Effective C++
55 Specific Ways to Improve Your Programs and design
1、让自己习惯C++。 Accustoming yourself to C++
条款01：视C++为一个语言联邦。 View C++ as a federation of languages.
条款02：尽量以const enum inline 替换 #define。 Prefer const,enum and inline to #define.
条款03：尽可能使用const。 Use const whenever possible.
条款04：确定对象被使用之前已被初始化。 Make sure that objects are initialed before they're used.
2、构造、析构、赋值运算 Constructors, Destructors, and Assignment Operators
条款05：了解C++默默编写并调用了那些函数。 Know what functions C++ silently writes and calls.
条款06：若不想使用编译器自动生成的函数就该明确拒绝。 Explicitly disallow the use of compile-generated functions you do not want.
条款07：为多态基类声明virtual析构函数。 Declare destructors virtual in polymorphic base classes.
条款08：别让异常逃离析构函数。 Prevent exception from leaving destructors.
条款09：决不在构造和析构过程中调用virtual函数。 Never call virtual function in construction and destruction.
条款10：令operator=返回一个reference to *this。 Have assignment operators return a reference to *this.
条款11：在operator=中处理“自我赋值”。 Handle assignment to self in operator=.
条款12：复制对象时勿忘你每一个部分。 Copy all parts of an boject.
3、资源管理 Resource management
条款13：以对象管理资源。 Use objects to manage resource.
条款14：在资源管理类中小心coping行为。 Think carefully about coping behavior in resource-managing classes.
条款15：在资源管理类提供对原始资源的访问。 Provide access to raw resource in resource-managing classes.
条款16：成对使用new和delete时要采取相同形式。 Use the same form in corresponding uses of new and delete.
条款17：以独立语句将newed对象置入智能指针。 Store newed object in smart pointers in standalone statements.
4、设计与声明 Designs and declarations
条款18：让接口容易被正确使用，不易被误用。 Make interface easy to use correctly and hard to use incorrectly.
条款19：设计class犹如设计type。 Treat class design as type design.
条款20：宁以pass-by-reference-to-const替代pass-by-value。 Prefer pass-by-reference-to-const to pass-by-value.
条款21：必须返回对象时，别妄想返回其reference。 Don't try to return a reference when you must return an object.
条款22：将成员变量声明为private。 Declare data member private.
条款23：宁以non-member、non-friend替换member函数。 Prefer non-menber and non-friend to member function.
条款24：若所有参数皆需类型转换，请为此才用non-menber函数。 Declare non-member function when type conversions shoud apply to all parameters.
条款25：考虑写出一个不抛出异常的swap函数。 Consider support for a non-throwing swap.
5、实现 Implementations
条款26：尽可能延后变量定义式的出现时间。 Postpone variable definitions as long as possible.
条款27：尽量少做转型动作。 Minimize casting.
条款28：避免返回handle指向对象内部成分。 Avoid returning "handle" to object internals.
条款29：为“异常安全”努力是值得的。 Strive for excecption-sage code.
条款30：透彻了解inlining的里里外外。 Understand ins and outs of inlining.
条款31：将文件的编译依存关系降至最低。 Minimize compliation dependencies between files.
6、继承与面向对象设计 Inheritance and Object-Oriented Design
条款32：确定你的public继承塑模出is-a关系。 Make sure public inheritance models "is-a".
条款33：避免遮掩继承而来的名称。 Avoid hiding inherited names.
条款34：区分接口继承和实现继承。 Differentiate between inheritance of interface and inheritance of implementation.
条款35：考虑virtual函数以外的其他选择。 Consider alternative to virtual functions.
条款36：绝不重新定义继承而来的non-virtual函数。 Never redefine an inherited non-virtual function.
条款37：绝不重新定义缺省参数值。 Never redefine a function's inherited default parameter value.
条款38：通过复合塑模出has-a或“根据某物实现出”。 Model "has-a" or "is-implemented-in-terms-of" through composition.
条款39：明智而审慎的使用private。 Use private inheritance judiciously.
条款40：明智而审慎的使用多继承。 Use multiple inheritance judiciously.
7、模板与泛型编程 Templates and generic Programming
条款41：了解隐式接口与编译期多态。 Understand implicit interfaces and complile-time polymorphism.
条款42：了解typename的双重意义。 Understand the two meaning of typename.
条款43：学习处理模板化基类内的名称。 Know how to access names in templaized base classes.
条款44：将与参数无关的代码抽离template。 Factor parameter-independent code out of templates.
条款45：运用成员函数模板接受所有兼容类型。 Use member function template to accept "all compatible types".
条款46：需要类型转换时请为模板定义非成员函数。 Define non-member functions inside templates when type conversions are desired.
条款47：请使用traits classes表现类型信息。 Use traits classes for information about types.
条款48：认识template元编程。 Be aware template metaprogramming.
8、定制new和delete Customizing new and delete
条款49：了解new-handler的行为。 Understand the behavior of the new-handler.
条款50：交接new和delete的合理替换时机。 Understand when it makes sense to replace new and delete.
条款51：编写new和delete时需固守常规。 Adhere to convertion when writing new and delete.
条款52：写了placement new也要写placement delete。 Write placement delete if you write placement new.
9、杂项讨论 Miscellany
条款53：不要轻易忽略编译器警告 Pay attention to complier warnings.
条款54：让自己熟悉包括TR1在内的标准程序库。 Familiarize yourself with the standard library, including TR1.
条款55：让自己熟悉Boost。 Familiarize yourself with Boost.