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  • Android Handler处理机制 ( 二 ) ——Handler,Message,Looper,MessageQueue

    Android是消息驱动的,实现消息驱动有几个要素:

    1. 消息的表示:Message
    2. 消息队列:MessageQueue
    3. 消息循环,用于循环取出消息进行处理:Looper
    4. 消息处理,消息循环从消息队列中取出消息后要对消息进行处理:Handler

    平时我们最常使用的就是Message与Handler了,如果使用过HandlerThread或者自己实现类似HandlerThread的东 西可能还会接触到Looper,而MessageQueue是Looper内部使用的,对于标准的SDK,我们是无法实例化并使用的(构造函数是包可见 性)。

    我们平时接触到的Looper、Message、Handler都是用JAVA实现的,Android做为基于Linux的系统,底层用C、C++ 实现的,而且还有NDK的存在,消息驱动的模型怎么可能只存在于JAVA层,实际上,在Native层存在与Java层对应的类如Looper、 MessageQueue等。

     初始化消息队列

    首先来看一下如果一个线程想实现消息循环应该怎么做,以HandlerThread为例:

    复制代码
    public void run() {
        mTid = Process.myTid();
        Looper.prepare();
        synchronized (this) {
            mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
            notifyAll();
        }
        Process.setThreadPriority(mPriority);
        onLooperPrepared();
        Looper.loop();
        mTid = -1;
    } 
    复制代码

    主要是红色标明的两句,首先调用prepare初始化MessageQueue与Looper,然后调用loop进入消息循环。先看一下Looper.prepare。

    复制代码
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }
    
    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }
    复制代码

    重载函数,quitAllowed默认为true,从名字可以看出来就是消息循环是否可以退出,默认是可退出的,Main线程(UI线程)初始化消 息循环时会调用prepareMainLooper,传进去的是false。使用了ThreadLocal,每个线程可以初始化一个Looper。

    再来看一下Looper在初始化时都做了什么:

    复制代码
    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mRun = true;
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }
    
    MessageQueue(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQuitAllowed = quitAllowed;
        nativeInit();
    } 
    复制代码

    在Looper初始化时,新建了一个MessageQueue的对象保存了在成员mQueue中。MessageQueue的构造函数是包可见性,所以我们是无法直接使用的,在MessageQueue初始化的时候调用了nativeInit,这是一个Native方法:

    复制代码
    static void android_os_MessageQueue_nativeInit(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj) {
        NativeMessageQueue* nativeMessageQueue = new NativeMessageQueue();
        if (!nativeMessageQueue) {
            jniThrowRuntimeException(env, "Unable to allocate native queue");
            return;
        }
    
        nativeMessageQueue->incStrong(env);
        android_os_MessageQueue_setNativeMessageQueue(env, obj, nativeMessageQueue);
    }
    
    static void android_os_MessageQueue_setNativeMessageQueue(JNIEnv* env, jobject messageQueueObj,
            NativeMessageQueue* nativeMessageQueue) {
        env->SetIntField(messageQueueObj, gMessageQueueClassInfo.mPtr,
                 reinterpret_cast<jint>(nativeMessageQueue));
    }
    复制代码

    在nativeInit中,new了一个Native层的MessageQueue的对象,并将其地址保存在了Java层MessageQueue 的成员mPtr中,Android中有好多这样的实现,一个类在Java层与Native层都有实现,通过JNI的GetFieldID与 SetIntField把Native层的类的实例地址保存到Java层类的实例的mPtr成员中,比如Parcel。

    再看NativeMessageQueue的实现:

    复制代码
    NativeMessageQueue::NativeMessageQueue() : mInCallback(false), mExceptionObj(NULL) {
        mLooper = Looper::getForThread();
        if (mLooper == NULL) {
            mLooper = new Looper(false);
            Looper::setForThread(mLooper);
        }
    }
    复制代码

    在NativeMessageQueue的构造函数中获得了一个Native层的Looper对象,Native层的Looper也使用了线程本地存储,注意new Looper时传入了参数false。

    复制代码
    Looper::Looper(bool allowNonCallbacks) :
            mAllowNonCallbacks(allowNonCallbacks), mSendingMessage(false),
            mResponseIndex(0), mNextMessageUptime(LLONG_MAX) {
        int wakeFds[2];
        int result = pipe(wakeFds);
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "Could not create wake pipe.  errno=%d", errno);
    
        mWakeReadPipeFd = wakeFds[0];
        mWakeWritePipeFd = wakeFds[1];
    
        result = fcntl(mWakeReadPipeFd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "Could not make wake read pipe non-blocking.  errno=%d",
                errno);
    
        result = fcntl(mWakeWritePipeFd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "Could not make wake write pipe non-blocking.  errno=%d",
                errno);
    
