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  • python常用模块整理

    一.序列化

    Python中用于序列化的两个模块

    • json     用于【字符串】和 【python基本数据类型】 间进行转换
    • pickle   用于【python特有的类型】 和 【python基本数据类型】间进行转换

    Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load

    Json.loads()用于将字典，列表形式的字符串转换成相应的字典,列表

    Json.dump()将基本数据类型，列表，字典，转换成字符串

    pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load

     

    二.安装第三方模块

    第1种安装方法：

    安装软件管理工具pip3   (python3中自带了pip3)

    将pip3添加到环境变量

    pip3  install  被安装的东西

    第2种安装方法：

    下载代码，安装

    三.requests模块

    Python标准库中提供了：urllib等模块以供Http请求，但是，它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作，甚至包括各种方法覆盖，来完成最简单的任务。

    import urllib.request


f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508')
result = f.read().decode('utf-8')
    复制代码
    import urllib.request

req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.example.com/')
req.add_header('Referer', 'http://www.python.org/')
r = urllib.request.urlopen(req)

result = f.read().decode('utf-8')
    复制代码

    注：更多见Python官方文档：https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request

    Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

    1、安装模块

    1
    pip3 install requests

    2、使用模块

    复制代码
    # 1、无参数实例
 
import requests
 
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
 
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
 
 
 
# 2、有参数实例
 
import requests
 
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
 
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)

GET请求
    复制代码
    复制代码
    # 1、基本POST实例
 
import requests
 
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
 
print(ret.text)
 
 
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
 
import requests
import json
 
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
 
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)

POST请求
    复制代码
    复制代码
    requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.head(url, **kwargs)
requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.options(url, **kwargs)
 
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

其他请求
    复制代码

    更多requests模块相关的文档见：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/

    四.XML模块

    XML是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，XML文件格式如下：

    复制代码
    <data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank updated="yes">2</rank>
        <year>2023</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
    </country>
    <country name="Singapore">
        <rank updated="yes">5</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>59900</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" />
    </country>
    <country name="Panama">
        <rank updated="yes">69</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
    </country>
</data>
    复制代码

    1、解析XML

    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET


# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()

# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)

利用ElementTree.XML将字符串解析成xml对象
    复制代码
    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")

# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()

利用ElementTree.parse将文件直接解析成xml对象
    复制代码

    2、操作XML

    XML格式类型是节点嵌套节点，对于每一个节点均有以下功能，以便对当前节点进行操作：

    复制代码
    class Element:
    """An XML element.

    This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface.

    An element's length is its number of subelements.  That means if you
    want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH
    its length AND its text attribute.

    The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
    bytes or strings.

    *tag* is the element name.  *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing
    element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as
    keyword arguments.

    Example form:
        <tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail

    """

    当前节点的标签名
    tag = None
    """The element's name."""

    当前节点的属性

    attrib = None
    """Dictionary of the element's attributes."""

    当前节点的内容
    text = None
    """
    Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None.
    Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either
    None or the empty string, depending on the parser.

    """

    tail = None
    """
    Text after this element's end tag, but before the next sibling element's
    start tag.  This is either a string or the value None.  Note that if there
    was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string,
    depending on the parser.

    """

    def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):
        if not isinstance(attrib, dict):
            raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % (
                attrib.__class__.__name__,))
        attrib = attrib.copy()
        attrib.update(extra)
        self.tag = tag
        self.attrib = attrib
        self._children = []

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self))

    def makeelement(self, tag, attrib):
        创建一个新节点
        """Create a new element with the same type.

        *tag* is a string containing the element name.
        *attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes.

        Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead.

        """
        return self.__class__(tag, attrib)

    def copy(self):
        """Return copy of current element.

        This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the
        original tree.

        """
        elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib)
        elem.text = self.text
        elem.tail = self.tail
        elem[:] = self
        return elem

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._children)

    def __bool__(self):
        warnings.warn(
            "The behavior of this method will change in future versions.  "
            "Use specific 'len(elem)' or 'elem is not None' test instead.",
            FutureWarning, stacklevel=2
            )
        return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for now

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        return self._children[index]

    def __setitem__(self, index, element):
        # if isinstance(index, slice):
        #     for elt in element:
        #         assert iselement(elt)
        # else:
        #     assert iselement(element)
        self._children[index] = element

    def __delitem__(self, index):
        del self._children[index]

    def append(self, subelement):
        为当前节点追加一个子节点
        """Add *subelement* to the end of this element.

