（一）DataGuard概要
DataGuard中文称为”数据卫士“，提供了数据库高可用性、数据保护和灾难恢复的功能。DataGuard通过建立primary数据库和standby数据库来确立参照关系，DataGuard将主库（primary）的redo日志传递给备库（standby），然后在备库中应用redo进行同步。
备库又分为2种类型：物理备库和逻辑备库
- 物理standby是通过块拷贝方式同步，通过接受并应用primary数据库的redo log，以介质恢复的方式同步。在物理备库中，数据是完全相同的，包括schema、表、索引都是一样的。
- 逻辑standby是通过应用SQL语句进行同步，通过接收primary数据库的redo log并转换成sql语句。
物理备库在实际生产中使用较多，这里记录物理备库的搭建过程。
（二）DataGuard环境规划
| 主库 | 备库 | |
| 操作系统 | redhat 6.7 x86-64(64位) | redhat 6.7 x86-64(64位) |
| 服务器名称 | primarynode | standbynode |
| IP地址规划 | 192.168.10.51 | 192.168.10.52 |
| --------------- | ----------------------- | ---------------- |
| 数据库版本 | 11.2.0.4 | 11.2.0.4 |
| db_name | adgdb | adgdb |
| db_unique_name | adgdb | adgdbstandby |
| instance_name | adgdb | adgdbstandby |
| service_name | adgdb | adgdb |
| 数据库安装 | 安装数据库软件+创建监听+安装数据库 | 安装数据库软件+创建监听 |
常规配置：
( 1 )主库和备库hosts文件配置
[root@primarynode ~]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6
192.168.10.51 primarynode
192.168.10.52 standbynode
（2）主库oracle用户环境配置
[oracle@primarynode ~]$ more .bash_profile # .bash_profile # Get the aliases and functions if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc fi # User specific environment and startup programs PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin ORACLE_SID=adgdb; export ORACLE_SID ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle; export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1; export ORACLE_HOME PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin; export PATH export TEMP=/tmp export TMPDIR=/tmp umask 022 export PATH
（3）备库环境变量配置
[oracle@standbynode ~]$ more .bash_profile # .bash_profile # Get the aliases and functions if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc fi # User specific environment and startup programs PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin ORACLE_SID=adgdbstandby; export ORACLE_SID ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle; export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1; export ORACLE_HOME PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin; export PATH export TEMP=/tmp export TMPDIR=/tmp umask 022 export PATH
(三)DataGuard主库配置
( 1 )主库启用强制记录日志功能
查询是否启用强制记录日志
select force_logging from v$database;
如果未启用，则使用下面语句来开启强制记录日志
alter database force logging; --强制记录日志
( 2 )启用归档
查询是否启用归档
archive log list --或者 select log_mode from v$database;
如果未启用归档，可以按照如下步骤开启归档
----Oracle 11g数据库归档模式开启 --STEP1：以sysdba角色登陆数据库 sqlplus / as sysdba --STEP2：干净的关闭数据库 shutdown immediate --STEP3：将数据库启动到mount状态 startup mount --STEP4：开启归档 alter database archivelog; --STEP5：打开数据库 alter database open
( 3 )主库参数配置
(3.1)db_unique_name
SQL> alter system set db_unique_name = 'adgdb' scope=spfile;
(3.2)log_archive_config
SQL> alter system set log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(adgdb,adgdbstandby)' scope=spfile;
(3.3)log_archive_dest_1
SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=adgdb' scope=both;
(3.4)log_archive_dest_2
SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=tnsadgdbstandby LGWR SYNC AFFIRM VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=adgdbstandby' scope=spfile;
(3.5)log_archive_dest_state_1
alter system set log_archive_dest_state_1 = ENABLE;
(3.6)log_archive_dest_state_2
alter system set log_archive_dest_state_2 = ENABLE;
(3.7)db_file_name_convert
查看数据文件的位置：
SQL> select name from v$datafile; NAME -------------------------------------------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/system01.dbf /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/sysaux01.dbf /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/undotbs01.dbf /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/users01.dbf /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/example01.dbf
如果主库与备库数据文件位置不相同，则需要使用db_file_name_convert来转换。
SQL> alter system set db_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb' scope=spfile;
(3.8)log_file_name_convert
查看在线日志文件的位置：
SQL> select member from v$logfile; MEMBER -------------------------------------------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/redo03.log /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/redo02.log /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/redo01.log
如果主库与备库在线日志文件位置不相同，则需要使用log_file_name_convert来转换。
SQL> alter system set log_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb' scope=spfile;
(3.9)standby_file_management
SQL> alter system set standby_file_management=auto scope=spfile;
(3.10)fal_client
SQL> alter system set fal_client='tnsadgdb' scope=both;
(3.11)fal_server
SQL> alter system set fal_server='tnsadgdbstandby' scope=both;
( 4 )主库静态监听配置
[oracle@primarynode admin]$ vim listener.ora
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora # Generated by Oracle configuration tools. LISTENER = (DESCRIPTION_LIST = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = primarynode)(PORT = 1521)) ) ) ) SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (GLOBAL_DBNAME=adgdb) (SID_NAME = adgdb) (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1) ) ) ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/oracle
查看监听：
[oracle@primarynode admin]$ lsnrctl status
LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on 06-APR-2019 13:48:15 Copyright (c) 1991, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=primarynode)(PORT=1521))) STATUS of the LISTENER ------------------------ Alias LISTENER Version TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production Start Date 06-APR-2019 13:42:48 Uptime 0 days 0 hr. 5 min. 27 sec Trace Level off Security ON: Local OS Authentication SNMP OFF Listener Parameter File /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora Listener Log File /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/log/listener.log Listening Endpoints Summary... (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=primarynode)(PORT=1521))) Services Summary... Service "adgdb" has 2 instance(s). Instance "adgdb", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service... Instance "adgdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... Service "adgdbXDB" has 1 instance(s). Instance "adgdb", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... The command completed successfully