        // Allocate the epoll instance and register the wake pipe.
        mEpollFd = epoll_create(EPOLL_SIZE_HINT);
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mEpollFd < 0, "Could not create epoll instance.  errno=%d", errno);
    
        struct epoll_event eventItem;
        memset(& eventItem, 0, sizeof(epoll_event)); // zero out unused members of data field union
        eventItem.events = EPOLLIN;
        eventItem.data.fd = mWakeReadPipeFd;
        result = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, mWakeReadPipeFd, & eventItem);
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != 0, "Could not add wake read pipe to epoll instance.  errno=%d",
                errno);
    }
    复制代码

    Native层的Looper使用了epoll。初始化了一个管道,用mWakeWritePipeFd与mWakeReadPipeFd分别保存 了管道的写端与读端,并监听了读端的EPOLLIN事件。注意下初始化列表的值,mAllowNonCallbacks的值为false。

    mAllowNonCallback是做什么的?使用epoll仅为了监听mWakeReadPipeFd的事件?其实Native Looper不仅可以监听这一个描述符,Looper还提供了addFd方法:

    int addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, ALooper_callbackFunc callback, void* data);
    int addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, const sp<LooperCallback>& callback, void* data);

    fd表示要监听的描述符。ident表示要监听的事件的标识,值必须>=0或者为 ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK(-2),event表示要监听的事件,callback是事件发生时的回调函 数,mAllowNonCallbacks的作用就在于此,当mAllowNonCallbacks为true时允许callback为NULL,在 pollOnce中ident作为结果返回,否则不允许callback为空,当callback不为NULL时,ident的值会被忽略。还是直接看代 码方便理解:

    复制代码
    int Looper::addFd(int fd, int ident, int events, const sp<LooperCallback>& callback, void* data) {
    #if DEBUG_CALLBACKS
        ALOGD("%p ~ addFd - fd=%d, ident=%d, events=0x%x, callback=%p, data=%p", this, fd, ident,
                events, callback.get(), data);
    #endif
        if (!callback.get()) {
            if (! mAllowNonCallbacks) {
                ALOGE("Invalid attempt to set NULL callback but not allowed for this looper.");
                return -1;
            }
            if (ident < 0) {
                ALOGE("Invalid attempt to set NULL callback with ident < 0.");
                return -1;
            }
        } else {
            ident = ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK;
        }
    
        int epollEvents = 0;
        if (events & ALOOPER_EVENT_INPUT) epollEvents |= EPOLLIN;
        if (events & ALOOPER_EVENT_OUTPUT) epollEvents |= EPOLLOUT;
    
        { // acquire lock
            AutoMutex _l(mLock);
    
            Request request;
            request.fd = fd;
            request.ident = ident;
            request.callback = callback;
            request.data = data;
    
            struct epoll_event eventItem;
            memset(& eventItem, 0, sizeof(epoll_event)); // zero out unused members of data field union
            eventItem.events = epollEvents;
            eventItem.data.fd = fd;
    
            ssize_t requestIndex = mRequests.indexOfKey(fd);
            if (requestIndex < 0) {
                int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, & eventItem);
                if (epollResult < 0) {
                    ALOGE("Error adding epoll events for fd %d, errno=%d", fd, errno);
                    return -1;
                }
                mRequests.add(fd, request);
            } else {
                int epollResult = epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, fd, & eventItem);
                if (epollResult < 0) {
                    ALOGE("Error modifying epoll events for fd %d, errno=%d", fd, errno);
                    return -1;
                }
                mRequests.replaceValueAt(requestIndex, request);
            }
        } // release lock
        return 1;
    }
    复制代码

    如果callback为空会检查mAllowNonCallbacks看是否允许callback为空,如果允许callback为空还会检测 ident是否>=0。如果callback不为空会把ident的值赋值为ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK,不管传进来的是什么值。

    接下来把传进来的参数值封装到一个Request结构体中,并以描述符为键保存到一个KeyedVector mRequests中,然后通过epoll_ctl添加或替换(如果这个描述符之前有调用addFD添加监听)对这个描述符事件的监听。

