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  • Java CompletableFuture 详解

          Future是Java 5添加的类,用来描述一个异步计算的结果。你可以使用isDone方法检查计算是否完成,或者使用get阻塞住调用线程,直到计算完成返回结果,你也可以使用cancel方法停止任务的执行。

    public class BasicFuture {
        public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
            ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
            Future<Integer> f = es.submit(() ->{
                    // 长时间的异步计算
                    // ……
                    // 然后返回结果
                    return 100;
                });
    //        while(!f.isDone())
    //            ;
            f.get();
        }
    }
    

          虽然Future以及相关使用方法提供了异步执行任务的能力,但是对于结果的获取却是很不方便,只能通过阻塞或者轮询的方式得到任务的结果。阻塞的方式显然和我们的异步编程的初衷相违背,轮询的方式又会耗费无谓的CPU资源,而且也不能及时地得到计算结果。为什么不能用观察者设计模式当计算结果完成及时通知监听者呢?

          在Java 8中, 新增加了一个包含50个方法左右的类: CompletableFuture提供了非常强大的Future的扩展功能,可以帮助我们简化异步编程的复杂性,提供了函数式编程的能力,可以通过回调的方式处理计算结果,并且提供了转换和组合CompletableFuture的方法。CompletableFuture类实现了CompletionStageFuture接口,所以你还是可以像以前一样通过阻塞或者轮询的方式获得结果,尽管这种方式不推荐使用。

           1、 runAsync 和 supplyAsync方法

                 CompletableFuture 提供了四个静态方法来创建一个异步操作。

    public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable)
    public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)
    public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)
    public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)

             没有指定Executor的方法会使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool() 作为它的线程池执行异步代码。如果指定线程池,则使用指定的线程池运行。以下所有的方法都类同。

            runAsync方法不支持返回值。它是以Runnable函数式接口类型为参数,所以CompletableFuture的计算结果为空。

            supplyAsync可以支持返回值。它是以Supplier<U>函数式接口类型为参数,CompletableFuture的计算结果类型为U

        示例     

    //无返回值
    public static void runAsync() throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            }
            System.out.println("run end ...");
        });
        
        future.get();
    }
    
    //有返回值
    public static void supplyAsync() throws Exception {         
        CompletableFuture<Long> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            }
            System.out.println("run end ...");
            return System.currentTimeMillis();
        });
    
        long time = future.get();
        System.out.println("time = "+time);
    }

    2 、计算完成时的回调方法

          当CompleteableFuture的计算结果完成,或者抛出异常的时候,可以执行特定的action。主要是下面的方法:

    public CompletableFuture<T> whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
    public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
    public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action, Executor executor)
    public CompletableFuture<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable,? extends T> fn)

    whenComplete 和 whenCompleteAsync 的区别:
        whenComplete:是执行当前任务的线程执行继续执行 whenComplete 的任务。
        whenCompleteAsync:是执行把 whenCompleteAsync 这个任务继续提交给线程池来进行执行。

    示例

    public static void whenComplete() throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            }
            if(new Random().nextInt()%2>=0) {
                int i = 12/0;
            }
            System.out.println("run end ...");
        });
        
        future.whenComplete(new BiConsumer<Void, Throwable>() {
            @Override
            public void accept(Void t, Throwable action) {
                System.out.println("执行完成!");
            }
            
        });
        future.exceptionally(new Function<Throwable, Void>() {
            @Override
            public Void apply(Throwable t) {
                System.out.println("执行失败!"+t.getMessage());
                return null;
            }
        });
        
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
    }

    3、 thenApply 方法

          当一个线程依赖另一个线程时,可以使用 thenApply 方法来把这两个线程串行化。      

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)
    