( 5 )主库tnsnames.ora文件配置
[oracle@primarynode admin]$ vim tnsnames.ora
tnsadgdb = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.51)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb) ) ) tnsadgdbstandby = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.52)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb) ) )
(四)DataGuard备库配置
（ 1 ）密码文件
在dataguard中，主库与备库sys密码需一致。可以将主库的密码文件拷贝到备库中
--登陆到主库，将密码文件复制到备库 [oracle@primarynode ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs [oracle@primarynode dbs]$ scp orapwadgdb 192.168.10.52:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs oracle@192.168.10.52's password: orapwadgdb 100% 1536 1.5KB/s 00:00 --登陆到备库，修改密码文件的名称 [oracle@standbynode dbs]$ mv orapwadgdb orapwadgdbstandby
或者不拷贝密码文件，直接使用orapwd生成一个新的密码文件，密码需与主库一致：
orapwd file=orapwadgdbstandby password='oracle';
（ 2 ）初始化参数文件
（2.1）在主库生成初始化参数文件
SQL> create pfile from spfile; File created.
(2.2)拷贝主库的参数文件到备库并重命名
--在主库上执行复制操作 [oracle@primarynode dbs]$ scp initadgdb.ora 192.168.10.52:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs oracle@192.168.10.52's password: initadgdb.ora 100% 1524 1.5KB/s 00:00 --在备库上执行重命名操作 [oracle@standbynode dbs]$ mv initadgdb.ora initadgdbstandby.ora
（2.3）修改备库的参数文件内容
--将初始化参数中的这些参数做修改，其他参数不用动 db_name='adgdb' db_unique_name='adgdbstandby' audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/adgdbstandby/adump' compatible='11.2.0.4.0' control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adbdbstandby/control02.ctl' log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(adgdb,adgdbstandby)' log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=adgdbstandby' log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=tnsadgdb LGWR SYNC AFFIRM VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NMAE=adgdb' db_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby' log_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby' fal_client='tnsadgdbstandby' fal_server='tnsadgdb' standby_file_management='AUTO'
注意：里面涉及到路径的需要手动创建
mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/adgdbstandby/adump
（2.4）使用pfile文件创建spfile文件
--登陆到idle数据库 sqlplus / as sysdba --创建spfile，可在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs下查看 create spfile from pfile --启动数据库到nomount状态 startup nomount
( 3 )配置静态监听
[oracle@standbynode trace]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/ [oracle@standbynode admin]$ touch listener.ora [oracle@standbynode admin]$ vim listener.ora # listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora # Generated by Oracle configuration tools. LISTENER = (DESCRIPTION_LIST = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = standbynode)(PORT = 1521)) ) ) ) SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (GLOBAL_DBNAME=adgdb) (SID_NAME = adgdbstandby) (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1) ) ) ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/oracle
备注：备库为什么一定需要使用静态监听
nomount状态下必须使用静态监听才能连接到实例。
（ 4 ）配置tnsnames.ora文件，直接把主库的拷贝过来即可
[oracle@standbynode trace]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/ [oracle@standbynode admin]$ vim tnsnames.ora tnsadgdb = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.51)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb) ) ) tnsadgdbstandby = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.10.52)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = adgdb) ) )
（ 5 ）测试网络连通性
在主库与备库上均执行，确保可以正常访问：
tnsping tnsadgdb
tnsping tnsadgdbstandby
在主库：
sqlplus sys/oracle@tnsadgdb as sysdba
sqlpus sys/oracle@tnsadgdbstandby as sysdba
（ 6 ）参数检查
由于参数配置的较多，需要认真检查参数配置是否正确，主要检查这些参数
1.db_unique_name ：2个节点需要不一样
2.compatible ：主库与备库兼容性需一致
3.log_archive_config : 配置主库与备库的db_unique_name
4.log_archive_dest_1,2 ：归档日志的路径
5.log_archive_dest_state_2 :
enable -- 启用log_archive_dest_2
defer --禁用log_archive_dest_2
6.db_file_name_convert ：数据文件转换路径
7.log_file_name_convert ：日志文件转换路径
8.standby_file_management ：设置为auto
9.log_archive_format ：日志文件格式，两边需一致
（ 7 ）使用duplicate创建物理standby
（7.1）连接到主库和备库
## 一定要加nocatalog，否则在执行duplicate时会报错
[oracle@primarynode ~]$ rman target sys/oracle@tnsadgdb auxiliary sys/oracle@tnsadgdbstandby nocatalog
（7.2）使用duplicate复制数据库
RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck;
执行过程见：
RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck; Starting Duplicate Db at 06-APR-19 allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=248 device type=DISK contents of Memory Script: { backup as copy reuse targetfile '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwadgdb' auxiliary format '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwadgdbstandby' ; } executing Memory Script Starting backup at 06-APR-19 allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=23 device type=DISK Finished backup at 06-APR-19 contents of Memory Script: { ctl'; restore clone controlfile to '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/control02.ctl' from '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/control01.ctl'; } executing Memory Script Starting backup at 06-APR-19 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy copying standby control file 183 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 06-APR-19 Starting restore at 06-APR-19 using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: copied control file copy Finished restore at 06-APR-19 contents of Memory Script: { sql clone 'alter database mount standby database'; } executing Memory Script sql statement: alter database mount standby database contents of Memory Script: { set newname for tempfile 1 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/temp01.dbf"; switch clone tempfile all; set newname for datafile 1 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf"; set newname for datafile 2 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf"; set newname for datafile 3 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf"; set newname for datafile 4 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf"; set newname for datafile 5 to "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf"; backup as copy reuse datafile 1 auxiliary format "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf" datafile 2 auxiliary format "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf" datafile 3 auxiliary format "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf" datafile 4 auxiliary format "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf" datafile 5 auxiliary format "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf" ; sql 'alter system archive log current'; } executing Memory Script executing command: SET NEWNAME renamed tempfile 1 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/temp01.dbf in control file executing command: SET NEWNAME executing command: SET NEWNAME executing command: SET NEWNAME executing command: SET NEWNAME executing command: SET NEWNAME Starting backup at 06-APR-19 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/system01.dbf output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:45 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/sysaux01.dbf output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:36 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/example01.dbf output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:25 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/undotbs01.dbf output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/users01.dbf output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf tag=TAG20190406T160954 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 06-APR-19 sql statement: alter system archive log current contents of Memory Script: { switch clone datafile all; } executing Memory Script datafile 1 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=9 STAMP=1004890308 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/system01.dbf datafile 2 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=10 STAMP=1004890308 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/sysaux01.dbf datafile 3 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=11 STAMP=1004890308 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/undotbs01.dbf datafile 4 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=12 STAMP=1004890308 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/users01.dbf datafile 5 switched to datafile copy input datafile copy RECID=13 STAMP=1004890308 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/example01.dbf Finished Duplicate Db at 06-APR-19
（ 8 ）添加主库和备库的standby日志组
（8.1）添加standby日志组需要注意的事项
- standby日志组个数：配置为redo日志组个数+1
- 在主库与备库都添加standby日志组。主库可以不添加，但是如果后期发生主备切换，还是要添加，所以最好一次性添加。
- 只查询standby日志组： select * from v$standby_log ;
（8.2）添加主库的standby日志组
alter database add standby logfile group 4 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo04.log') size 50M; alter database add standby logfile group 5 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo05.log') size 50M; alter database add standby logfile group 6 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo06.log') size 50M; alter database add standby logfile group 7 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdb/stredo07.log') size 50M;
（8.3）添加备库的standby日志组
alter database add standby logfile group 4 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo04.log') size 50M; alter database add standby logfile group 5 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo05.log') size 50M; alter database add standby logfile group 6 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo06.log') size 50M; alter database add standby logfile group 7 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/adgdbstandby/stredo07.log') size 50M;
（ 9 ）开始同步数据库，在备库上执行
alter database open; --方式一：开启实时同步 alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session; --或简写为： alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect; --方式二：开启同步（日志切换时才同步） alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
至此配置完成。
（五）DataGuard状态查看
（ 1 ）主库状态查看
SQL> select open_mode, --数据库打开模式，如果实时同步，则为：read only with apply，取消同步则为：read only database_role, --数据库角色，是主库还是备库 protection_mode, --保护模式 protection_level --保护级别 from v$database; OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE PROTECTION_MODE PROTECTION_LEVEL -------------------- ---------------- -------------------- -------------------- READ WRITE PRIMARY MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE
（ 2 ）备库状态查看
SQL> select open_mode, database_role, protection_mode, protection_level from v$database;
OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE PROTECTION_MODE PROTECTION_LEVEL -------------------- ---------------- -------------------- -------------------- READ ONLY WITH APPLY PHYSICAL STANDBY MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE
（六）DataGuard测试
在主库上创建表lijiaman.test01,并插入数据
SQL> create table test01(id number,name varchar2(50)); Table created. SQL> insert into test01 values(1,'lijiaman'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into test01 values(2,'gegeman'); 1 row created. SQL> commit;
在standby数据库上查询lijiaman.test01表，数据一致
SQL> select db_unique_name from v$database; DB_UNIQUE_NAME ------------------------------ adgdbstandby SQL> select * from lijiaman.test01; ID NAME ---------- -------------------- 1 lijiaman 2 gegeman
【完】