    类图:

      

    发送消息

    通过Looper.prepare初始化好消息队列后就可以调用Looper.loop进入消息循环了,然后我们就可以向消息队列发送消息,消息循环就会取出消息进行处理,在看消息处理之前,先看一下消息是怎么被添加到消息队列的。

    在Java层,Message类表示一个消息对象,要发送消息首先就要先获得一个消息对象,Message类的构造函数是public的,但是不建 议直接new Message,Message内部保存了一个缓存的消息池,我们可以用obtain从缓存池获得一个消息,Message使用完后系统会调用 recycle回收,如果自己new很多Message,每次使用完后系统放入缓存池,会占用很多内存的,如下所示:

    复制代码
        public static Message obtain() {
            synchronized (sPoolSync) {
                if (sPool != null) {
                    Message m = sPool;
                    sPool = m.next;
                    m.next = null;
                    sPoolSize--;
                    return m;
                }
            }
            return new Message();
        }
    
        public void recycle() {
            clearForRecycle();
    
            synchronized (sPoolSync) {
                if (sPoolSize < MAX_POOL_SIZE) {
                    next = sPool;
                    sPool = this;
                    sPoolSize++;
                }
            }
        }
    复制代码

    Message内部通过next成员实现了一个链表,这样sPool就了为了一个Messages的缓存链表。

    消息对象获取到了怎么发送呢,大家都知道是通过Handler的post、sendMessage等方法,其实这些方法最终都是调用的同一个方法sendMessageAtTime:

    复制代码
        public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
            MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
            if (queue == null) {
                RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                        this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
                Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
                return false;
            }
            return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
        } 
    复制代码

    sendMessageAtTime获取到消息队列然后调用enqueueMessage方法,消息队列mQueue是从与Handler关联的Looper获得的。

    复制代码
        private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
            msg.target = this;
            if (mAsynchronous) {
                msg.setAsynchronous(true);
            }
            return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
        }
    复制代码

    enqueueMessage将message的target设置为当前的handler,然后调用MessageQueue的 enqueueMessage,在调用queue.enqueueMessage之前判断了mAsynchronous,从名字看是异步消息的意思,要明 白Asynchronous的作用,需要先了解一个概念Barrier。

    Barrier与Asynchronous Message

    Barrier是什么意思呢,从名字看是一个拦截器,在这个拦截器后面的消息都暂时无法执行,直到这个拦截器被移除了,MessageQueue有一个函数叫enqueueSyncBarier可以添加一个Barrier。

    复制代码
        int enqueueSyncBarrier(long when) {
            // Enqueue a new sync barrier token.
            // We don't need to wake the queue because the purpose of a barrier is to stall it.
            synchronized (this) {
                final int token = mNextBarrierToken++;
                final Message msg = Message.obtain();
                msg.arg1 = token;
    
                Message prev = null;
                Message p = mMessages;
                if (when != 0) {
                    while (p != null && p.when <= when) {
                        prev = p;
                        p = p.next;
                    }
                }
                if (prev != null) { // invariant: p == prev.next
                    msg.next = p;
                    prev.next = msg;
                } else {
                    msg.next = p;
                    mMessages = msg;
                }
                return token;
            }
        }
    复制代码

    在enqueueSyncBarrier中,obtain了一个Message,并设置msg.arg1=token,token仅是一个每次调用 enqueueSyncBarrier时自增的int值,目的是每次调用enqueueSyncBarrier时返回唯一的一个token,这个 Message同样需要设置执行时间,然后插入到消息队列,特殊的是这个Message没有设置target,即msg.target为null。

    进入消息循环后会不停地从MessageQueue中取消息执行,调用的是MessageQueue的next函数,其中有这么一段:

    复制代码
    Message msg = mMessages;
    if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
        // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
        do {
            prevMsg = msg;
            msg = msg.next;
        } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
    }
    复制代码

    如果队列头部的消息的target为null就表示它是个Barrier,因为只有两种方法往mMessages中添加消息,一种是 enqueueMessage,另一种是enqueueBarrier,而enqueueMessage中如果mst.target为null是直接抛异 常的,后面会看到。