        The new element will appear in document order after the last existing
        subelement (or directly after the text, if it's the first subelement),
        but before the end tag for this element.

        """
        self._assert_is_element(subelement)
        self._children.append(subelement)

    def extend(self, elements):
        为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点
        """Append subelements from a sequence.

        *elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements.

        """
        for element in elements:
            self._assert_is_element(element)
        self._children.extend(elements)

    def insert(self, index, subelement):
        在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点，即：为当前节点创建子节点，然后插入指定位置
        """Insert *subelement* at position *index*."""
        self._assert_is_element(subelement)
        self._children.insert(index, subelement)

    def _assert_is_element(self, e):
        # Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the
        # shadowing C implementation.
        if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py):
            raise TypeError('expected an Element, not %s' % type(e).__name__)

    def remove(self, subelement):
        在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点
        """Remove matching subelement.

        Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on
        identity, NOT ON tag value or contents.  To remove subelements by
        other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to
        select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update
        the parent element.

        ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found.

        """
        # assert iselement(element)
        self._children.remove(subelement)

    def getchildren(self):
        获取所有的子节点（废弃）
        """(Deprecated) Return all subelements.

        Elements are returned in document order.

        """
        warnings.warn(
            "This method will be removed in future versions.  "
            "Use 'list(elem)' or iteration over elem instead.",
            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
            )
        return self._children

    def find(self, path, namespaces=None):
        获取第一个寻找到的子节点
        """Find first matching element by tag name or path.

        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.

        Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found.

        """
        return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces)

    def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None):
        获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容
        """Find text for first matching element by tag name or path.

        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *default* is the value to return if the element was not found,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.

        Return text content of first matching element, or default value if
        none was found.  Note that if an element is found having no text
        content, the empty string is returned.

        """
        return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces)

    def findall(self, path, namespaces=None):
        获取所有的子节点
        """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.

        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.

        Returns list containing all matching elements in document order.

        """
        return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces)

    def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None):
        获取所有指定的节点，并创建一个迭代器（可以被for循环）
        """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.

        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.

        Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order.

        """
        return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces)

    def clear(self):
        清空节点
        """Reset element.

        This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets
        the text and tail attributes to None.

        """
        self.attrib.clear()
        self._children = []
        self.text = self.tail = None

    def get(self, key, default=None):
        获取当前节点的属性值
        """Get element attribute.

        Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a
        bit more efficiently.  *key* is what attribute to look for, and
        *default* is what to return if the attribute was not found.

        Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if
        attribute was not found.

        """
        return self.attrib.get(key, default)

    def set(self, key, value):
        为当前节点设置属性值
        """Set element attribute.

        Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle
        this a bit more efficiently.  *key* is what attribute to set, and
        *value* is the attribute value to set it to.

        """
        self.attrib[key] = value

    def keys(self):
        获取当前节点的所有属性的 key

        """Get list of attribute names.

        Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary
        Python dict.  Equivalent to attrib.keys()

        """
        return self.attrib.keys()

    def items(self):
        获取当前节点的所有属性值，每个属性都是一个键值对
        """Get element attributes as a sequence.

        The attributes are returned in arbitrary order.  Equivalent to
        attrib.items().

        Return a list of (name, value) tuples.

        """
        return self.attrib.items()

    def iter(self, tag=None):
        在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
        """Create tree iterator.

        The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
        order, returning all elements with a matching tag.

        If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removed
        elements may or may not be included.  To get a stable set, use the
        list() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list.

        *tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements)

        Return an iterator containing all the matching elements.

        """
        if tag == "*":
            tag = None
        if tag is None or self.tag == tag:
            yield self
        for e in self._children:
            yield from e.iter(tag)

    # compatibility
    def getiterator(self, tag=None):
        # Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4
        warnings.warn(
            "This method will be removed in future versions.  "
            "Use 'elem.iter()' or 'list(elem.iter())' instead.",
            PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
        )
        return list(self.iter(tag))

    def itertext(self):
        在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点的内容，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
        """Create text iterator.

        The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
        order, returning all inner text.

