1、新建用户archlinux，要求其家目录为/users/archlinux，而后su切换至archlinux用户，复制/etc/pam.d目录至自己的家目录
创建主目录/users/
[root@centos7 ~]#mkdir /users
创建用户，并指定家目录
[root@centos7 ~]#useradd archlinux -d /users/archlinux
切换用户
[root@centos7 ~]#su archlinux
复制
[archlinux@centos7 ~]$cp -a /etc/pam.d/ /users/archlinux/
2、创建一个至少有两个PV组成的大小为20G的名为testvg的VG；要求PE大小为16MB，而后在卷组中创建大小为5G的逻辑卷testlv；挂载至/users目录
创建两个10G，且类型为LVM的分区
[root@centos7 ~]#fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): n All primary partitions are in use Adding logical partition 6 First sector (174069760-419430399, default 174069760): Using default value 174069760 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (174069760-419430399, default 419430399): +10G Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set Command (m for help): n All primary partitions are in use Adding logical partition 7 First sector (195043328-419430399, default 195043328): Using default value 195043328 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (195043328-419430399, default 419430399): +10G Partition 7 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-7, default 7): 6 Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM' Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-7, default 7): Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM' Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 214.7 GB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0001c749 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sda2 2099200 106956799 52428800 83 Linux /dev/sda3 106956800 169871359 31457280 83 Linux /dev/sda4 169871360 419430399 124779520 5 Extended /dev/sda5 169873408 174067711 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 174069760 195041279 10485760 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda7 195043328 216014847 10485760 8e Linux LVM Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks.
重新读取分区表
[root@centos7 ~]#partprobe /dev/sda
创建物理卷
[root@centos7 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sda6 Physical volume "/dev/sda6" successfully created. [root@centos7 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sda7 Physical volume "/dev/sda7" successfully created.
创建PE大小为16MB的卷组
[root@centos7 ~]#vgcreate -s 16M testvg /dev/sda{6,7}
Volume group "testvg" successfully created
创建大小为5G的逻辑卷
[root@centos7 ~]#lvcreate -L 5G -n testlv testvg Logical volume "testlv" created.
创建ext4文件系统
[root@centos7 ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/testvg/testlv mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks 65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280 40 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
挂载
[root@centos7 ~]#mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/
3、扩展testlv至7G，要求archlinux用户的文件不能丢失
扩展逻辑卷至7G
[root@centos7 ~]#lvextend -L 7G /dev/testvg/testlv Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 5.00 GiB (320 extents) to 7.00 GiB (448 extents). Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized.
同步文件系统
[root@centos7 ~]#resize2fs /dev/testvg/testlv resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem at /dev/testvg/testlv is mounted on /users/archlinux; on-line resizing required old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1 The filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv is now 1835008 blocks long.
4、收缩testlv至3G，要求archlinux用户的文件不能丢失
取消挂载
[root@centos7 ~]#umount /users/
检查文件系统完整性
fsck -f
[root@centos7 ~]#fsck -f /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv fsck from util-linux 2.23.2 e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv: 11/458752 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 67327/1835008 blocks
收缩文件系统
[root@centos7 ~]#resize2fs /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 3G resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv to 786432 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv is now 786432 blocks long.
收缩逻辑卷
[root@centos7 ~]#lvreduce /dev/testvg/testlv -L 3G WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 3.00 GiB. THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce testvg/testlv? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 7.00 GiB (448 extents) to 3.00 GiB (192 extents). Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized.
挂载
[root@centos7 ~]#mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/
5、对testlv创建快照，并尝试基于快照备份数据，验证快照的功能
创建大小为3G、权限为只读的的快照逻辑卷
[root@centos7 ~]#lvcreate -L 1G -s -n testsnap -p r /dev/testvg/testlv Using default stripesize 64.00 KiB. Logical volume "testsnap" created.
创建挂载目录
[root@centos7 ~]#mkdir /mnt/testsnap
挂载
[root@centos7 ~]#mount /dev/testvg/testsnap /mnt/testsnap/ mount: /dev/mapper/testvg-testsnap is write-protected, mounting read-only
取消挂载
[root@centos7 ~]#umount /mnt/testsnap/ /users/
把快照的数据合并到逻辑卷中
[root@centos7 ~]#lvconvert --merge /dev/testvg/testsnap Merging of volume testvg/testsnap started. testlv: Merged: 100.00%
挂载
[root@centos7 ~]#mount /dev/testvg/testlv /users/
6、写一个脚本，完成如下功能：
（1）列出当前系统识别到的所有磁盘设备；
（2）如磁盘数量为1，则显示其空间使用信息，否则，则显示最后一个磁盘上的空间使用信息
[root@centos7 ~]#cat /root/bin/disk.sh #!/bin/bash DISKLIST=`df | grep "^/dev/s[hd].*" | tr -s " " | cut -d " " -f 1` echo $DISKLIST DISKNUM=`df | grep "^/dev/s[hd].*" | wc -l` [ "$DISKNUM" -eq 1 ] && df | grep "^/dev/s[hd].*" | tr -s " " ":" | cut -d ":" -f 1,5 [ "$DISKNUM" -gt 1 ] && df | grep "^/dev/s[hd].*" | tr -s " " ":" | cut -d ":" -f 1,5 | tail -n 1
加执行权限
[root@centos7 ~]#chmod +x /root/bin/disk.sh
运行
[root@centos7 ~]#disk.sh /dev/sda2 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda3 /dev/sda3:1%
7、创建一个可用空间为1G的RAID1设备，文件系统为ext4，有一个空闲盘，开机可自动挂载至/backup目录
创建3个1G，且类型为raid的分区
[root@centos7 ~]#fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): n All primary partitions are in use Adding logical partition 8 First sector (216016896-419430399, default 216016896): Using default value 216016896 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (216016896-419430399, default 419430399): +1G Partition 8 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set Command (m for help): n All primary partitions are in use Adding logical partition 9 First sector (218116096-419430399, default 218116096): Using default value 218116096 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (218116096-419430399, default 419430399): +1G Partition 9 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set Command (m for help): n All primary partitions are in use Adding logical partition 10 First sector (220215296-419430399, default 220215296): Using default value 220215296 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (220215296-419430399, default 419430399): +1G Partition 10 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-10, default 10): 8 Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect' Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-10, default 10): 9 Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect' Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-10, default 10): Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect' Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 214.7 GB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0001c749 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux /dev/sda2 2099200 106956799 52428800 83 Linux /dev/sda3 106956800 169871359 31457280 83 Linux /dev/sda4 169871360 419430399 124779520 5 Extended /dev/sda5 169873408 174067711 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 174069760 195041279 10485760 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda7 195043328 216014847 10485760 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda8 216016896 218114047 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda9 218116096 220213247 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda10 220215296 222312447 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks.
重新读取分区表
[root@centos7 ~]#partprobe /dev/sda
创建raid1
[root@centos7 ~]#mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/sda{8,9,10} mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to store '/boot' on this device please ensure that your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use --metadata=0.90 Continue creating array? y mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
为raid设备创建ext4文件系统
[root@centos7 ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 65536 inodes, 261888 blocks 13094 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=268435456 8 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (4096 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
创建挂载目录/backup
[root@centos7 ~]#mkdir /backup
挂载关系写入文件
[root@centos7 ~]#echo "UUID=915c0b4f-c35f-48c4-9f51-810585ee71f4 /backup ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
自动挂载
[root@centos7 ~]#mount -a
创建raid配置文件
[root@centos7 ~]#mdadm -Ds /dev/md0 >> /etc/mdadm.conf