以前遇到了 not in 子查询的一个 null 陷阱,有经验的朋友可能知道怎么回事了,用代码来说就是:
-- 创建两张测试表: create table tmp01 as with tmp as ( select 1 as id from dual union all select 2 from dual union all select 3 from dual union all select null from dual ) select * from tmp; create table tmp02 as with tmp as ( select 1 as id from dual union all select 2 from dual union all select null from dual ) select * from tmp;
我现在想知道表tmp01有哪些id值不在tmp02中,于是我随手就写了一条语句:
select id from tmp01 where id not in ( select id from tmp02 )
我期望的结果是:
ID ---------- 3
但实际结果却是:
no rows selected
近日读到了dinjun123的大作《符合列NULL问题的研究》,终于静下心来想想这个问题。
通常使用 not in / not exists 的场景是希望得到两个集合的“差集”,与真正的差集又略有不同,后文将会提到,一般的写法有两种:
select id from tmp01 where id not in ( select id from tmp02 ) select id from tmp01 where not exists ( select 1 from tmp02 where tmp02.id=tmp01.id )
正如上文提到的例子,第一条语句没有可返回的行(no rows selected),第二条语句返回了结果是:
ID ---------- (null) 3
为什么第一个没有结果呢?
我们可以将第一条语句重写为:
select id from tmp01 where id<>1 and id<>2 and id<>null
id=1或者2的时候很好理解,当id=3的时候,id<>null 的判断结果是UNKNOW,注意不是false,where子句只认true,其他都不认,所以tmp01中没有一个值经过 id<>1 and id<>2 and id<>null 这个长长的条件判断后能获得true,也就不会有结果集返回了。
那第二条语句为什么返回的结果是两条呢?3容易理解,null为什么也在结果集中呢?明明tmp02中有null值的啊,我们仔细看一下子查询的where 子句 tmp02.id=tmp01.id,我们再逐个值来跟踪一下,这里我用笛卡尔乘积来获得结果:
set pagesize 6; select tmp01.id "tmp01.id" , tmp02.id "tmp02.id" , (select case when count(*)>0 then ' Yes ' else ' No ' end from dual where tmp01.id=tmp02.id) "Result Exists?" from tmp01,tmp02 order by 1,2
结果如下:
tmp01.id tmp02.id Result Exists? ---------- ---------- --------------- 1 1 Yes 1 2 No 1 (null) No tmp01.id tmp02.id Result Exists? ---------- ---------- --------------- 2 1 No 2 2 Yes 2 (null) No tmp01.id tmp02.id Result Exists? ---------- ---------- --------------- 3 1 No 3 2 No 3 (null) No tmp01.id tmp02.id Result Exists? ---------- ---------- --------------- (null) 1 No (null) 2 No (null) (null) No
从结果来看有这么一个规律:只要 null 参与了比较,Result Exists? 就一定为NO(因为结果是UNKNOW),这个也是关于 null 的基本知识,这就解析了为什么第二条语句的输出是两行。
从上面的分析,我们可以“窥视”出 in/not in 的结果是依赖于“=”等值判断的结果;exists/not exists 虽然是判断集合是否为空,但通常里面的子查询做的是值判断。
知道了造成结果集出乎意料的原因,我们就可以修改我们的SQL了,为了测试方便,将原来的表tmp01和tmp02改名:
rename tmp01 to tmp01_with_null; rename tmp02 to tmp02_with_null;
我们看看测试用例:
test case id tmp01 has null tmp01 has null result has null ------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- 1 true true false 2 true false true 3 false true false 4 false false false
其中test case 4 就是打酱油的,只要SQL没有写错,一般不会出问题。
最终,SQL语句改写为:
-- not in 求差集 with tmp01 as ( select id from tmp01_with_null --where id is not null ), tmp02 as ( select id from tmp02_with_null --where id is not null ) -- start here select id from tmp01 where id not in ( select id from tmp02 where id is not null ) -- 以下是新加的,应付 test case 2 union all select null from dual where exists ( select 1 from tmp01 where id is null ) and not exists ( select 1 from tmp02 where id is null ) -- not exists 求差集 with tmp01 as ( select id from tmp01_with_null --where id is not null ), tmp02 as ( select id from tmp02_with_null --where id is not null ) -- start here select id from tmp01 where not exists ( select 1 from tmp02 where (tmp02.id=tmp01.id) -- 这行是新加的,应付 test case 1 or (tmp02.id is null and tmp01.id is null ) )
写了这么多,有人会提议使用minus操作符:
with tmp01 as ( select id from tmp01_with_null --where id is not null ), tmp02 as ( select id from tmp02_with_null --where id is not null ) -- start here select id from tmp01 minus select id from tmp02
貌似语句很简单,但是结果确不一样,请看下面这条语句:
with tmp01 as ( select id from tmp01_with_null --where id is not null union all -- 注意这里,现在tmp01已经有重复行了 select id from tmp01_with_null -- 注意这里,现在tmp01已经有重复行了 ), tmp02 as ( select id from tmp02_with_null --where id is not null ) -- start here select 'minus ' as sql_op,id from tmp01 minus select 'minus ',id from tmp02 union all -- not in select 'not in',id from tmp01 where id not in ( select id from tmp02 where id is not null ) union all select 'not in',null from dual where exists ( select 1 from tmp01 where id is null ) and not exists ( select 1 from tmp02 where id is null ) union all -- not exists select 'not exists',id from tmp01 where not exists ( select 1 from tmp02 where (tmp02.id=tmp01.id) -- 这行是新加的,应付 test case 1 or (tmp02.id is null and tmp01.id is null ) );
SQL_OP ID ---------- ---------- minus 3 not in 3 not in 3 not exists 3 not exists 3
minus消灭了重复行!这就是前文所说的 not in 和 not exists 并非真正意义上的差集。
刚在博问中发现有位朋友遇到了这个陷阱 一个sql 语句in not in 的问题,不知道大家见到过吗?