    所谓的异步消息其实就是这样的,我们可以通过enqueueBarrier往消息队列中插入一个Barrier,那么队列中执行时间在这个 Barrier以后的同步消息都会被这个Barrier拦截住无法执行,直到我们调用removeBarrier移除了这个Barrier,而异步消息则 没有影响,消息默认就是同步消息,除非我们调用了Message的setAsynchronous,这个方法是隐藏的。只有在初始化Handler时通过 参数指定往这个Handler发送的消息都是异步的,这样在Handler的enqueueMessage中就会调用Message的 setAsynchronous设置消息是异步的,从上面Handler.enqueueMessage的代码中可以看到。

     所谓异步消息,其实只有一个作用,就是在设置Barrier时仍可以不受Barrier的影响被正常处理,如果没有设置Barrier,异步消息就与同步消息没有区别,可以通过removeSyncBarrier移除Barrier:

    复制代码
    void removeSyncBarrier(int token) {
        // Remove a sync barrier token from the queue.
        // If the queue is no longer stalled by a barrier then wake it.
        final boolean needWake;
        synchronized (this) {
            Message prev = null;
            Message p = mMessages;
            while (p != null && (p.target != null || p.arg1 != token)) {
                prev = p;
                p = p.next;
            }
            if (p == null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The specified message queue synchronization "
                        + " barrier token has not been posted or has already been removed.");
            }
            if (prev != null) {
                prev.next = p.next;
                needWake = false;
            } else {
                mMessages = p.next;
                needWake = mMessages == null || mMessages.target != null;
            }
            p.recycle();
        }
        if (needWake) {
            nativeWake(mPtr);
        }
    }
    复制代码

    参数token就是enqueueSyncBarrier的返回值,如果没有调用指定的token不存在是会抛异常的。

    enqueueMessage

    接下来看一下是怎么MessageQueue的enqueueMessage。

    复制代码
        final boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
            if (msg.isInUse()) {
                throw new AndroidRuntimeException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
            }
            if (msg.target == null) {
                throw new AndroidRuntimeException("Message must have a target.");
            }
    
            boolean needWake;
            synchronized (this) {
                if (mQuiting) {
                    RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                            msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                    Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e);
                    return false;
                }
    
                msg.when = when;
                Message p = mMessages;
                if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                    // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                    msg.next = p;
                    mMessages = msg;
                    needWake = mBlocked;
                } else {
                    // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                    // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                    // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                    needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                    Message prev;
                    for (;;) {
                        prev = p;
                        p = p.next;
                        if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                            break;
                        }
                        if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                            needWake = false;
                        }
                    }
                    msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                    prev.next = msg;
                }
            }
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
            return true;
        }
    复制代码

    注意上面代码红色的部分,当msg.target为null时是直接抛异常的。

    在enqueueMessage中首先判断,如果当前的消息队列为空,或者新添加的消息的执行时间when是0,或者新添加的消息的执行时间比消息 队列头的消息的执行时间还早,就把消息添加到消息队列头(消息队列按时间排序),否则就要找到合适的位置将当前消息添加到消息队列。

    Native发送消息

    消息模型不只是Java层用的,Native层也可以用,前面也看到了消息队列初始化时也同时初始化了Native层的Looper与 NativeMessageQueue,所以Native层应该也是可以发送消息的。与Java层不同的是,Native层是通过Looper发消息的, 同样所有的发送方法最终是调用sendMessageAtTime:

    复制代码
    void Looper::sendMessageAtTime(nsecs_t uptime, const sp<MessageHandler>& handler,
            const Message& message) {
    #if DEBUG_CALLBACKS
        ALOGD("%p ~ sendMessageAtTime - uptime=%lld, handler=%p, what=%d",
                this, uptime, handler.get(), message.what);
    #endif
    
        size_t i = 0;
        { // acquire lock
            AutoMutex _l(mLock);
    
            size_t messageCount = mMessageEnvelopes.size();
            while (i < messageCount && uptime >= mMessageEnvelopes.itemAt(i).uptime) {
                i += 1;
            }
    
            MessageEnvelope messageEnvelope(uptime, handler, message);
            mMessageEnvelopes.insertAt(messageEnvelope, i, 1);
    
            // Optimization: If the Looper is currently sending a message, then we can skip
            // the call to wake() because the next thing the Looper will do after processing
            // messages is to decide when the next wakeup time should be.  In fact, it does
            // not even matter whether this code is running on the Looper thread.
            if (mSendingMessage) {
                return;
            }
        } // release lock
    
        // Wake the poll loop only when we enqueue a new message at the head.
        if (i == 0) {
            wake();
        }
    }
    复制代码

