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<a class="postTitle2" id="cb_post_title_url" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yuanchenqi/articles/7614921.html">Django-form表单</a>
</h1>
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<div id="cnblogs_post_body"><a name="_labelTop"></a><div id="navCategory"><p style="font-size:25px;color:#EE1289;"><i>知识预览</i></p><ul id="sortChapter"><li><a style="color: #003366;text-decoration:none;font-size:18px" href="#_label0">构建一个表单</a></li><li><a style="color: #003366;text-decoration:none;font-size:18px" href="#_label1">在Django 中构建一个表单</a></li><li><a style="color: #003366;text-decoration:none;font-size:18px" href="#_label2">Django Form 类详解</a></li><li><a style="color: #003366;text-decoration:none;font-size:18px" href="#_label3">使用表单模板</a></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: right"><a href="#_labelTop">回到顶部</a><a name="_label0"></a></div><h1 class="line" data-line="97">构建一个表单</h1>
<p>假设你想在你的网站上创建一个简单的表单，以获得用户的名字。你需要类似这样的模板：</p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div class="syntaxhighlighter sql" id="highlighter_289748"><div class="toolbar"><span><a class="toolbar_item command_help help" href="#">?</a></span></div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="sql plain"><form </code><code class="sql keyword">action</code><code class="sql plain">=</code><code class="sql string">"/your-name/"</code> <code class="sql plain">method=</code><code class="sql string">"post"</code><code class="sql plain">></code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="sql spaces"> </code><code class="sql plain"><label </code><code class="sql keyword">for</code><code class="sql plain">=</code><code class="sql string">"your_name"</code><code class="sql plain">>Your </code><code class="sql keyword">name</code><code class="sql plain">: </label></code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="sql spaces"> </code><code class="sql plain"><input id=</code><code class="sql string">"your_name"</code> <code class="sql plain">type=</code><code class="sql string">"text"</code> <code class="sql keyword">name</code><code class="sql plain">=</code><code class="sql string">"your_name"</code><code class="sql plain">></code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="sql spaces"> </code><code class="sql plain"><input type=</code><code class="sql string">"submit"</code> <code class="sql plain">value=</code><code class="sql string">"OK"</code><code class="sql plain">></code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="sql plain"></form></code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
<p>这是一个非常简单的表单。实际应用中，一个表单可能包含几十上百个字段，其中大部分需要预填充，而且我们预料到用户将来回编辑-提交几次才能完成操作。</p>
<p>我们可能需要在表单提交之前，在浏览器端作一些验证。我们可能想使用非常复杂的字段，以允许用户做类似从日历中挑选日期这样的事情，等等。</p>
<p>这个时候，让Django 来为我们完成大部分工作是很容易的。</p>
<p>so,两个突出优点：</p>
<p> 1 form表单提交时，数据出现错误，返回的页面中仍可以保留之前输入的数据。</p>
<p> 2 方便地限制字段条件</p>
<div style="text-align: right"><a href="#_labelTop">回到顶部</a><a name="_label1"></a></div><h1 class="line" data-line="125">在Django 中构建一个表单</h1>
<h2 class="line" data-line="127">Form 类</h2>
<p>我们已经计划好了我们的 HTML 表单应该呈现的样子。在Django 中，我们的起始点是这里：</p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div class="syntaxhighlighter sql" id="highlighter_41420"><div class="toolbar"><span><a class="toolbar_item command_help help" href="#">?</a></span></div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="sql plain">#forms.py</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"> </div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="sql keyword">from</code> <code class="sql plain">django import forms</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"> </div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="sql plain">class NameForm(forms.Form):</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="sql spaces"> </code><code class="sql plain">your_name = forms.CharField(label=</code><code class="sql string">'Your name'</code><code class="sql plain">, max_length=100)</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
<p> 它定义一个<code>Form</code> 类，只带有一个字段（<code>your_name</code>）。</p>
<p>字段允许的最大长度通过<code>max_length</code> 定义。它完成两件事情。首先，它在HTML 的<code><input></code> 上放置一个<code>maxlength="100"</code>（这样浏览器将在第一时间阻止用户输入多于这个数目的字符）。它还意味着当Django 收到浏览器发送过来的表单时，它将验证数据的长度。</p>
<p><code>Form</code> 的<span style="color: #ff0000;">实例</span>具有一个<code>is_valid()</code> 方法，它为所有的字段运行验证的程序。当调用这个方法时，如果所有的字段都包含合法的数据，它将：</p>
<ul>
<li>返回<code>True</code></li>
<li>将表单的数据放到<code>cleaned_data</code>属性中。</li>
</ul>
<p>完整的表单，第一次<span style="color: #ff0000;">渲染</span>时，看上去将像：</p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div class="syntaxhighlighter sql" id="highlighter_669757"><div class="toolbar"><span><a class="toolbar_item command_help help" href="#">?</a></span></div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="sql plain"><label </code><code class="sql keyword">for</code><code class="sql plain">=</code><code class="sql string">"your_name"</code><code class="sql plain">>Your </code><code class="sql keyword">name</code><code class="sql plain">: </label></code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="sql plain"><input id=</code><code class="sql string">"your_name"</code> <code class="sql plain">type=</code><code class="sql string">"text"</code> <code class="sql keyword">name</code><code class="sql plain">=</code><code class="sql string">"your_name"</code> <code class="sql plain">maxlength=</code><code class="sql string">"100"</code><code class="sql plain">></code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
