacenter
查看组成consul服务的node各种命令
a: 命令行查询
[root@localhost]# ./consul catalog nodes Node ID Address DC localhost.localdomain 901b6ebb 192.168.0.109 dc1
b: http接口查询，用 curl 来查询
[root@localhost ]# curl localhost:8500/v1/catalog/nodes | python -m json.tool % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 256 100 256 0 0 15280 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 16000 [ { "Address": "192.168.0.109", "CreateIndex": 5, "Datacenter": "dc1", "ID": "901b6ebb-8a9b-1930-62e2-65a264ff0fd1", "Meta": { "consul-network-segment": "" }, "ModifyIndex": 6, "Node": "localhost.localdomain", "TaggedAddresses": { "lan": "192.168.0.109", "wan": "192.168.0.109" } } ]
c： 通过dns查询成员node的地址，默认后缀是 node.consul
root@localhost]# dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 192.168.0.109.node.cosul ; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-61.el7 <<>> @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 192.168.0.109.node.cosul ; (1 server found) ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: SERVFAIL, id: 51942 ;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;192.168.0.109.node.cosul. IN A ;; Query time: 0 msec ;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#8600(127.0.0.1) ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 42
五：添加，查询服务：（服务注册，服务发现）
下面我们以dev的模式启动consul
5.1 添加一个服务（也叫 服务注册）
1. 新建一个文件夹 mkdir /etc/consul.d
2. 写入一个json格式信息到 /etc/consul.d/web.json 文件中
echo '{"service": {"name": "web", "tags": ["rails"], "port": 80}}' | sudo tee /etc/consul.d/web.json
3. 重新启动 cosul
consul agent -dev -config-dir=/etc/consul.d
或者通过 api 来注册服务， api是：agent/service:
1. 先编写一个json文件，把它命名为web2.json
vi web2.json
{
"Name": "web2",
"Tags": [
"rails"
],
"Address": "",
"Port": 81,
"ServiceEnableTagOverride": false
}
2. 然后用curl命令把这个json文件通过http接口写入到consul里
curl --request PUT --data @web2.json http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/agent/service/register
查询刚才注册的服务， 看看服务是否注册成功
[root@localhost]# ./consul catalog services
consul
web2
5.2 查询定义服务 （也叫 服务发现）
第一：通过DNS来查询
我们可以用DNS API 来查询服务，服务名默认为： NAME.service.consul
eg1： 查询名字为 web 的服务
dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 web.service.consul
; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;web.service.consul. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: web.service.consul. 0 IN A 127.0.0.1
eg2： 查询名字为 web2 的服务
查询类型要指定为为srv，才能看到服务端口. 我们来查询web2服务
[root@localhost]# dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 web2.service.consul srv ; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-61.el7 <<>> @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 web2.service.consul srv ; (1 server found) ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 43040 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 3 ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;web2.service.consul. IN SRV ;; ANSWER SECTION: web2.service.consul. 0 IN SRV 1 1 81 localhost.localdomain.node.dc1.consul. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: localhost.localdomain.node.dc1.consul. 0 IN A 192.168.0.109 localhost.localdomain.node.dc1.consul. 0 IN TXT "consul-network-segment=" ;; Query time: 0 msec ;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#8600(127.0.0.1) ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 157
第二：通过http接口查询
也可以用HTTP API来查询服务
eg1： 查询 web 服务
curl http://localhost:8500/v1/catalog/service/web | python -m json.tool
[
{
"ID": "5901c710-c6c4-f8f8-a9eb-77e76e39f034",
"Node": "localhost.localdomain",
"Address": "127.0.0.1",
"Datacenter": "dc1",
"TaggedAddresses": {
"lan": "127.0.0.1",
"wan": "127.0.0.1"
},
"NodeMeta": {
"consul-network-segment": ""
},
"ServiceKind": "",
"ServiceID": "web",
"ServiceName": "web",
"ServiceTags": [
"rails"
],
"ServiceAddress": "",
"ServiceMeta": { },
"ServicePort": 80,
"ServiceEnableTagOverride": false,
"ServiceProxyDestination": "",
