Huffman编码

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

struct Node {
    char character;
    unsigned int weight;
    unsigned int parent;
    unsigned int lchild;
    unsigned int rchild;
};

Node *HT = NULL;
char **HC = NULL;
int n = 0;

void CreatHuffmanTree(void);
void CodeHuffman(void);
void Encode(void);
void Decode(void);
void Free(void);
void Select(const int len, int &a, int &b);
int Search(const char &key);

int main(void)
{
    freopen("cin.txt", "r", stdin);
    freopen("cout.txt", "w", stdout);
    while (cout << "请输入字符个数：
", cin >> n) {    //    n>=2
        getchar();                //    吸收回车，防止空格字符的输入异常

        CreatHuffmanTree();        //    建哈夫曼树

        CodeHuffman();            //    为每个字符编码

        Encode();                //    为明文编码

        Decode();                //    从密文译码

        Free();                    //    释放动态分配的空间
    }
    system("pause");// 有用？
    return 0;
}

void CreatHuffmanTree(void)
{
    // weight存放n个字符的权值(均>0)，构造哈夫曼树HT，
    // 并求出n个字符的哈夫曼编码HC
    if (n <= 1)
        return;
    int m = 2 * n - 1;

    HT = (Node *)malloc((m + 1) * sizeof(Node));    //    0号单元未用
    if( HT == NULL) {
        cerr << "Allocate failed!" << endl;
        exit(OVERFLOW);
    }
    memset(HT, 0, (m + 1) * sizeof(Node));

    cout << "请输入各字符及其权值：" << endl;
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        HT[i].character = getchar();
        cin >> HT[i].weight;                        //    输入字符及权值的信息
        getchar();
    }
    cout << n << "个字符及其权值：" << endl;
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        printf("%c(%3d) ", HT[i].character, HT[i].weight);
        if (i % 10 == 0)
            cout << endl;
    }
    cout << endl;

    /*    printf("
哈夫曼树的构造过程如下所示：
");
    printf("HT初态:
  结点  weight  parent  lchild  rchild");
    for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++)
    printf("
%4d%8d%8d%8d%8d", i, HT[i].weight, HT[i].parent, HT[i].lchild, HT[i].rchild);
    printf("    按回车键，继续 ...");
    //    getchar();*/

    for (int i = n + 1; i <= m; i++) {
        // 在HT[1..i-1]中选择parent为0且weight最小的两个结点，
        // 其序号分别为s1和s2。
        int s1(0);
        int s2(0);
        Select(i - 1, s1, s2);
        HT[s1].parent = i;
        HT[s2].parent = i;
        HT[i].lchild = s1;
        HT[i].rchild = s2;
        HT[i].weight = HT[s1].weight + HT[s2].weight;

        /*        printf("
select: s1=%d   s2=%d

", s1, s2);
        printf("  结点  weight  parent  lchild  rchild");
        for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
        printf("
%4d%8d%8d%8d%8d", j, HT[j].weight, HT[j].parent, HT[j].lchild, HT[j].rchild);
        printf("    按回车键，继续 ...");
        //        getchar();*/
    }
}

void CodeHuffman(void)
{
    //--- 从叶子到根逆向求每个字符的哈夫曼编码 ---
    HC = (char **)malloc((n + 1) * sizeof(char *));            //    指针数组
    if (HC == NULL) {
        cerr << "Allocate failed!" << endl;
        exit(OVERFLOW);
    }
    memset(HC, 0, (n + 1) * sizeof(char *));                //    0号单元未用

    char *cd = (char *)malloc(n * sizeof(char));            // 分配求编码的工作空间
    if (cd == NULL) {
        cerr << "Allocate failed!" << endl;
        exit(OVERFLOW);
    }
    memset(cd, 0, n * sizeof(char));                        // 编码结束符。