<p> 注意它不包含 <code><form></code> 标签和提交按钮。我们必须自己在模板中提供它们。</p>
<h2 class="line" data-line="158">视图</h2>
<p>发送给Django 网站的表单数据通过一个视图处理，一般和发布这个表单的是同一个视图。这允许我们重用一些相同的逻辑。</p>
<p>当处理表单时，我们需要在视图中实例化它：</p>
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<pre><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;">views.py</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">from</span> django.shortcuts <span style="color: #0000ff;">import</span><span style="color: #000000;"> render
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">from</span> django.http <span style="color: #0000ff;">import</span><span style="color: #000000;"> HttpResponseRedirect
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">from</span> .forms <span style="color: #0000ff;">import</span><span style="color: #000000;"> NameForm
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_name(request):
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> if this is a POST request we need to process the form data</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> request.method == <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> create a form instance and populate it with data from the request:</span>
form =<span style="color: #000000;"> NameForm(request.POST)
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> check whether it's valid:</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> form.is_valid():
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> process the data in form.cleaned_data as required</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> ...</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> redirect to a new URL:</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> HttpResponseRedirect(<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">/thanks/</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> if a GET (or any other method) we'll create a blank form</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
form </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> NameForm()
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> render(request, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">name.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">form</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: form})</pre>
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<p>如果访问视图的是一个<code>GET</code> 请求，它将创建一个空的表单实例并将它放置到要渲染的模板的上下文中。这是我们在第一个访问该URL 时预期发生的情况。</p>
<p>如果表单的提交使用<code>POST</code> 请求，那么视图将再次创建一个表单实例并使用请求中的数据填充它：<code>form = NameForm(request.POST)</code>。这叫做”绑定数据至表单“（它现在是一个绑定的表单）。</p>
<p>我们调用表单的<code>is_valid()</code>方法；如果它不为<code>True</code>，我们将带着这个表单返回到模板。这时表单不再为空（未绑定），所以HTML 表单将用之前提交的数据填充，然后可以根据要求编辑并改正它。</p>
<p>如果<code>is_valid()</code>为<code>True</code>，我们将能够在<code>cleaned_data</code> 属性中找到所有合法的表单数据。在发送HTTP 重定向给浏览器告诉它下一步的去向之前，我们可以用这个数据来更新数据库或者做其它处理。</p>
<h2 class="line" data-line="199">模板</h2>
<p>我们不需要在name.html 模板中做很多工作。最简单的例子是：</p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div class="syntaxhighlighter sql" id="highlighter_703535"><div class="toolbar"><span><a class="toolbar_item command_help help" href="#">?</a></span></div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="sql plain"><form </code><code class="sql keyword">action</code><code class="sql plain">=</code><code class="sql string">"/your-name/"</code> <code class="sql plain">method=</code><code class="sql string">"post"</code><code class="sql plain">></code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="sql spaces"> </code><code class="sql plain">{% csrf_token %}</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="sql spaces"> </code><code class="sql plain">{{ form }}</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="sql spaces"> </code><code class="sql plain"><input type=</code><code class="sql string">"submit"</code> <code class="sql plain">value=</code><code class="sql string">"Submit"</code> <code class="sql plain">/></code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="sql plain"></form></code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
<p> 根据<code>{{ form }}</code>，所有的表单字段和它们的属性将通过Django 的模板语言拆分成HTML 标记 。</p>
<p>注：Django 原生支持一个简单易用的<a href="http://python.usyiyi.cn/django/ref/csrf.html">跨站请求伪造的防护</a>。当提交一个启用CSRF 防护的<code>POST</code> 表单时，你必须使用上面例子中的<code>csrf_token</code> 模板标签。</p>
<p>现在我们有了一个可以工作的网页表单，它通过Django Form 描述、通过视图处理并渲染成一个HTML <code><form></code>。</p>
<div style="text-align: right"><a href="#_labelTop">回到顶部</a><a name="_label2"></a></div><h1>Django Form 类详解</h1>
<h2>绑定的和未绑定的表单实例</h2>
<p>绑定的和未绑定的表单 之间的区别非常重要：</p>
<ul>
<li>未绑定的表单没有关联的数据。当渲染给用户时，它将为空或包含默认的值。</li>
<li>绑定的表单具有提交的数据，因此可以用来检验数据是否合法。如果渲染一个不合法的绑定的表单，它将包含内联的错误信息，告诉用户如何纠正数据。</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="line" data-line="242">字段详解</h2>
<p>考虑一个比上面的迷你示例更有用的一个表单，我们完成一个更加有用的注册表单：</p>
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<pre><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;">forms.py</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">from</span> django <span style="color: #0000ff;">import</span><span style="color: #000000;"> forms
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> RegisterForm(forms.Form):
username </span>= forms.CharField(max_length=100<span style="color: #000000;">,