     Native Message只有一个int型的what字段用来区分不同的消息,sendMessageAtTime指定了Message,Message要执行的时 间when,与处理这个消息的Handler:MessageHandler,然后用MessageEnvelope封装了time, MessageHandler与Message,Native层发的消息都保存到了mMessageEnvelopes 中,mMessageEnvelopes是一个Vector<MessageEnvelope>。Native层消息同样是按时间排序,与 Java层的消息分别保存在两个队列里。

    消息循环

    消息队列初始化好了,也知道怎么发消息了,下面就是怎么处理消息了,看Handler.loop函数:

    复制代码
        public static void loop() {
            final Looper me = myLooper();
            if (me == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
            }
            final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
    
            // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
            // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
            Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    
            for (;;) {
                Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
                if (msg == null) {
                    // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                    return;
                }
    
                // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
                Printer logging = me.mLogging;
                if (logging != null) {
                    logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                            msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
                }
    
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
    
                if (logging != null) {
                    logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
                }
    
                // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
                // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
                final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                if (ident != newIdent) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                            + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                            + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                            + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                            + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
                }
    
                msg.recycle();
            }
        }
    复制代码

    loop每次从MessageQueue取出一个Message,调用 msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg),target就是发送message时跟message关联的handler,这样就 调用到了熟悉的dispatchMessage,Message被处理后会被recycle。当queue.next返回null时会退出消息循环,接下 来就看一下MessageQueue.next是怎么取出消息的,又会在什么时候返回null。

    复制代码
    final Message next() {
            int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
            int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
    
            for (;;) {
                if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                    Binder.flushPendingCommands();
                }
                nativePollOnce(mPtr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
    
                synchronized (this) {
                    if (mQuiting) {
                        return null;
                    }
    
                    // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                    final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                    Message prevMsg = null;
                    Message msg = mMessages;
                    if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                        // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                        do {
                            prevMsg = msg;
                            msg = msg.next;
                        } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                    }
                    if (msg != null) {
                        if (now < msg.when) {
                            // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                            nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                        } else {
                            // Got a message.
                            mBlocked = false;
                            if (prevMsg != null) {
                                prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                            } else {
                                mMessages = msg.next;
                            }
                            msg.next = null;
                            if (false) Log.v("MessageQueue", "Returning message: " + msg);
                            msg.markInUse();
                            return msg;
                        }
                    } else {
                        // No more messages.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                    }
    
                    // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                    // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                    // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                    if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                            && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                        pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                    }
                    if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                        // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                        mBlocked = true;
                        continue;
                    }
    
                    if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                        mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                    }
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
                }
    
                // Run the idle handlers.
                // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
                for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                    final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                    mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
    
                    boolean keep = false;
                    try {
                        keep = idler.queueIdle();
                    } catch (Throwable t) {
                        Log.wtf("MessageQueue", "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                    }
    
                    if (!keep) {
                        synchronized (this) {
                            mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                        }
                    }
                }
    
                // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
                pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
    
                // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
                // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
                nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
            }
        }
    复制代码

    MessageQueue.next首先会调用nativePollOnce,然后如果mQuiting为true就返回null,Looper就会退出消息循环。

    接下来取消息队列头部的消息,如果头部消息是Barrier(target==null)就往后遍历找到第一个异步消息,接下来检测获取到的消息 (消息队列头部的消息或者第一个异步消息),如果为null表示没有消息要执行,设置nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;否则检测这个消息要执行的时间,如果到执行时间了就将这个消息markInUse并从消息队列移除,然后从next返回到loop;否则设置 nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE),即距离最近要执行的消息还需要多久,无论是当前消息队列没有消息可以执行(设置了Barrier并且没有异步消息 或消息队列为空)还是队列头部的消息未到执行时间,都会执行后面的代码,看有没有设置IdleHandler,如果有就运行IdleHandler,当 IdleHandler被执行之后会设置nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0。

    首先看一下nativePollOnce,native方法,调用JNI,最后调到了Native Looper::pollOnce,并从Java层传进去了nextPollTimeMillis,即Java层的消息队列中执行时间最近的消息还要多久到执行时间。