    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {                            // 逐个字符求哈夫曼编码
        int start = n - 1;                                    // 编码结束符位置
        unsigned int c(0);
        unsigned int f(0);
        for (c = i, f = HT[i].parent; f != 0; c = f, f = HT[f].parent) {                                                        
            if (HT[f].lchild == c)                            // 从叶子到根逆向求编码
                cd[--start] = '0';
            else
                cd[--start] = '1';            
        }

        HC[i] = (char *)malloc((n - start) * sizeof(char));    // 为第i个字符编码分配空间
        if (HC[i] == NULL) {
            cerr << "Allocate failed!" << endl;
            exit(OVERFLOW);
        }

        strcpy(HC[i], &cd[start]);                            // 从cd复制编码(串)到HC
    }
    free(cd);
    cd = NULL;

    printf("

各字符的哈夫曼编码如下：
");
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        printf("%c(%3d): %s
" ,HT[i].character, HT[i].weight, HC[i]);
    }
}

void Encode(void)
{
    cout << "请输入报文：" << endl;
    string str;
    getline(cin, str);
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < str.size(); i++) {
        int loc = Search(str[i]);
        cout << HC[loc] << endl;
    }
    cout << endl;
}

void Decode(void)
{
    cout << "请输入密文：" << endl;
    string str;
    cin >> str;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < str.size();) {
        int cursor = 2 * n - 1;
        while (HT[cursor].lchild != 0 && HT[cursor].rchild != 0) {    //    全非0
            switch (str[i++]) {

            case '0':
                cursor = HT[cursor].lchild;
                break;

            case '1':
                cursor = HT[cursor].rchild;
                break;

            default:
                cerr << "Input error!" << endl;
                exit (1);
            }
        }
        if (!(HT[cursor].lchild == 0 && HT[cursor].rchild == 0)) {    //    此时应是全0
            cerr << "Input error!" << endl;
            exit (1);            
        }
        cout << HT[cursor].character << endl;
    }
}

void Free(void)
{
    free(HT);    //    释放动态分配的空间
    HT = NULL;
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        free(HC[i]);
        HC[i] = NULL;
    }
    free(HC);
    HC = NULL;
}

void Select(const int len, int &a, int &b)
{
    // 在HT[1..len]中选择parent为0且weight最小的两个结点，
    // 其序号分别为a和b。
    for (int i = 1; i <= len; i++) {
        if (HT[i].parent == 0) {
            a = i;
            break;
        }
    }
    for (int i = a + 1; i <= len; i++) {
        if (HT[i].parent == 0) {
            b = i;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (HT[a].weight > HT[b].weight)    //    保持a的始终小于b的，有序
        swap(a, b);
    for (int i = max(a, b) + 1; i <= len; i++) {
        if (HT[i].parent == 0) {
            if (HT[i].weight > HT[b].weight)
                continue;
            else if (HT[i].weight < HT[a].weight) {
                b = a;
                a = i;
            }
            else
                b = i;
        }
    }
    if ( !(HT[a].parent == 0 && HT[b].parent == 0) ) {
        cerr << "Error!" << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
}

int Search(const char &key)        //    找到key在HT中的下标，找不到则返回0
{
    HT[0].character = key;        //    哨兵,顺序查找
    int i;
    for (i = n; HT[i].character != key; --i);
    if (i == 0) {
        cerr << "Inexistence!" << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
    return i;
}

/*
cin.txt:
27
  186
a 64
b 13
c 22
d 32
e 103
f 21
g 15
h 47
i 57
j 1
k 5
l 32
m 20
n 57
o 63
p 15
q 1
r 48
s 51
t 80
u 23
v 8
w 18
x 1
y 16
z 1
this program is my favorite
*/

 输出：

请输入字符个数：
请输入各字符及其权值：
27个字符及其权值：
(186) a( 64) b( 13) c( 22) d( 32) e(103) f( 21) g( 15) h( 47) i( 57)
j( 1) k( 5) l( 32) m( 20) n( 57) o( 63) p( 15) q( 1) r( 48) s( 51)
t( 80) u( 23) v( 8) w( 18) x( 1) y( 16) z( 1)