error_messages</span>={<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">min_length</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>:<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">最短为5个字符</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">required</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>:<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">该字段不能为空</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">},
)
password </span>= forms.CharField(max_length=100<span style="color: #000000;">,
widget</span>=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">placeholder</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>:<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">password</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">})
)
telephone</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">forms.IntegerField(
error_messages</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">{
</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">invalid</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>:<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">格式错误</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">
}
)
gender</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">forms.CharField(
initial</span>=2<span style="color: #000000;">,
widget</span>=widgets.Select(choices=((1,<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">上海</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>),(2,<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">北京</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">),))
)
email </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> forms.EmailField()
is_married </span>= forms.BooleanField(required=False)</pre>
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<h3 class="line" data-line="260">Widgets</h3>
<p>每个表单字段都有一个对应的<code>Widget</code> 类，它对应一个HTML 表单<code>Widget</code>，例如<code><input type="text"></code>。</p>
<p>在大部分情况下，字段都具有一个合理的默认Widget。例如，默认情况下，<code>CharField</code> 具有一个<code>TextInput Widget</code>，它在HTML 中生成一个<code><input type="text"></code>。</p>
<h3 class="line" data-line="266">字段的数据</h3>
<p>不管表单提交的是什么数据，一旦通过调用<code>is_valid()</code> 成功验证（<code>is_valid()</code> 返回<code>True</code>），验证后的表单数据将位于<code>form.cleaned_data</code> 字典中。这些数据已经为你转换好为Python 的类型。</p>
<p>注：此时，你依然可以从<code>request.POST</code> 中直接访问到未验证的数据，但是访问验证后的数据更好一些。</p>
<p>在上面的联系表单示例中，<span style="color: #000000;">is_married</span>将是一个布尔值。类似地，<code>IntegerField</code> 和<code>FloatField</code> 字段分别将值转换为Python 的<code>int</code> 和<code>float</code>。</p>
<div style="text-align: right"><a href="#_labelTop">回到顶部</a><a name="_label3"></a></div><h1 class="line" data-line="303">使用表单模板</h1>
<p>你需要做的就是将表单实例放进模板的上下文。如果你的表单在<code>Contex</code>t 中叫做<code>form</code>，那么<code>{{ form }}</code>将正确地渲染它的<code><label></code> 和 <code><input></code>元素。</p>
<h2 class="line" data-line="307">表单渲染的选项</h2>
<p>对于<code><label>/<input></code> 对，还有几个输出选项：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>{{ form.as_table }}</code> 以表格的形式将它们渲染在<code><tr></code> 标签中</li>
<li><code>{{ form.as_p }}</code> 将它们渲染在<code><p></code> 标签中</li>
<li><code>{{ form.as_ul }}</code> 将它们渲染在<code><li></code> 标签中</li>
</ul>
<p>注意，你必须自己提供<code><table></code> 或<code><ul></code> 元素。</p>
<p><code>{{ form.as_p }}</code>会渲染如下：</p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div class="syntaxhighlighter collapsed html" id="highlighter_927350"><div class="toolbar"><span><a class="toolbar_item command_expandSource expandSource" href="#">+ View Code</a></span><span><a class="toolbar_item command_help help" href="#">?</a></span></div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">8</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2">9</div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1">10</div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2">11</div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1">12</div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2">13</div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1">14</div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2">15</div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1">16</div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2">17</div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1">18</div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2">19</div><div class="line number20 index19 alt1">20</div><div class="line number21 index20 alt2">21</div><div class="line number22 index21 alt1">22</div><div class="line number23 index22 alt2">23</div><div class="line number24 index23 alt1">24</div><div class="line number25 index24 alt2">25</div><div class="line number26 index25 alt1">26</div><div class="line number27 index26 alt2">27</div><div class="line number28 index27 alt1">28</div><div class="line number29 index28 alt2">29</div><div class="line number30 index29 alt1">30</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">form</code> <code class="html plain">action=""></code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">p</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">label</code> <code class="html plain">for="id_username">Username:</</code><code class="html keyword">label</code><code class="html plain">> </code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">input</code> <code class="html