"ServiceConnect": {
"Native": false,
"Proxy": null
},
"CreateIndex": 10,
"ModifyIndex": 10
}
]
eg2：查询web2服务
curl 命令后面的 python -m json.tool 是格式化返回的json，不然返回就是一串字符串，不便于阅读
[root@localhost]# curl http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/catalog/service/web2 | python -m json.tool % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 542 100 542 0 0 394k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 529k [ { "Address": "192.168.0.109", "CreateIndex": 407, "Datacenter": "dc1", "ID": "901b6ebb-8a9b-1930-62e2-65a264ff0fd1", "ModifyIndex": 407, "Node": "localhost.localdomain", "NodeMeta": { "consul-network-segment": "" }, "ServiceAddress": "", "ServiceConnect": {}, "ServiceEnableTagOverride": false, "ServiceID": "web2", "ServiceKind": "", "ServiceMeta": {}, "ServiceName": "web2", "ServicePort": 81, "ServiceProxy": {}, "ServiceProxyDestination": "", "ServiceTags": [ "rails" ], "ServiceWeights": { "Passing": 1, "Warning": 1 }, "TaggedAddresses": { "lan": "192.168.0.109", "wan": "192.168.0.109" } } ]
5.3 查询服务健康状况
curl http://localhost:8500/v1/health/service/web?passing
[
{
"Node": {
"ID": "5901c710-c6c4-f8f8-a9eb-77e76e39f034",
"Node": "localhost.localdomain",
"Address": "127.0.0.1",
"Datacenter": "dc1",
"TaggedAddresses": {
"lan": "127.0.0.1",
"wan": "127.0.0.1"
},
"Meta": {
"consul-network-segment": ""
},
"CreateIndex": 9,
"ModifyIndex": 10
},
"Service": {
"ID": "web",
"Service": "web",
"Tags": [
"rails"
],
"Address": "",
"Meta": null,
"Port": 80,
"EnableTagOverride": false,
"ProxyDestination": "",
"Connect": {
"Native": false,
"Proxy": null
},
"CreateIndex": 10,
"ModifyIndex": 10
},
"Checks": [
{
"Node": "localhost.localdomain",
"CheckID": "serfHealth",
"Name": "Serf Health Status",
"Status": "passing",
"Notes": "",
"Output": "Agent alive and reachable",
"ServiceID": "",
"ServiceName": "",
"ServiceTags": [ ],
"Definition": { },
"CreateIndex": 9,
"ModifyIndex": 9
}
]
}
]
5.4 查询agent上所有的服务
[root@localhost]# curl http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/agent/services | python -m json.tool % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 298 100 298 0 0 171k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 291k { "web": { "Address": "", "EnableTagOverride": false, "ID": "web", "Meta": {}, "Port": 80, "Service": "web", "Tags": [ "rails" ], "Weights": { "Passing": 1, "Warning": 1 } }, "web2": { "Address": "", "EnableTagOverride": false, "ID": "web2", "Meta": {}, "Port": 81, "Service": "web2", "Tags": [ "rails" ], "Weights": { "Passing": 1, "Warning": 1 } } }
六： 删除服务
删除名字为 web 的服务
curl --request PUT http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/agent/service/deregister/web
七： kv操作
官方地址： https://www.consul.io/api/kv.html
1. 写入一个名为 “key1” 的key， 值为 hello
命令：
curl -X PUT --data "hello" http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/kv/key1
2： 查询 key1：
命令:
# curl http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/kv/key1 |python -m json.tool % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 95 100 95 0 0 77614 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 95000 [ { "CreateIndex": 601, "Flags": 0, "Key": "key1", "LockIndex": 0, "ModifyIndex": 601, "Value": "aGVsbG8=" //base64编码 } ]
3： 查询指定路径下的所有key：
命令：
# curl 127.0.0.1:8500/v1/kv/key1?keys ["key1"]
4：删除key
curl -X DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/kv/key1
八：查看consul中的每一个consul的节点信息
# consul members
Node Address Status Type Build Protocol DC localhost.localdomain 127.0.0.1:8301 alive server 0.7.5 2 dc1
说明：
Address：节点地址
Status：alive表示节点健康
Type：server运行状态是server状态
DC：dc1表示该节点属于DataCenter1
members命令的输出是基于gossip协议的，并且是最终一致的（也就是说，某一个时刻你去运用该命令查到的consul节点的状态信息可能是有误的）
参考：
https://www.consul.io/intro/getting-started/agent.html
https://www.consul.io/docs/index.html
https://book-consul-guide.vnzmi.com/
http://www.liangxiansen.cn/2017/04/06/consul/