    复制代码
    int Looper::pollOnce(int timeoutMillis, int* outFd, int* outEvents, void** outData) {
        int result = 0;
        for (;;) {
            while (mResponseIndex < mResponses.size()) {
                const Response& response = mResponses.itemAt(mResponseIndex++);
                int ident = response.request.ident;
                if (ident >= 0) {
                    int fd = response.request.fd;
                    int events = response.events;
                    void* data = response.request.data;
    #if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
                    ALOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - returning signalled identifier %d: "
                            "fd=%d, events=0x%x, data=%p",
                            this, ident, fd, events, data);
    #endif
                    if (outFd != NULL) *outFd = fd;
                    if (outEvents != NULL) *outEvents = events;
                    if (outData != NULL) *outData = data;
                    return ident;
                }
            }
    
            if (result != 0) {
    #if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
                ALOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - returning result %d", this, result);
    #endif
                if (outFd != NULL) *outFd = 0;
                if (outEvents != NULL) *outEvents = 0;
                if (outData != NULL) *outData = NULL;
                return result;
            }
    
            result = pollInner(timeoutMillis);
        }
    }
    复制代码

    先不看开始的一大串代码,先看一下pollInner:

    复制代码
    int Looper::pollInner(int timeoutMillis) {
    #if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
        ALOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - waiting: timeoutMillis=%d", this, timeoutMillis);
    #endif
    
        // Adjust the timeout based on when the next message is due.
        if (timeoutMillis != 0 && mNextMessageUptime != LLONG_MAX) {
            nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
            int messageTimeoutMillis = toMillisecondTimeoutDelay(now, mNextMessageUptime);
            if (messageTimeoutMillis >= 0
                    && (timeoutMillis < 0 || messageTimeoutMillis < timeoutMillis)) {
                timeoutMillis = messageTimeoutMillis;
            }
    #if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
            ALOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - next message in %lldns, adjusted timeout: timeoutMillis=%d",
                    this, mNextMessageUptime - now, timeoutMillis);
    #endif
        }
    
        // Poll.
        int result = ALOOPER_POLL_WAKE;
        mResponses.clear();
        mResponseIndex = 0;
    
        struct epoll_event eventItems[EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS];
        int eventCount = epoll_wait(mEpollFd, eventItems, EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, timeoutMillis);
    
        // Acquire lock.
        mLock.lock();
    
        // Check for poll error.
        if (eventCount < 0) {
            if (errno == EINTR) {
                goto Done;
            }
            ALOGW("Poll failed with an unexpected error, errno=%d", errno);
            result = ALOOPER_POLL_ERROR;
            goto Done;
        }
    
        // Check for poll timeout.
        if (eventCount == 0) {
    #if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
            ALOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - timeout", this);
    #endif
            result = ALOOPER_POLL_TIMEOUT;
            goto Done;
        }
    
        // Handle all events.
    #if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
        ALOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - handling events from %d fds", this, eventCount);
    #endif
    
        for (int i = 0; i < eventCount; i++) {
            int fd = eventItems[i].data.fd;
            uint32_t epollEvents = eventItems[i].events;
            if (fd == mWakeReadPipeFd) {
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) {
                    awoken();
                } else {
                    ALOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on wake read pipe.", epollEvents);
                }
            } else {
                ssize_t requestIndex = mRequests.indexOfKey(fd);
                if (requestIndex >= 0) {
                    int events = 0;
                    if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_INPUT;
                    if (epollEvents & EPOLLOUT) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_OUTPUT;
                    if (epollEvents & EPOLLERR) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_ERROR;
                    if (epollEvents & EPOLLHUP) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_HANGUP;
                    pushResponse(events, mRequests.valueAt(requestIndex));
                } else {
                    ALOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on fd %d that is "
                            "no longer registered.", epollEvents, fd);
                }
            }
        }
    Done: ;
    
        // Invoke pending message callbacks.
        mNextMessageUptime = LLONG_MAX;
        while (mMessageEnvelopes.size() != 0) {
            nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
            const MessageEnvelope& messageEnvelope = mMessageEnvelopes.itemAt(0);
            if (messageEnvelope.uptime <= now) {
                // Remove the envelope from the list.
                // We keep a strong reference to the handler until the call to handleMessage
                // finishes.  Then we drop it so that the handler can be deleted *before*
                // we reacquire our lock.
                { // obtain handler
                    sp<MessageHandler> handler = messageEnvelope.handler;
                    Message message = messageEnvelope.message;
                    mMessageEnvelopes.removeAt(0);
                    mSendingMessage = true;
                    mLock.unlock();
    