plain">id="id_username" maxlength="100" name="username" type="text" required=""></code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"></</code><code class="html keyword">p</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"> </div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"> </div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">p</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">label</code> <code class="html plain">for="id_password">Password:</</code><code class="html keyword">label</code><code class="html plain">> </code></div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">input</code> <code class="html plain">id="id_password" maxlength="100" name="password" placeholder="password" type="password" required=""></code></div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"></</code><code class="html keyword">p</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1"> </div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2"> </div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">p</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">label</code> <code class="html plain">for="id_telephone">Telephone:</</code><code class="html keyword">label</code><code class="html plain">> <</code><code class="html keyword">input</code> <code class="html plain">id="id_telephone" name="telephone" type="number" required=""></code></div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"></</code><code class="html keyword">p</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2"> </div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1"> </div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">p</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number20 index19 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">label</code> <code class="html plain">for="id_email">Email:</</code><code class="html keyword">label</code><code class="html plain">> <</code><code class="html keyword">input</code> <code class="html plain">id="id_email" name="email" type="email" required=""></code></div><div class="line number21 index20 alt2"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"></</code><code class="html keyword">p</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number22 index21 alt1"> </div><div class="line number23 index22 alt2"> </div><div class="line number24 index23 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">p</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number25 index24 alt2"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">label</code> <code class="html plain">for="id_is_married">Is married:</</code><code class="html keyword">label</code><code class="html plain">> <</code><code class="html keyword">input</code> <code class="html plain">id="id_is_married" name="is_married" type="checkbox"></code></div><div class="line number26 index25 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"></</code><code class="html keyword">p</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number27 index26 alt2"> </div><div class="line number28 index27 alt1"> </div><div class="line number29 index28 alt2"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">input</code> <code class="html plain">type="submit" value="注册"></code></div><div class="line number30 index29 alt1"><code class="html plain"></</code><code class="html keyword">form</code><code class="html plain">></code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
<h2 class="line" data-line="338">手工渲染字段</h2>
<p>我们没有必要非要让Django 来分拆表单的字段；如果我们喜欢，我们可以手工来做（例如，这样允许重新对字段排序）。每个字段都是表单的一个属性，可以使用<code>{{ form.name_of_field }}</code> 访问，并将在Django 模板中正确地渲染。例如：</p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div class="syntaxhighlighter html" id="highlighter_231606"><div class="toolbar"><span><a class="toolbar_item command_help help" href="#">?</a></span></div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">div</code> <code class="html plain">class="fieldWrapper"></code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain">{{ form.Username.errors }}</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain">{{ form.Username.label_tag }}</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain">{{ form.Username }}</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="html plain"></</code><code class="html keyword">div</code><code class="html plain">></code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
<h2 class="line" data-line="376">渲染表单的错误信息</h2>
<p>1、</p>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div class="syntaxhighlighter html" id="highlighter_535022"><div class="toolbar"><span><a class="toolbar_item command_help help" href="#">?</a></span></div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="html plain">registerForm=RegisterForm(request.POST)</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="html plain">print(type(registerForm.errors)) #<</code><code class="html keyword">class</code> <code class="html plain">'django.forms.utils.ErrorDict'></code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="html plain">print(type(registerForm.errors["username"])) #<</code><code class="html keyword">class</code> <code class="html plain">'django.forms.utils.ErrorList'> </code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
<p>2、</p>
<p>使用<code>{{ form.name_of_field.errors }}</code> 显示表单错误的一个清单，并渲染成一个<code>ul</code>。看上去可能像：</p>
