Promise库

标准

https://promisesaplus.com/

An open standard for sound, interoperable JavaScript promises—by implementers, for implementers.

A promise represents the eventual result of an asynchronous operation. The primary way of interacting with a promise is through its then method, which registers callbacks to receive either a promise’s eventual value or the reason why the promise cannot be fulfilled.

Terminology

1. “promise” is an object or function with a then method whose behavior conforms to this specification.
2. “thenable” is an object or function that defines a then method.
3. “value” is any legal JavaScript value (including undefined, a thenable, or a promise).
4. “exception” is a value that is thrown using the throw statement.
5. “reason” is a value that indicates why a promise was rejected.

Requirements

Promise States

A promise must be in one of three states: pending, fulfilled, or rejected.

1. When pending, a promise:
   1. may transition to either the fulfilled or rejected state.
2. When fulfilled, a promise:
   1. must not transition to any other state.
   2. must have a value, which must not change.
3. When rejected, a promise:
   1. must not transition to any other state.
   2. must have a reason, which must not change.

Here, “must not change” means immutable identity (i.e. ===), but does not imply deep immutability.

The then Method

A promise must provide a then method to access its current or eventual value or reason.

A promise’s then method accepts two arguments:

promise.then(onFulfilled, onRejected)

1. Both onFulfilled and onRejected are optional arguments:
   1. If onFulfilled is not a function, it must be ignored.
   2. If onRejected is not a function, it must be ignored.
2. If onFulfilled is a function:
   1. it must be called after promise is fulfilled, with promise’s value as its first argument.
   2. it must not be called before promise is fulfilled.
   3. it must not be called more than once.
3. If onRejected is a function,
   1. it must be called after promise is rejected, with promise’s reason as its first argument.
   2. it must not be called before promise is rejected.
   3. it must not be called more than once.
4. onFulfilled or onRejected must not be called until the execution context stack contains only platform code. [3.1].
5. onFulfilled and onRejected must be called as functions (i.e. with no this value). [3.2]
6. then may be called multiple times on the same promise.
   1. If/when promise is fulfilled, all respective onFulfilled callbacks must execute in the order of their originating calls to then.
   2. If/when promise is rejected, all respective onRejected callbacks must execute in the order of their originating calls to then.

7. then must return a promise [3.3].

    promise2 = promise1.then(onFulfilled, onRejected);
   

   1. If either onFulfilled or onRejected returns a value x, run the Promise Resolution Procedure [[Resolve]](promise2, x).
   2. If either onFulfilled or onRejected throws an exception e, promise2 must be rejected with e as the reason.
   3. If onFulfilled is not a function and promise1 is fulfilled, promise2 must be fulfilled with the same value as promise1.
   4. If onRejected is not a function and promise1 is rejected, promise2 must be rejected with the same reason as promise1.

The Promise Resolution Procedure

The promise resolution procedure is an abstract operation taking as input a promise and a value, which we denote as [[Resolve]](promise, x). If x is a thenable, it attempts to make promise adopt the state of x, under the assumption that x behaves at least somewhat like a promise. Otherwise, it fulfills promise with the value x.

This treatment of thenables allows promise implementations to interoperate, as long as they expose a Promises/A+-compliant then method. It also allows Promises/A+ implementations to “assimilate” nonconformant implementations with reasonable then methods.

To run [[Resolve]](promise, x), perform the following steps:

1. If promise and x refer to the same object, reject promise with a TypeError as the reason.
2. If x is a promise, adopt its state [3.4]:
   1. If x is pending, promise must remain pending until x is fulfilled or rejected.
   2. If/when x is fulfilled, fulfill promise with the same value.
   3. If/when x is rejected, reject promise with the same reason.
3. Otherwise, if x is an object or function,
   1. Let then be x.then. [3.5]
   2. If retrieving the property x.then results in a thrown exception e, reject promise with e as the reason.
   3. If then is a function, call it with x as this, first argument resolvePromise, and second argument rejectPromise, where:
      1. If/when resolvePromise is called with a value y, run [[Resolve]](promise, y).
      2. If/when rejectPromise is called with a reason r, reject promise with r.
      3. If both resolvePromise and rejectPromise are called, or multiple calls to the same argument are made, the first call takes precedence, and any further calls are ignored.
      4. If calling then throws an exception e,
         1. If resolvePromise or rejectPromise have been called, ignore it.
         2. Otherwise, reject promise with e as the reason.
   4. If then is not a function, fulfill promise with x.
4. If x is not an object or function, fulfill promise with x.

If a promise is resolved with a thenable that participates in a circular thenable chain, such that the recursive nature of [[Resolve]](promise, thenable) eventually causes [[Resolve]](promise, thenable) to be called again, following the above algorithm will lead to infinite recursion. Implementations are encouraged, but not required, to detect such recursion and reject promise with an informative TypeError as the reason. [3.6]

https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise/all

https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise#Promise_%E5%8E%9F%E5%9E%8B

语法

new Promise( function(resolve, reject) {...} /* executor */  );

参数

executor

executor是带有 resolve 和 reject 两个参数的函数 。Promise构造函数执行时立即调用executor 函数， resolve 和 reject 两个函数作为参数传递给executor（executor 函数在Promise构造函数返回新建对象前被调用）。resolve 和 reject 函数被调用时，分别将promise的状态改为fulfilled（完成）或rejected（失败）。executor 内部通常会执行一些异步操作，一旦完成，可以调用resolve函数来将promise状态改成fulfilled，或者在发生错误时将它的状态改为rejected。