    Function<? super T,? extends U>
        T:上一个任务返回结果的类型
        U:当前任务的返回值类型

    示例

    private static void thenApply() throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<Long> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Long>() {
            @Override
            public Long get() {
                long result = new Random().nextInt(100);
                System.out.println("result1="+result);
                return result;
            }
        }).thenApply(new Function<Long, Long>() {
            @Override
            public Long apply(Long t) {
                long result = t*5;
                System.out.println("result2="+result);
                return result;
            }
        });
        
        long result = future.get();
        System.out.println(result);
    }

    第二个任务依赖第一个任务的结果。

    4、 handle 方法

        handle 是执行任务完成时对结果的处理。
        handle 方法和 thenApply 方法处理方式基本一样。不同的是 handle 是在任务完成后再执行,还可以处理异常的任务。thenApply 只可以执行正常的任务,任务出现异常则不执行 thenApply 方法。

    public <U> CompletionStage<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn,Executor executor);

    示例

    public static void handle() throws Exception{
        CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
    
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int i= 10/0;
                return new Random().nextInt(10);
            }
        }).handle(new BiFunction<Integer, Throwable, Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer apply(Integer param, Throwable throwable) {
                int result = -1;
                if(throwable==null){
                    result = param * 2;
                }else{
                    System.out.println(throwable.getMessage());
                }
                return result;
            }
         });
        System.out.println(future.get());
    }
    

          从示例中可以看出,在 handle 中可以根据任务是否有异常来进行做相应的后续处理操作。而 thenApply 方法,如果上个任务出现错误,则不会执行 thenApply 方法。

    5、 thenAccept 消费处理结果

          接收任务的处理结果,并消费处理,无返回结果。

    public CompletionStage<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);

    示例

    public static void thenAccept() throws Exception{
        CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                return new Random().nextInt(10);
            }
        }).thenAccept(integer -> {
            System.out.println(integer);
        });
        future.get();
    }

    从示例代码中可以看出,该方法只是消费执行完成的任务,并可以根据上面的任务返回的结果进行处理。并没有后续的输出操作。

    6、thenRun 方法

          跟 thenAccept 方法不一样的是,不关心任务的处理结果。只要上面的任务执行完成,就开始执行 thenAccept 。      

    public CompletionStage<Void> thenRun(Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action,Executor executor);

    示例

    public static void thenRun() throws Exception{
        CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                return new Random().nextInt(10);
            }
        }).thenRun(() -> {
            System.out.println("thenRun ...");
        });
        future.get();
    }

           该方法同 thenAccept 方法类似。不同的是上个任务处理完成后,并不会把计算的结果传给 thenRun 方法。只是处理完任务后,执行 thenAccept 的后续操作。

    7、thenCombine 合并任务

            thenCombine 会把 两个 CompletionStage 的任务都执行完成后,把两个任务的结果一块交给 thenCombine 来处理。

    public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
    public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
    public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn,Executor executor);

    示例

    private static void thenCombine() throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<String> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<String>() {
            @Override
            public String get() {
                return "hello";
            }
        });
        CompletableFuture<String> future2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<String>() {
            @Override
            public String get() {
                return "hello";
            }
        });
        CompletableFuture<String> result = future1.thenCombine(future2, new BiFunction<String, String, String>() {
            @Override
            public String apply(String t, String u) {
                return t+" "+u;
            }
        });
        System.out.println(result.get());
    }

    8、thenAcceptBoth

    当两个CompletionStage都执行完成后,把结果一块交给thenAcceptBoth来进行消耗

    public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
    public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
    public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action,     Executor executor);
    

    示例

    private static void thenAcceptBoth() throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                try {
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("f1="+t);
                return t;
            }
        });
            
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                try {
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("f2="+t);
                return t;
            }
        });
        f1.thenAcceptBoth(f2, new BiConsumer<Integer, Integer>() {
            @Override
            public void accept(Integer t, Integer u) {
                System.out.println("f1="+t+";f2="+u+";");
            }
        });
    }

    9、applyToEither 方法

            两个CompletionStage,谁执行返回的结果快,我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的转化操作。

    public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn,Executor executor);