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<div><div class="syntaxhighlighter html" id="highlighter_687222"><div class="toolbar"><span><a class="toolbar_item command_help help" href="#">?</a></span></div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">ul</code> <code class="html plain">class="errorlist"></code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="html spaces"> </code><code class="html plain"><</code><code class="html keyword">li</code><code class="html plain">>Sender is required.</</code><code class="html keyword">li</code><code class="html plain">></code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="html plain"></</code><code class="html keyword">ul</code><code class="html plain">></code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
<h2> form组件的钩子</h2>
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<pre><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> foo(request):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> request.method==<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">POST</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
regForm</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">RegForm(request.POST)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> regForm.is_valid():
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 可用数据: regForm.cleaned_data,</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 将数据插入数据库表中</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">pass</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 可用数据: regForm.errors</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 可以利用模板渲染讲errors嵌套到页面中返回</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 也可以打包到一个字典中,用于ajax返回</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
regForm</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">RegForm()
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> render(request,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">register.html</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>,{<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">regForm</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">:regForm})
</span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span><span style="color: #800000;">
实例化时:
self.fields={
"username":"字段规则对象",
"password":"字段规则对象",
}
is_valid时:
self._errors = {}
self.cleaned_data = {}
#局部钩子:
for name, field in self.fields.items():
try:
value = field.clean(value)
self.cleaned_data[name] = value
if hasattr(self, 'clean_%s' % name):
value = getattr(self, 'clean_%s' % name)()
self.cleaned_data[name] = value
except ValidationError as e:
self.add_error(name, e)
# 全局钩子:
self.clean() # def self.clean():return self.cleaned_data
return not self.errors # True或者False
</span><span style="color: #800000;">'''</span></pre>
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<h2>form组件补充</h2>
<p>1、Django内置字段如下：</p>
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<pre><span style="color: #000000;">Field
required</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">True, 是否允许为空
widget</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, HTML插件
label</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容
initial</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 初始值
help_text</span>=<span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;">, 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示)
error_messages</span>=None, 错误信息 {<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">required</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">不能为空</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">invalid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">格式错误</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">}
show_hidden_initial</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">False, 是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件（可用于检验两次输入是否一直）
validators</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">[], 自定义验证规则
localize</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">False, 是否支持本地化
disabled</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">False, 是否可以编辑
label_suffix</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None Label内容后缀
CharField(Field)
max_length</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 最大长度
min_length</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 最小长度
strip</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">True 是否移除用户输入空白
IntegerField(Field)
max_value</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 最大值
min_value</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 最小值
FloatField(IntegerField)
...
DecimalField(IntegerField)
max_value</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 最大值
min_value</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 最小值
max_digits</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 总长度
decimal_places</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 小数位长度
BaseTemporalField(Field)
input_formats</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None 时间格式化
DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式：</span>2015-09-01<span style="color: #000000;">
TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式：</span>11:12<span style="color: #000000;">
DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式：</span>2015-09-01 11:12<span style="color: #000000;">
DurationField(Field) 时间间隔：</span>%d %H:%M:%S.%<span style="color: #000000;">f
...
