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  • Entity Framework 6 Recipes 2nd Edition(9-4)译->Web API 的客户端实现修改跟踪

    9-4. Web API 的客户端实现修改跟踪

    问题

    我们想通过客户端更新实体类,调用基于REST的Web API 服务实现把一个对象图的插入、删除和修改等数据库操作。此外, 我们想通过EF6的Code First方式实现对数据的访问。

    本例,我们模拟一个N层场景,用单独的控制台应用程序作为客户端,调用Web API服务(web api项目)。

    注:每个层用一个单独的解决方案,这样有助于调试和模拟N层应用。

    解决方案

    假设我们一个如Figure 9-4.所示模型

    Figure 9-4. A 客户和电话模型

     

    我们的模型展示了客户与对应的电话信息.我们把模型和数据库代码封装至Web Api服务之后,让客户端利用HTTP来插入,更新,删除对象。

    以下步骤建立服务项目::

    1.新建ASP.NET MVC 4 Web 应用程序,在向导中选择Web API模板,把项目命名为: Recipe4.Service.

    2.向项目添加一个新的WEB API控制器,名为: CustomerController.

    3. 添加如Listing 9-19所示的BaseEntity类,作为实体类的基类和枚举类型的TrackingState.基类包含TrackingState属性,客户端通过它操纵实体对象, 它接受一个TrackingState枚举值

    注意: TrackingState不会持久化到数据库

    创建我们自己的内部跟踪状态枚举是为了让客户端保存实体状态,这是EF的跟踪状态所需要的。DbContext 文件OnModelCreating方法里不映射TrackingState属性到数据库

    Listing 9-19. Entity Base Class and TrackingState Enum Type

        public class BaseEntity

        {

            protected BaseEntity()

            {

                TrackingState = TrackingState.Nochange;

            }

            public TrackingState TrackingState { get; set; }

          

        }

        public enum TrackingState

        {

            Nochange,

            Add,

            Update,

            Remove,

    }

    4. 添加Listing 9-20所示的Customer 和Phone实体类

    Listing 9-20. Customer and Phone Entity Classes

        public class Customer:BaseEntity

    {

            public Customer()

            {

                Phones = new HashSet<Phone>();

        }

            public int CustomerId { get; set; }

            public string Name { get; set; }

            public string Company { get; set; }

            public virtual ICollection<Phone> Phones { get; set; }

    }

    public class Phone :BaseEntity

        {

            public int PhoneId { get; set; }

            public string Number { get; set; }

            public string PhoneType { get; set; }

            public int CustomerId { get; set; }

            public virtual Customer Customer { get; set; }

     

    }

    5. 添加EF6的引用。最好是借助 NuGet 包管理器来添加。在”引用”上右击,选择”管理 NuGet 程序包.从“联机”标签页,定位并安装EF6包。这样将会下载,安装并配置好EF6库到你的项目中.

    6. 添加类,名为:Recipe4Context, 键入 Listing 9-21 里的代码,

    确保它继承自 DbContext 类. 注意EF6的“不映射基类型”的配置,我们定义一个”ignore“规范,指定不映射的属性。

    ■■注意

    =======================================================================

    R owan Martin,微软的EF团队主管发布了一篇名为Configuring Unmapped Base Types的博客: http://romiller.com/2013/01/29/ef6-code-first-configuringunmapped-base-types/. 也请认真阅读Rowan的其它在EF上杰出的博客文章。

    =======================================================================

    Listing 9-21. Context Class

        public class Recipe4Context:DbContext

        {

            public Recipe4Context() : base("Recipe4ConnectionString") { }

            public DbSet<Customer> Customers { get; set; }

            public DbSet<Phone> Phones { get; set; }

     

            protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)

            {

                //不要把TrackingState 属性持久化,它只是用来跟踪与Web api服务脱离的实体的状态

                //该属性定义在基类里。

                modelBuilder.Types<BaseEntity>().Configure(x => x.Ignore(y => y.TrackingState));

                modelBuilder.Entity<Customer>().ToTable("Chapter9.Customer");

                modelBuilder.Entity<Phone>().ToTable("Chapter9.Phone");

            }

    }

    7. 把Listing 9-22所示的 “ Recipe4ConnectionString “连接字符串添加到Web.Config 文件的ConnectionStrings 节里.