如果在executor函数中抛出一个错误，那么该promise 状态为rejected。executor函数的返回值被忽略。

例子

https://www.jianshu.com/p/459a856c476f

解决回调地狱的方法：

const request = url => { 
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        $.get(url, data => {
            resolve(data)
        });
    })
};

// 请求data1
request(url).then(data1 => {
    return request(data1.url);   
}).then(data2 => {
    return request(data2.url);
}).then(data3 => {
    console.log(data3);
}).catch(err => throw new Error(err));

http://www.cnblogs.com/lvdabao/p/es6-promise-1.html

function runAsync(){
    var p = new Promise(function(resolve, reject){
        //做一些异步操作
        setTimeout(function(){
            console.log('执行完成');
            resolve('随便什么数据');
        }, 2000);
    });
    return p;            
}


runAsync1()
.then(function(data){
    console.log(data);
    return runAsync2();
})
.then(function(data){
    console.log(data);
    return '直接返回数据';  //这里直接返回数据
})
.then(function(data){
    console.log(data);
});

Q库

http://documentup.com/kriskowal/q/#

https://github.com/kriskowal/q

If a function cannot return a value or throw an exception without
blocking, it can return a promise instead. A promise is an object
that represents the return value or the thrown exception that the
function may eventually provide. A promise can also be used as a
proxy for a remote object to overcome latency.

On the first pass, promises can mitigate the “Pyramid of
Doom”: the situation where code marches to the right faster
than it marches forward.

step1(function (value1) {
    step2(value1, function(value2) {
        step3(value2, function(value3) {
            step4(value3, function(value4) {
                // Do something with value4
            });
        });
    });
});

With a promise library, you can flatten the pyramid.

Q.fcall(promisedStep1)
.then(promisedStep2)
.then(promisedStep3)
.then(promisedStep4)
.then(function (value4) {
    // Do something with value4
})
.catch(function (error) {
    // Handle any error from all above steps
})
.done();

With this approach, you also get implicit error propagation, just like try,
catch, and finally. An error in promisedStep1 will flow all the way to
the catch function, where it’s caught and handled. (Here promisedStepN is
a version of stepN that returns a promise.)

The callback approach is called an “inversion of control”.
A function that accepts a callback instead of a return value
is saying, “Don’t call me, I’ll call you.”. Promises
un-invert the inversion, cleanly separating the input
arguments from control flow arguments. This simplifies the
use and creation of API’s, particularly variadic,
rest and spread arguments.

BlueBird库

http://bluebirdjs.com/docs/getting-started.html

http://bluebirdjs.com/docs/features.html

• Synchronous inspection
• Concurrency coordination
• Promisification on steroids
• Debuggability and error handling
• Resource management
• Cancellation and timeouts
• Scoped prototypes
• Promise monitoring
• Async/Await

http://bluebirdjs.com/docs/api-reference.html

API Reference

• Core
  • new Promise
  • .then
  • .spread
  • .catch
  • .error
  • .finally
  • .bind
  • Promise.join
  • Promise.try
  • Promise.method
  • Promise.resolve
  • Promise.reject
• Synchronous inspection
  • PromiseInspection
  • .isFulfilled
  • .isRejected
  • .isPending
  • .isCancelled
  • .value
  • .reason
• Collections
  • Promise.all
  • Promise.props
  • Promise.any
  • Promise.some
  • Promise.map
  • Promise.reduce
  • Promise.filter
  • Promise.each
  • Promise.mapSeries
  • Promise.race
  • .all
  • .props
  • .any
  • .some
  • .map
  • .reduce
  • .filter
  • .each
  • .mapSeries
• Resource management
  • Promise.using
  • .disposer
• Promisification
  • Promise.promisify
  • Promise.promisifyAll
  • Promise.fromCallback
  • .asCallback
• Timers
  • Promise.delay
  • .delay
  • .timeout
• Cancellation
  • .cancel
• Generators
  • Promise.coroutine
  • Promise.coroutine.addYieldHandler
• Utility
  • .tap
  • .tapCatch
  • .call
  • .get
  • .return
  • .throw
  • .catchReturn
  • .catchThrow
  • .reflect
  • Promise.getNewLibraryCopy
  • Promise.noConflict
  • Promise.setScheduler
• Built-in error types
  • OperationalError
  • TimeoutError
  • CancellationError
  • AggregateError
• Configuration
  • Global rejection events
  • Local rejection events
  • Promise.config
  • .suppressUnhandledRejections
  • .done
• Progression migration
• Deferred migration
• Environment variables

评价Promise

https://www.zhihu.com/question/25413141

如果着眼于现在和未来一段时间的话，建议用Promise，不论是ES6的还是用Q还是用bluebird，毫无疑问立即马上开始用。
如果眼光放长一点看的话，用了co以后基本上再也不愿回去了，即使是“正宫娘娘”Promise。
这co完全就是用yield/generator实现了async/await的效果啊，第一次见的时候，真是有种天马行空的感觉（原谅我见识少）。
它不仅能够“同步非阻塞”，也几乎没有剥夺我对多个非阻塞操作依赖关系或者竞争关系的精确控制，当我需要精确控制异步流程的时候，回去用Promise甚至callback，当我需要写的爽，一泻千里的时候，用async/await（扯远了）。