        """
        tag = self.tag
        if not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is not None:
            return
        if self.text:
            yield self.text
        for e in self:
            yield from e.itertext()
            if e.tail:
                yield e.tail

节点功能一览表
    复制代码

    由于 每个节点 都具有以上的方法，并且在上一步骤中解析时均得到了root（xml文件的根节点），so   可以利用以上方法进行操作xml文件。

    a. 遍历XML文档的所有内容

    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()

# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############

# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")

# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()


### 操作

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)


# 遍历XML文档的第二层
for child in root:
    # 第二层节点的标签名称和标签属性
    print(child.tag, child.attrib)
    # 遍历XML文档的第三层
    for i in child:
        # 第二层节点的标签名称和内容
        print(i.tag,i.text)
    复制代码

    b、遍历XML中指定的节点

    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()

# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############

# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")

# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()


### 操作

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)


# 遍历XML中所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
    # 节点的标签名称和内容
    print(node.tag, node.text)
    复制代码

    c、修改节点内容

    由于修改的节点时，均是在内存中进行，其不会影响文件中的内容。所以，如果想要修改，则需要重新将内存中的内容写到文件。

    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析方式一 ############

# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()

# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)

############ 操作 ############

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)

# 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
    # 将year节点中的内容自增一
    new_year = int(node.text) + 1
    node.text = str(new_year)

    # 设置属性
    node.set('name', 'alex')
    node.set('age', '18')
    # 删除属性
    del node.attrib['name']


############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

解析字符串方式，修改，保存
    复制代码
    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析方式二 ############

# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")

# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()

############ 操作 ############

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)

# 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
    # 将year节点中的内容自增一
    new_year = int(node.text) + 1
    node.text = str(new_year)

    # 设置属性
    node.set('name', 'alex')
    node.set('age', '18')
    # 删除属性
    del node.attrib['name']


############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

解析文件方式，修改，保存
    复制代码

    d、删除节点

    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析字符串方式打开 ############

# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()

# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)

############ 操作 ############

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)

# 遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):
    # 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
    rank = int(country.find('rank').text)

    if rank > 50:
        # 删除指定country节点
        root.remove(country)

############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

解析字符串方式打开，删除，保存
    复制代码
    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

############ 解析文件方式 ############

# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")

# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()

############ 操作 ############

# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)

# 遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):
    # 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
    rank = int(country.find('rank').text)

    if rank > 50:
        # 删除指定country节点
        root.remove(country)

############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')

解析文件方式打开，删除，保存
    复制代码

    3、创建XML文档

    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET


# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")


# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})

# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)


# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)

tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)

创建方式（一）
    复制代码
    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET

# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")


# 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})

# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})

son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)


# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)

tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)

创建方式（二）
    复制代码
    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET


# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")


# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"})

# 在大儿子中创建一个孙子
grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={'name': '儿11'})
grandson1.text = '孙子'


et = ET.ElementTree(root)  #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True, short_empty_elements=False)

创建方式（三）
    复制代码

    由于原生保存的XML时默认无缩进，如果想要设置缩进的话， 需要修改保存方式：

    复制代码
    from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
from xml.dom import minidom


def prettify(elem):
    """将节点转换成字符串，并添加缩进。
    """
    rough_string = ET.tostring(elem, 'utf-8')
    reparsed = minidom.parseString(rough_string)
    return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="	")

# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")


# 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'})

# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})

son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)


# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)


raw_str = prettify(root)

f = open("xxxoo.xml",'w',encoding='utf-8')
f.write(raw_str)
f.close()
    复制代码

    五.configparser模块

    configparser用于处理特定格式的文件，其本质上是利用open来操作文件。

    复制代码
    # 注释1
;  注释2
 
[section1] # 节点
k1 = v1    # 值
k2:v2       # 值
 
[section2] # 节点
k1 = v1    # 值

指定格式
    复制代码

    1、获取所有节点

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    import configparser
     
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
    config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
    ret = config.sections()
    print(ret)

    2、获取指定节点下所有的键值对

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    import configparser
     
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
    config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
    ret = config.items('section1')
    print(ret)

    3、获取指定节点下所有的建

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    import configparser
     
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
    config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
    ret = config.options('section1')
    print(ret)

    4、获取指定节点下指定key的值

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    import configparser
     
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
    config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
     
     
    v = config.get('section1', 'k1')
    # v = config.getint('section1', 'k1')
    # v = config.getfloat('section1', 'k1')
    # v = config.getboolean('section1', 'k1')
     
    print(v)

    5、检查、删除、添加节点

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    import configparser
     
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
    config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
     
     
    # 检查
    has_sec = config.has_section('section1')
    print(has_sec)
     
    # 添加节点
    config.add_section("SEC_1")
    config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))
     
    # 删除节点
    config.remove_section("SEC_1")
    config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))

    6、检查、删除、设置指定组内的键值对

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    import configparser
     
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
    config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')
     