    Listing 9-22. Connection string for the Recipe1 Web API Service

    <connectionStrings>

        <add name="Recipe4ConnectionString"

                      connectionString="Data Source=.;

                      Initial Catalog=EFRecipes;

                      Integrated Security=True;

                      MultipleActiveResultSets=True"

                      providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />

    </connectionStrings>

    8. 把Listing 9-23里的代码添加到Global.asax 文件的Application_Start 方法里. 该代码禁止EF进行模型兼容性检查,和JSON忽略序列时对象循环引用的问题。

    Listing 9-23. Disable the Entity Framework Model Compatibility Check

    protected void Application_Start()

           {

                //禁止EF进行模型兼容性检查

                Database.SetInitializer<Recipe4Context>(null);

    //使JSON序列化器忽略循环引用的问题    GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Formatters.JsonFormatter.SerializerSettings.ReferenceLoopHandling

                         = Newtonsoft.Json.ReferenceLoopHandling.Ignore;

    ...

    }

    9. 添加一个类,名为: EntityStateFactory,插入Listing 9-24里的代码。该工厂类会把客户端TrackingState状态枚举值转译成EF里的实体状态.

    Listing 9-24. Customer Web API Controller

    public class EntityStateFactory

        {

            public static EntityState Set(TrackingState trackingState)

            {

                switch (trackingState)

                {

            

                    case TrackingState.Add:

                        return EntityState.Added;

                    case TrackingState.Update:

                        return EntityState.Modified;

                    case TrackingState.Remove:

                        return EntityState.Deleted;

                    default:

                        return EntityState.Unchanged;

                }

            }

    }

    最后, 用Listing 9-25里的代码替换CustomerController里的。

    Listing 9-25. Customer Web API Controller

    public class CustomerController : ApiController

        {

            // GET api/customer

            public IEnumerable<Customer> Get()

            {

                using (var context = new Recipe4Context())

                {

                    return context.Customers.Include(x => x.Phones).ToList();

                }

            }

     

            // GET api/customer/5

            public Customer Get(int id)

            {

                using (var context = new Recipe4Context())

                {

                    return context.Customers.Include(x => x.Phones).FirstOrDefault(x => x.CustomerId == id);

                }

            }

     

            [ActionName("Update")]

            public HttpResponseMessage UpdateCustomer(Customer customer)

            {

                using (var context = new Recipe4Context())

                {

                    context.Customers.Add(customer);

                    //把对象图添加到Context(状态为Added),然后它在客户端被设置的基数状态枚举值翻译成相应的实体状态

                    //(包括父与子实体,也就是customer和phone)

                    foreach (var entry in context.ChangeTracker.Entries<BaseEntity>())

                    {

                        entry.State = EntityStateFactory.Set(entry.Entity.TrackingState);

                        if (entry.State == EntityState.Modified)

                        {

                            //先把实体状态设为'Unchanged'

                            //再让实体的原始副本等于从数据库里获取的副本

                            //这亲,EF就会跟踪每个属性的状态,会标志出被修改过的属性

                            entry.State = EntityState.Unchanged;

                            var databaseValues = entry.GetDatabaseValues();

                            entry.OriginalValues.SetValues(databaseValues);

                        }

                    }

                    context.SaveChanges();

                }

                return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK, customer);

            }

     

            [HttpDelete]

            [ActionName("Cleanup")]

            public HttpResponseMessage Cleanup()

            {

                using (var context = new Recipe4Context())