各字符的哈夫曼编码如下：
(186): 111
a( 64): 1010
b( 13): 100000
c( 22): 00000
d( 32): 10110
e(103): 010
f( 21): 110011
g( 15): 100010
h( 47): 0001
i( 57): 0110
j( 1): 1100001000
k( 5): 11000011
l( 32): 10111
m( 20): 110010
n( 57): 0111
o( 63): 1001
p( 15): 100001
q( 1): 1100001010
r( 48): 0010
s( 51): 0011
t( 80): 1101
u( 23): 00001
v( 8): 1100000
w( 18): 110001
x( 1): 1100001011
y( 16): 100011
z( 1): 1100001001
请输入报文：
1101
0001
0110
0011
111
100001
0010
1001
100010
0010
1010
110010
111
0110
0011
111
110010
100011
111
110011
1010
1100000
1001
0010
0110
1101
010

请输入密文：
请按任意键继续. . .
请输入字符个数：

考研机试题

/**************************************
created:    2014/03/14
filename:    13_07_huffman.cpp
purpose:    Huffman encode
**************************************/

#pragma warning(disable: 4786)
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#include <string>
#include <cmath>
#include <map>
#include <cassert>
using namespace std;

struct Node {
    double weight;
    Node *left;
    Node *right;
    int num;    // 记录输入时的次序，为了按输入顺序输出
    
    Node(double w = 0.0, int n = -1) : weight(w), left(NULL), right(NULL), num(n) {}
    
    bool is_leaf() const {
        return NULL == left && NULL == right;
    }
};

struct Cmp {
    bool operator()(Node *a, Node *b) const {
        return a->weight > b->weight;
    }
};

/*
** 使两个结点成为兄弟，返回他们的父亲的地址
*/
Node * conjoin(Node *left, Node *right) {
    Node *father = new Node(left->weight + right->weight);    // 这里产生的结点都是分支结点
    father->left = left;
    father->right = right;
    
    return father;
}

/*
** 根据优先队列建 Huffman 树
*/
Node * create_tree(priority_queue<Node *, vector<Node *>, Cmp> &Q) {
    while (1 != Q.size()) {
        Node *left = Q.top();
        Q.pop();
        Node *right = Q.top();
        Q.pop();
        Q.push(conjoin(left, right));
    }
    Node *tree = Q.top();
    Q.pop();
    
    return tree;
}

/*
** 前序遍历 Huffman 树得到叶子的编码存储在 code_map 中
*/
void get_code(Node const *const tree, const string str, map<int, string> &code_map) {
    if (NULL == tree) {
        return ;
    }
    if (tree->is_leaf()) {
        code_map[tree->num] = str;
        return ;
    }
    get_code(tree->left, str + "0", code_map);
    get_code(tree->right, str + "1", code_map);
}

/*
** 后序遍历释放树
*/
void free_tree(Node *&tree) {
    if (NULL == tree) {
        return ;
    }
    
    free(tree->left);
    free(tree->right);
    delete tree;
    tree = NULL;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    FILE *in_stream = freopen("7.in", "r", stdin);
    if (NULL == in_stream) {
        cerr << "Can not open file." << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
    FILE *out_stream = freopen("7.out", "w", stdout);
    
    priority_queue<Node *, vector<Node *>, Cmp> Q;
    double elem;
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        cin >> elem;
        Q.push(new Node(elem, i));
    }
    
    Node *tree = create_tree(Q);        // 根据输入数据建 Huffman 树
    assert(Q.empty());
    map<int, string> code_map;
    get_code(tree, string(), code_map);    // 根据 Huffman 树获取 Huffman 编码
    
    for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        cout << code_map[i] << endl;
    }
    
    free_tree(tree);
    
    fclose(in_stream);
    fclose(out_stream);
    
    return 0;
}

/* 7.in
4
0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2
*/