    # 检查
    has_opt = config.has_option('section1', 'k1')
    print(has_opt)
     
    # 删除
    config.remove_option('section1', 'k1')
    config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))
     
    # 设置
    config.set('section1', 'k10', "123")
    config.w

    六.shutil模块

    高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块

    shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
    将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中

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    import shutil
     
    shutil.copyfileobj(open('old.xml','r'), open('new.xml', 'w'))

    shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
    拷贝文件

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    shutil.copyfile('f1.log', 'f2.log')

    shutil.copymode(src, dst)
    仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

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    shutil.copymode('f1.log', 'f2.log')

    shutil.copystat(src, dst)
    仅拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

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    shutil.copystat('f1.log', 'f2.log')

    shutil.copy(src, dst)
    拷贝文件和权限

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    import shutil
     
    shutil.copy('f1.log', 'f2.log')

    shutil.copy2(src, dst)
    拷贝文件和状态信息

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    import shutil
     
    shutil.copy2('f1.log', 'f2.log')

    shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
    shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
    递归的去拷贝文件夹

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    import shutil
     
    shutil.copytree('folder1', 'folder2', ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
      
    import shutil

shutil.copytree('f1', 'f2', symlinks=True, ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

    shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
    递归的去删除文件

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    import shutil
     
    shutil.rmtree('folder1')

    shutil.move(src, dst)
    递归的去移动文件，它类似mv命令，其实就是重命名。

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    import shutil
     
    shutil.move('folder1', 'folder3')

    shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)

    创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar

    创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar

    • base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
      如：www                        =>保存至当前路径
      如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
    • format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
    • root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
    • owner： 用户，默认当前用户
    • group： 组，默认当前组
    • logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象
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    #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
    import shutil
    ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')
      
      
    #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录
    import shutil
    ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')

    shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：

    复制代码
    import zipfile

# 压缩
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')
z.write('a.log')
z.write('data.data')
z.close()

# 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')
z.extractall()
z.close()

zipfile解压缩
    复制代码
    复制代码
    import tarfile

# 压缩
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.log', arcname='bbs2.log')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.log', arcname='cmdb.log')
tar.close()

# 解压
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')
tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址
tar.close()

tarfile解压缩
    复制代码

    七.logging模块

    用于便捷记录日志且线程安全的模块

    1、单文件日志

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    import logging
      
      
    logging.basicConfig(filename='log.log',
                        format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s:  %(message)s',
                        datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p',
                        level=10)
      
    logging.debug('debug')
    logging.info('info')
    logging.warning('warning')
    logging.error('error')
    logging.critical('critical')
    logging.log(10,'log')

    日志等级：

    复制代码
    复制代码
    CRITICAL = 50
FATAL = CRITICAL
ERROR = 40
WARNING = 30
WARN = WARNING
INFO = 20
DEBUG = 10
NOTSET = 0
    复制代码
    复制代码

    注：只有【当前写等级】大于【日志等级】时，日志文件才被记录。

    日志记录格式：

    2、多文件日志

    对于上述记录日志的功能，只能将日志记录在单文件中，如果想要设置多个日志文件，logging.basicConfig将无法完成，需要自定义文件和日志操作对象。

    复制代码
    # 定义文件
file_1_1 = logging.FileHandler('l1_1.log', 'a')
fmt = logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s:  %(message)s")
file_1_1.setFormatter(fmt)

file_1_2 = logging.FileHandler('l1_2.log', 'a')
fmt = logging.Formatter()
file_1_2.setFormatter(fmt)

# 定义日志
logger1 = logging.Logger('s1', level=logging.ERROR)
logger1.addHandler(file_1_1)
logger1.addHandler(file_1_2)


# 写日志
logger1.critical('1111')

日志（一）
    复制代码
    复制代码
    # 定义文件
file_2_1 = logging.FileHandler('l2_1.log', 'a')
fmt = logging.Formatter()
file_2_1.setFormatter(fmt)

# 定义日志
logger2 = logging.Logger('s2', level=logging.INFO)
logger2.addHandler(file_2_1)

日志（二）
    复制代码

    如上述创建的两个日志对象

    • 当使用【logger1】写日志时，会将相应的内容写入 l1_1.log 和 l1_2.log 文件中
    • 当使用【logger2】写日志时，会将相应的内容写入 l2_1.log 文件中
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  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/leonardchen/p/6678038.html
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