                {

                    context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("delete from chapter9.phone");

                    context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("delete from chapter9.customer");

                    return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);

                }

            }

    }

    10. 接下来新建一个解决方案,新建一个Recipe4.Client控制台应用程序,让它来调用上面创建的服务。

    11. 用Listing 9-26.代码替换program.cs 里的代码

    Listing 9-26. Our Windows Console Application That Serves as Our Test Client

        class Program

        {

            private HttpClient _client;

            private Customer _bush, _obama;

            private Phone _whiteHousePhone, _bushMobilePhone, _obamaMobilePhone;

            private HttpResponseMessage _response;

     

            static void Main(string[] args)

            {

                Task t = Run();

                t.Wait();

                Console.WriteLine(" press <enter>to continue...");

                Console.ReadLine();

            }

     

            private static async Task Run()

            {

                var program = new Program();

                program.ServiceSetup();

                //等待Cleanup执行结束

                await program.CleanupAsync();

                program.CreateFirstCustomer();

                //等待AddCustomerAsync执行结束

                await program.AddCustomerAsync();

                program.CreateSecondCustomer();

                //等待AddSecondCustomerAsync执行结束

                await program.AddSecondCustomerAsync();

                //等待RemoveFirstCustomerAsync执行结束

                await program.RemoveFirstCustomerAsync();

                //等待FetchCustomersAsync执行结束

                await program.FetchCustomersAsync();

     

            }

     

            private void ServiceSetup()

            {

                //初始化对WEB API服务调用的对象

                _client = new HttpClient { BaseAddress = new Uri("http://localhost:6658/") };

                //添加头部信息,设为可JSON的类型

                _client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));

            }

     

            private async Task CleanupAsync()

            {

                //调用服务端的cleanup

                _response = await _client.DeleteAsync("api/customer/cleanup/");

            }

     

            private void CreateFirstCustomer()

            {

                //创建1号客户和他的两个电话

                _bush = new Customer

                {

                    Name = "George Bush",

                    Company = "Ex President",

                    //设置状态为Add,以告知服务端该实体是新增的

                    TrackingState = TrackingState.Add,

                };

                _whiteHousePhone = new Phone

                {

                    Number = "212 222-2222",

                    PhoneType = "White House Red Phone",

                    //设置状态为Add,以告知服务端该实体是新增的

                    TrackingState = TrackingState.Add,

                };

                _bushMobilePhone = new Phone

                {

                    Number = "212 333-3333",

                    PhoneType = "Bush Mobile Phone",

                    //设置状态为Add,以告知服务端该实体是新增的

                    TrackingState = TrackingState.Add,

                };

                _bush.Phones.Add(_whiteHousePhone);

                _bush.Phones.Add(_bushMobilePhone);

            }

     

            private async Task AddCustomerAsync()

            {

                //构造对服务端UpdateCustomer的调用

                _response = await _client.PostAsync("api/customer/updatecustomer/", _bush,

                    new JsonMediaTypeFormatter());

                if (_response.IsSuccessStatusCode)

                {

                    //获取在服务端新创建的包含实际ID值的实体

                    _bush = await _response.Content.ReadAsAsync<Customer>();

                    _whiteHousePhone = _bush.Phones.FirstOrDefault(x => x.CustomerId == _bush.CustomerId);

                    _bushMobilePhone = _bush.Phones.FirstOrDefault(x => x.CustomerId == _bush.CustomerId);

                    Console.WriteLine("Successfully created Customer {0} and {1} Phone Number(s)",

                        _bush.Name, _bush.Phones.Count);

                    foreach (var phoneType in _bush.Phones)

                    {

                        Console.WriteLine("Added Phone Type:{0}", phoneType.PhoneType);

                    }

                }

                else

                {

                    Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1})", (int)_response.StatusCode, _response.ReasonPhrase);

                }

            }

            private void CreateSecondCustomer()