    #if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE || DEBUG_CALLBACKS
                    ALOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - sending message: handler=%p, what=%d",
                            this, handler.get(), message.what);
    #endif
                    handler->handleMessage(message);
                } // release handler
    
                mLock.lock();
                mSendingMessage = false;
                result = ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK;
            } else {
                // The last message left at the head of the queue determines the next wakeup time.
                mNextMessageUptime = messageEnvelope.uptime;
                break;
            }
        }
    
        // Release lock.
        mLock.unlock();
    
        // Invoke all response callbacks.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < mResponses.size(); i++) {
            Response& response = mResponses.editItemAt(i);
            if (response.request.ident == ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK) {
                int fd = response.request.fd;
                int events = response.events;
                void* data = response.request.data;
    #if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE || DEBUG_CALLBACKS
                ALOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - invoking fd event callback %p: fd=%d, events=0x%x, data=%p",
                        this, response.request.callback.get(), fd, events, data);
    #endif
                int callbackResult = response.request.callback->handleEvent(fd, events, data);
                if (callbackResult == 0) {
                    removeFd(fd);
                }
                // Clear the callback reference in the response structure promptly because we
                // will not clear the response vector itself until the next poll.
                response.request.callback.clear();
                result = ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
    复制代码

    Java层的消息都保存在了Java层MessageQueue的成员mMessages中,Native层的消息都保存在了Native Looper的mMessageEnvelopes中,这就可以说有两个消息队列,而且都是按时间排列的。timeOutMillis表示Java层下个 要执行的消息还要多久执行,mNextMessageUpdate表示Native层下个要执行的消息还要多久执行,如果timeOutMillis为 0,epoll_wait不设置TimeOut直接返回;如果为-1说明Java层无消息直接用Native的time out;否则pollInner取这两个中的最小值作为timeOut调用epoll_wait。当epoll_wait返回时就可能有以下几种情况:

    1. 出错返回。

    2. Time Out

    3. 正常返回,描述符上有事件产生。

    如果是前两种情况直接goto DONE。

    否则就说明FD上有事件发生了,如果是mWakeReadPipeFd的EPOLLIN事件就调用awoken,如果不是 mWakeReadPipeFd,那就是通过addFD添加的fd,在addFD中将要监听的fd及其events,callback,data封装成了 Request对象,并以fd为键保存到了KeyedVector mRequests中,所以在这里就以fd为键获得在addFD时关联的Request,并连同events通过pushResonse加入 mResonse队列(Vector),Resonse仅是对events与Request的封装。如果是epoll_wait出错或timeout,就 没有描述符上有事件,就不用执行这一段代码,所以直接goto DONE了。

    复制代码
    void Looper::pushResponse(int events, const Request& request) {
        Response response;
        response.events = events;
        response.request = request;
        mResponses.push(response);
    }
    复制代码

    接下来进入DONE部分,从mMessageEnvelopes取出头部的Native消息,如果到达了执行时间就调用它内部保存的 MessageeHandler的handleMessage处理并从Native 消息队列移除,设置result为ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK,否则计算mNextMessageUptime表示Native消息队列 下一次消息要执行的时间。如果未到头部消息的执行时间有可能是Java层消息队列消息的执行时间小于Native层消息队列头部消息的执行时间,到达了 Java层消息的执行时间epoll_wait TimeOut返回了,或都通过addFd添加的描述符上有事件发生导致epoll_wait返回,或者epoll_wait是出错返回。Native消 息是没有Barrier与Asynchronous的。

    最后,遍历mResponses(前面刚通过pushResponse存进去的),如果response.request.ident == ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK,就调用注册的callback的handleEvent(fd, events, data) 进行处理,然后从mResonses队列中移除,这次遍历完之后,mResponses中保留来来的就都是ident>=0并且callback为 NULL的了。在NativeMessageQueue初始化Looper时传入了mAllowNonCallbacks为false,所以这次处理完后 mResponses一定为空。

    接下来返回到pollOnce。pollOnce是一个for循环,pollInner中处理了所有 response.request.ident==ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK的Response,在第二次进入for循环后如果 mResponses不为空就可以找到ident>0的Response,将其ident作为返回值返回由调用pollOnce的函数自己处理,在 这里我们是在NativeMessageQueue中调用的Loope的pollOnce,没对返回值进行处理,而且 mAllowNonCallbacks为false也就不可能进入这个循环。pollInner返回值不可能是0,或者说只可能是负数,所以 pollOnce中的for循环只会执行两次,在第二次就返回了。