    示例

    private static void applyToEither() throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                try {
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("f1="+t);
                return t;
            }
        });
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                try {
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("f2="+t);
                return t;
            }
        });
        
        CompletableFuture<Integer> result = f1.applyToEither(f2, new Function<Integer, Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer apply(Integer t) {
                System.out.println(t);
                return t * 2;
            }
        });
    
        System.out.println(result.get());
    }

    10、acceptEither 方法

           两个CompletionStage,谁执行返回的结果快,我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的消耗操作。

    public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);

    示例

    private static void acceptEither() throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                try {
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("f1="+t);
                return t;
            }
        });
            
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                try {
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("f2="+t);
                return t;
            }
        });
        f1.acceptEither(f2, new Consumer<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public void accept(Integer t) {
                System.out.println(t);
            }
        });
    }

    11、runAfterEither 方法

    两个CompletionStage,任何一个完成了都会执行下一步的操作(Runnable)

    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);

    示例

    private static void runAfterEither() throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                try {
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("f1="+t);
                return t;
            }
        });
            
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                try {
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("f2="+t);
                return t;
            }
        });
        f1.runAfterEither(f2, new Runnable() {
            
            @Override
            public void run() {
                System.out.println("上面有一个已经完成了。");
            }
        });
    }

    12、runAfterBoth

    两个CompletionStage,都完成了计算才会执行下一步的操作(Runnable)

    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);

    示例

    private static void runAfterBoth() throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                try {
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("f1="+t);
                return t;
            }
        });
            
        CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public Integer get() {
                int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                try {
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("f2="+t);
                return t;
            }
        });
        f1.runAfterBoth(f2, new Runnable() {
            
            @Override
            public void run() {
                System.out.println("上面两个任务都执行完成了。");
            }
        });
    }

    13、thenCompose 方法

    thenCompose 方法允许你对两个 CompletionStage 进行流水线操作,第一个操作完成时,将其结果作为参数传递给第二个操作。

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenCompose(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn);
    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn) ;
    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn, Executor executor) ;

    示例

    private static void thenCompose() throws Exception {
            CompletableFuture<Integer> f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
                @Override
                public Integer get() {
                    int t = new Random().nextInt(3);
                    System.out.println("t1="+t);
                    return t;
                }
            }).thenCompose(new Function<Integer, CompletionStage<Integer>>() {
                @Override
                public CompletionStage<Integer> apply(Integer param) {
                    return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() {
                        @Override
                        public Integer get() {
                            int t = param *2;
                            System.out.println("t2="+t);
                            return t;
                        }
                    });
                }
                
            });
            System.out.println("thenCompose result : "+f.get());
        }

    辅助方法 allOf 和 anyOf

            前面我们已经介绍了几个静态方法:completedFuturerunAsyncsupplyAsync,下面介绍的这两个方法用来组合多个CompletableFuture。

    public static CompletableFuture<Void> 	    allOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)
    public static CompletableFuture<Object> 	anyOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)
    

    allOf方法是当所有的CompletableFuture都执行完后执行计算。

    anyOf方法是当任意一个CompletableFuture执行完后就会执行计算,计算的结果相同。

          下面的代码运行结果有时是100,有时是"abc"。但是anyOfapplyToEither不同。anyOf接受任意多的CompletableFuture但是applyToEither只是判断两个CompletableFuture,anyOf返回值的计算结果是参数中其中一个CompletableFuture的计算结果,applyToEither返回值的计算结果却是要经过fn处理的。当然还有静态方法的区别,线程池的选择等。

    Random rand = new Random();
    CompletableFuture<Integer> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(10000 + rand.nextInt(1000));
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return 100;
    });
    CompletableFuture<String> future2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(10000 + rand.nextInt(1000));
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return "abc";
    });
    //CompletableFuture<Void> f =  CompletableFuture.allOf(future1,future2);
    CompletableFuture<Object> f =  CompletableFuture.anyOf(future1,future2);
    System.out.println(f.get());
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/laomumu/p/12386971.html
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