            {

                //创建第二号客户和他的电话

                _obama = new Customer

                {

                    Name = "Barack Obama",

                    Company = "President",

                    //设置状态为Add,以告知服务端该实体是新增的

                    TrackingState = TrackingState.Add,

                };

                _obamaMobilePhone = new Phone

                {

                    Number = "212 444-4444",

                    PhoneType = "Obama Mobile Phone",

                    //设置状态为Add,以告知服务端该实体是新增的

                    TrackingState = TrackingState.Add,

                };

                //设置状态为update,以告知服务端实体是修改的

                _whiteHousePhone.TrackingState = TrackingState.Update;

                _obama.Phones.Add(_obamaMobilePhone);

                _obama.Phones.Add(_whiteHousePhone);

            }

            private async Task AddSecondCustomerAsync()

            {

                //构造调用服务端UpdateCustomer的请求

                _response = await _client.PostAsync("api/customer/updatecustomer/",

                    _obama, new JsonMediaTypeFormatter());

                if (_response.IsSuccessStatusCode)

                {

                    //获取服务端新建的含有正确ID的实体

                    _obama = await _response.Content.ReadAsAsync<Customer>();

                    _whiteHousePhone = _bush.Phones.FirstOrDefault(x => x.CustomerId == _obama.CustomerId);

                    _bushMobilePhone = _bush.Phones.FirstOrDefault(x => x.CustomerId == _obama.CustomerId);

                    Console.WriteLine("Successfully created Customer {0} and {1} Phone Numbers(s)",

                                _obama.Name, _obama.Phones.Count);

                    foreach (var phoneType in _obama.Phones)

                    {

                        Console.WriteLine("Added Phone Type: {0}", phoneType.PhoneType);

                    }

                }

                else

                {

                    Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1})", (int)_response.StatusCode, _response.ReasonPhrase);

                }

            }

     

            private async Task RemoveFirstCustomerAsync()

            {

                //从数据库中删除George Bush(客户)

                //先获取George Bush实体,用包含一个参数的请求调用服务端的get方法

                var query = "api/customer/" + _bush.CustomerId;

                _response = _client.GetAsync(query).Result;

                if (_response.IsSuccessStatusCode)

                {

                    _bush = await _response.Content.ReadAsAsync<Customer>();

                    //标志实体为Remove,告知服务端应该删除它

                    _bush.TrackingState = TrackingState.Remove;

                    //由于在删除父实体前必须删除子实体,所以必须删除它的电话

                    foreach (var phoneType in _bush.Phones)

                    {

                        //标志实体为Remove,告知服务端应该删除它

                        phoneType.TrackingState = TrackingState.Remove;

                    }

                    _response = await _client.PostAsync("api/customer/updatecustomer/",

                        _bush, new JsonMediaTypeFormatter());

                    if (_response.IsSuccessStatusCode)

                    {

                        Console.WriteLine("Removed {0} from database", _bush.Name);

                        foreach (var phoneType in _bush.Phones)

                        {

                            Console.WriteLine("Remove {0} from data store", phoneType.PhoneType);

                        }

                    }

                    else

                    {

                        Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1})", (int)_response.StatusCode, _response.ReasonPhrase);

                    }

                }

                else

                {

                    Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1})", (int)_response.StatusCode, _response.ReasonPhrase);

                }

            }

     

            private async Task FetchCustomersAsync()

            {

                //获取所有现存的客户及对应的电话

                _response = await _client.GetAsync("api/customer");

                if (_response.IsSuccessStatusCode)

                {

                    var customers = await _response.Content.ReadAsAsync<IEnumerable<Customer>>();

                    foreach (var customer in customers)

                    {

                        Console.WriteLine("Customer {0} has {1} Phone Numbers(s)",

                                customer.Name, customer.Phones.Count());

                        foreach (var phoneType in customer.Phones)

                        {

                            Console.WriteLine("Phone Type: {0}", phoneType.PhoneType);

                        }

                    }

                }

                else

                {

                    Console.WriteLine("{0} ({1})", (int)_response.StatusCode, _response.ReasonPhrase);

                }

            }

    }//end class program

    12. 最后,添加与服务端同样的Customer, Phone, BaseEntity, 和TrackingState(同Listing 9-19 and 9-20).

