RAID 类型：
|
RAID类型 |
最低磁盘个数 |
空间利用率 |
各自的优缺点 |
|
|
级 别 |
说 明 |
|||
|
RAID0 |
条带卷 |
2+ |
100% |
读写速度快，不容错 |
|
RAID1 |
镜像卷 |
2 |
50% |
读写速度一般，容错 |
|
RAID5 |
带奇偶校验的条带卷 |
3+ |
(n-1)/n |
读写速度快，容错，允许坏一块盘 |
|
RAID10 |
RAID1的安全+RAID0的高速 |
4 |
50% |
读写速度快，容错 |
Mdadm 命令详解
常见参数解释：
|
参数 |
作用 |
|
-a |
检测设备名 添加磁盘 |
|
-n |
指定设备数量 |
|
-l |
指定RAID级别 |
|
-C |
创建 |
|
-v |
显示过程 |
|
-f |
模拟设备损坏 |
|
-r |
移除设备 |
|
-Q |
查看摘要信息 |
|
-D |
查看详细信息 |
|
-S |
停止RAID磁盘阵列 |
搭建 raid 10 阵列
第一步：查看磁盘 [root@ken ~]# ls /dev/sd* /dev/sda /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde 第二步：下载mdadm [root@ken ~]# yum install mdadm -y 第三步：创建raid10阵列 [root@ken ~]# mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -a yes -n 4 -l 10 /dev/sd{b,c,d,e} （-C:创建磁盘阵列 v：显示创建过程 /dev/md0 ：阵列名称 -a：是否检测 -n :指定磁盘数量 -l：阵列类型 /dev/sd{b,c,d,e}:用来创建阵列的磁盘名） mdadm: layout defaults to n2 mdadm: layout defaults to n2 mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K mdadm: size set to 20954112K mdadm: Fail create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. 第四步：格式磁盘阵列为ext4 [root@ken ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 mapper/ mcelog md0 mem midi mqueue/ [root@ken ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks 2621440 inodes, 10477056 blocks 523852 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=2157969408 320 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 第五步：挂载 [root@ken ~]# mkdir /raid10 [root@ken ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raid10 [root@ken ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/centos-root 17G 1.2G 16G 7% / devtmpfs 224M 0 224M 0% /dev tmpfs 236M 0 236M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 236M 5.6M 230M 3% /run tmpfs 236M 0 236M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 1014M 130M 885M 13% /boot tmpfs 48M 0 48M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/md0 40G 49M 38G 1% /raid10 第六步：查看/dev/md0的详细信息 [root@ken ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:08:25 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB) Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:11:41 2019 State : clean, resyncing Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Resync Status : 96% complete Name : ken:0 (local to host ken) UUID : c5df1175:a6b1ad23:f3d7e80b:6b56fe98 Events : 26 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 16 0 active sync set-A /dev/sdb 1 8 32 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdc 2 8 48 2 active sync set-A /dev/sdd 3 8 64 3 active sync set-B /dev/sde 第七步：写入到配置文件中 [root@ken ~]# echo "/dev/md0 /raid10 ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
磁盘阵列损坏以及修复
第一步：模拟设备损坏 [root@ken ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb mdadm: set /dev/sdb faulty in /dev/md0 [root@ken ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:08:25 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB) Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:15:59 2019 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Name : ken:0 (local to host ken) UUID : c5df1175:a6b1ad23:f3d7e80b:6b56fe98 Events : 30 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State - 0 0 0 removed 1 8 32 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdc 2 8 48 2 active sync set-A /dev/sdd 3 8 64 3 active sync set-B /dev/sde 0 8 16 - faulty /dev/sdb 第二步：添加新的磁盘 在RAID 10级别的磁盘阵列中，当RAID 1磁盘阵列中存在一个故障盘时并不影响RAID 10磁盘阵列的使用。当购买了新的硬盘设备后再使用mdadm命令来予以替换即可，在此期间我们可以在/RAID目录中正常地创建或删除文件。由于我们是在虚拟机中模拟硬盘，所以先重启系统，然后再把新的硬盘添加到RAID磁盘阵列中。 [root@ken ~]# reboot [root@ken ~]# umount /raid10 [root@ken ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdb mdadm: added /dev/sdb [root@ken ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:08:25 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB) Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:19:14 2019 State : clean, degraded, recovering Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Rebuild Status : 7% complete #这里显示重建进度 Name : ken:0 (local to host ken) UUID : c5df1175:a6b1ad23:f3d7e80b:6b56fe98 Events : 35 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 4 8 16 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdb #rebuilding重建中 1 8 32 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdc 2 8 48 2 active sync set-A /dev/sdd 3 8 64 3 active sync set-B /dev/sde 再次查看发现已经构建完毕 [root@ken ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:08:25 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB) Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:20:52 2019 State : clean Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Name : ken:0 (local to host ken) UUID : c5df1175:a6b1ad23:f3d7e80b:6b56fe98 Events : 51 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 4 8 16 0 active sync set-A /dev/sdb 1 8 32 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdc 2 8 48 2 active sync set-A /dev/sdd 3 8 64 3 active sync set-B /dev/sde
搭建 raid 5 阵列 以及备份盘
第一步：查看磁盘 [root@ken ~]# ls /dev/sd* /dev/sda /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde 第二步：创建RAID5阵列 [root@ken ~]# mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -n 3 -l 5 -x 1 /dev/sd{b,c,d,e} (-x :指定备份盘个数) mdadm: layout defaults to left-symmetric mdadm: layout defaults to left-symmetric mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K mdadm: size set to 20954112K mdadm: Fail create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. 第三步：格式化为ext4 [root@ken ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks 2621440 inodes, 10477056 blocks 523852 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=2157969408 320 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 第四步：挂载 [root@ken ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raid5 [root@ken ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/centos-root 17G 1.2G 16G 7% / devtmpfs 476M 0 476M 0% /dev tmpfs 488M 0 488M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 488M 7.7M 480M 2% /run tmpfs 488M 0 488M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 1014M 130M 885M 13% /boot tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/md0 40G 49M 38G 1% /raid5 第五步：查看阵列信息 可以发现有一个备份盘/dev/sde [root@ken ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:35:10 2019 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB) Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 3 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:37:11 2019 State : active Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 （备份盘） Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Name : ken:0 (local to host ken) UUID : b693fe72:4452bd3f:4d995779:ee33bc77 Events : 76 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 16 0 active sync /dev/sdb 1 8 32 1 active sync /dev/sdc 4 8 48 2 active sync /dev/sdd 3 8 64 - spare /dev/sde 第六步：模拟/dev/sdb磁盘损坏 可以发现/dev/sde备份盘立即开始构建 [root@ken ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb mdadm: set /dev/sdb faulty in /dev/md0 [root@ken ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Thu Feb 28 19:35:10 2019 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 41908224 (39.97 GiB 42.91 GB) Used Dev Size : 20954112 (19.98 GiB 21.46 GB) Raid Devices : 3 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Thu Feb 28 19:38:41 2019 State : active, degraded, recovering Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Rebuild Status : 2% complete Name : ken:0 (local to host ken) UUID : b693fe72:4452bd3f:4d995779:ee33bc77 Events : 91 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 3 8 64 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sde 1 8 32 1 active sync /dev/sdc 4 8 48 2 active sync /dev/sdd 0 8 16 - faulty /dev/sdb