    Native Looper可以单独使用,也有一个prepare函数,这时mAllowNonCallbakcs值可能为true,pollOnce中对mResponses的处理就有意义了。

     wake与awoken

    在Native Looper的构造函数中,通过pipe打开了一个管道,并用mWakeReadPipeFd与mWakeWritePipeFd分别保存了管道的读端与写端,然后用epoll_ctl(mEpollFd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, mWakeReadPipeFd,& eventItem)监听了读端的EPOLLIN事件,在pollInner中通过epoll_wait(mEpollFd, eventItems, EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, timeoutMillis)读取事件,那是在什么时候往mWakeWritePipeFd写,又是在什么时候读的mWakeReadPipeFd呢?

    在Looper.cpp中我们可以发现如下两个函数:

    复制代码
    void Looper::wake() {
    #if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
        ALOGD("%p ~ wake", this);
    #endif
    
        ssize_t nWrite;
        do {
            nWrite = write(mWakeWritePipeFd, "W", 1);
        } while (nWrite == -1 && errno == EINTR);
    
        if (nWrite != 1) {
            if (errno != EAGAIN) {
                ALOGW("Could not write wake signal, errno=%d", errno);
            }
        }
    }
    
    void Looper::awoken() {
    #if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
        ALOGD("%p ~ awoken", this);
    #endif
    
        char buffer[16];
        ssize_t nRead;
        do {
            nRead = read(mWakeReadPipeFd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        } while ((nRead == -1 && errno == EINTR) || nRead == sizeof(buffer));
    }
    复制代码

    wake函数向mWakeWritePipeFd写入了一个“W”字符,awoken从mWakeReadPipeFd读,往 mWakeWritePipeFd写数据只是为了在pollInner中的epoll_wait可以监听到事件返回。在pollInner也可以看到如果 是mWakeReadPipeFd的EPOLLIN事件只是调用了awoken消耗掉了写入的字符就往后处理了。

    那什么时候调用wake呢?这个只要找到调用的地方分析一下就行了,先看Looper.cpp,在sendMessageAtTime即发送Native Message的时候,根据发送的Message的执行时间查找mMessageEnvelopes 计算应该插入的位置,如果是在头部插入,就调用wake唤醒epoll_wait,因为在进入pollInner时根据Java层消息队列头部消息的执行 时间与Native层消息队列头部消息的执行时间计算出了一个timeout,如果这个新消息是在头部插入,说明执行时间至少在上述两个消息中的一个之 前,所以应该唤醒epoll_wait,epoll_wait返回后,检查Native消息队列,看头部消息即刚插入的消息是否到执行时间了,到了就执 行,否则就可能需要设置新的timeout。同样在Java层的MessageQueue中,有一个函数nativeWake也同样可以通过JNI调用 wake,调用nativeWake的时机与在Native调用wake的时机类似,在消息队列头部插入消息,还有一种情况就是,消息队列头部是一个 Barrier,而且插入的消息是第一个异步消息。

    复制代码
    if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
        // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
        msg.next = p;
        mMessages = msg;
        needWake = mBlocked;
    } else {
        // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
        // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
        // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
        needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();//如果头部是Barrier并且新消息是异步消息则“有可能”需要唤醒
        Message prev;
        for (;;) {
            prev = p;
            p = p.next;
            if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                break;
            }
            if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) { // 消息队列中有异步消息并且执行时间在新消息之前,所以不需要唤醒。
                needWake = false;
            }
        }
        msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
        prev.next = msg;
    }
    复制代码

    在头部插入消息不一定调用nativeWake,因为之前可能正在执行 IdleHandler,如果执行了IdleHandler,就在IdleHandler执行后把nextPollTimeoutMillis设置为0, 下次进入for循环就用0调用nativePollOnce,不需要wake,只有在没有消息可以执行(消息队列为空或没到执行时间)并且没有设置 IdleHandler时mBlocked才会为true。

    如果Java层的消息队列被Barrier Block住了并且当前插入的是一个异步消息有可能需要唤醒Looper,因为异步消息可以在Barrier下执行,但是这个异步消息一定要是执行时间最早的异步消息。

    退出Looper也需要wake,removeSyncBarrier时也可能需要。

    借鉴:http://www.cnblogs.com/angeldevil/p/3340644.html

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/ldq2016/p/5280553.html
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