    下面Listing 9-26是控制台的输出结果:

    ===================================================================

    Successfully created Customer Geroge Bush and 2 Phone Numbers(s)

    Added Phone Type: White House Red Phone

    Added Phone Type: Bush Mobile Phone

    Successfully created Customer Barrack Obama and 2 Phone Numbers(s)

    Added Phone Type: Obama Mobile Phone

    Added Phone Type: White House Red Phone

    Removed Geroge Bush from database

    Remove Bush Mobile Phone from data store

    Customer Barrack Obama has 2 Phone Numbers(s)

    Phone Type: White House Red Phone

    Phone Type: Obama Mobile Phone

    ===================================================================

    它是如何工作的?

    首先启动Web API应用程序. 当看到首页就服务已经可用,接着打开控制台应用程序,在. program.cs首行代码前加断点,运行,我们首先创建与Web API管道连接并配置头部多媒体信息类型,使它请求可以接收JSON格式.接着用HttpClient的DeleteAsyn请求,调用服务端的Cleanup方法,从而清除数据库里之前保存的结果。

    接下来我们创建一个新的Customer和两个phone对象,注意我们是如何明确地为每个实体设置它的TrackingState属性来告诉EF状态跟踪为每个实体产生什么样的SQL语句。

    接着利用httpclient的PostAsync方法调用服务端的UpdateCustomer方法.如果你在WEB API项目的控制器的UpdateCustomer 方法前加断点,你会看到该方法参数接收到一个Customer 对象,然后它立刻添加到context 对象里,指定实体为added,并会跟踪它的状态。

    有兴的是:我们接着钩住context对象比较隐蔽的DbChangeTracker属性

    DbChangeTracker用<DbEntityEntry>的方式为实体暴露一个常用的Ienumerable类型. 我们简单地分配基类的EntityType 属性给它,能这么做是因为我们所有的实体都是继承自BaseEntity

    . 每次循环我们都调用一次EntityStateFactory的Set方法,来确定实体的状态,如果EntityType属性值为Add,则实体状态为Added, 如果EntityType属性值为Update, 则实体状态为Modified,如果实体状态为Modified,我们需要做些额外的处理,我们先把实体状态从Modified改为Unchanged

    然后调用GetDatabaseValues 方法,获得数据库的值版本,然后赋给实体的OriginalValues ,这个EF跟踪引擎会检测到实体的哪个属性的原始值与当前值不同,并把这些属性状态设为modified

    . 随后的 SaveChanges 操作将会仅更新这些修改过的属性,并生成相应的SQL语句。

    再看客户端程序,演示了通过设置TrackingState属性来添加,修改,和删除实体对象

    服务端的UpdateCustomer方法简单地把TrackingState翻译成了实体的状态,cotext对象会根据这些状态产生相应的SQL语句。

    在本小节,我们看到了,可以将EF的数据操作封装到Web API 服务里。客户端可以通过HttpClient对象调用这些服务. 让所有实体继承于一个拥有TrackingState属性的基类,客户端通过设置这个属性,让服务端的EF跟踪引擎生成对应的SQL语句。

    在实际应用中,我们可能更喜欢创建一个新的层(Visual Studio 类库),把EF的数据操作从WEB API服务里分离出来,作为一个单独的层。

    本节更重要的是,我们不难做到让客户端使用普通的类型来跟踪实体的变化. 而这个功能可重用于我们其它的项目。

    附:创建示例用到的数据库的脚本文件

    kid1412声明:转载请把此段声明完整地置于文章页面明显处,并保留个人在博客园的链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/kid1412/(可点击跳转)。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/kid1412/p/5140776.html
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