RegexField(CharField)
regex, 自定制正则表达式
max_length</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 最大长度
min_length</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 最小长度
error_message</span>=None, 忽略，错误信息使用 error_messages={<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">invalid</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>: <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">...</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">}
EmailField(CharField)
...
FileField(Field)
allow_empty_file</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">False 是否允许空文件
ImageField(FileField)
...
注：需要PIL模块，pip3 install Pillow
以上两个字典使用时，需要注意两点：
</span>- form表单中 enctype=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">multipart/form-data</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>
- view函数中 obj =<span style="color: #000000;"> MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
URLField(Field)
...
BooleanField(Field)
...
NullBooleanField(BooleanField)
...
ChoiceField(Field)
...
choices</span>=(), 选项，如：choices = ((0,<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">上海</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>),(1,<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">北京</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">),)
required</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">True, 是否必填
widget</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 插件，默认select插件
label</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, Label内容
initial</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 初始值
help_text</span>=<span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;">, 帮助提示
ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField
queryset, </span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 查询数据库中的数据</span>
empty_label=<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">---------</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 默认空显示内容</span>
to_field_name=None, <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> HTML中value的值对应的字段</span>
limit_choices_to=None <span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">
ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField
TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)
coerce </span>= <span style="color: #0000ff;">lambda</span><span style="color: #000000;"> val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换
empty_value</span>= <span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;"> 空值的默认值
MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)
...
TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)
coerce </span>= <span style="color: #0000ff;">lambda</span><span style="color: #000000;"> val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换
empty_value</span>= <span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;"> 空值的默认值
ComboField(Field)
fields</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">() 使用多个验证，如下：即验证最大长度20，又验证邮箱格式
fields.ComboField(fields</span>=[fields.CharField(max_length=20<span style="color: #000000;">), fields.EmailField(),])
MultiValueField(Field)
PS: 抽象类，子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值，要配合MultiWidget使用
SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField)
input_date_formats</span>=None, 格式列表：[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">%Y--%m--%d</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">%m%d/%Y</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">%m/%d/%y</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
input_time_formats</span>=None 格式列表：[<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">%H:%M:%S</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">%H:%M:%S.%f</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>, <span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">%H:%M</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项，目录下文件显示在页面中
path, 文件夹路径
match</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None, 正则匹配
recursive</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">False, 递归下面的文件夹
allow_files</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">True, 允许文件
allow_folders</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">False, 允许文件夹
required</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">True,
widget</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None,
label</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None,
initial</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">None,
help_text</span>=<span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;">
GenericIPAddressField
protocol</span>=<span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">both</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #000000;">, both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式
unpack_ipv4</span>=False 解析ipv4地址，如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候，可解析为192.0.2.1<span style="color: #000000;">， PS：protocol必须为both才能启用
SlugField(CharField) 数字，字母，下划线，减号（连字符）
...
UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型
...</span></pre>
</div>
<span class="cnblogs_code_collapse">View Code</span></div>
<p>2、Django内置插件：</p>
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<pre><span style="color: #000000;">TextInput(Input)
NumberInput(TextInput)
EmailInput(TextInput)
URLInput(TextInput)
PasswordInput(TextInput)
HiddenInput(TextInput)
Textarea(Widget)
DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
CheckboxInput
Select
NullBooleanSelect
SelectMultiple
RadioSelect
CheckboxSelectMultiple
FileInput
ClearableFileInput
MultipleHiddenInput
SplitDateTimeWidget
SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
SelectDateWidget</span></pre>
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<p>3、常用选择插件：</p>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('ddb30a2f-9f6c-4e6e-ad55-e19ea2b5baa8')"><img class="code_img_closed" id="code_img_closed_ddb30a2f-9f6c-4e6e-ad55-e19ea2b5baa8" alt="" src="http://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif"><img class="code_img_opened" id="code_img_opened_ddb30a2f-9f6c-4e6e-ad55-e19ea2b5baa8" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('ddb30a2f-9f6c-4e6e-ad55-e19ea2b5baa8',event)" alt="" src="http://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif">
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<pre><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 单radio，值为字符串</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> user = fields.CharField(</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> initial=2,</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> )</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 单radio，值为字符串</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> user = fields.ChoiceField(</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> initial=2,</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> widget=widgets.RadioSelect</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> )</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 单select，值为字符串</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> user = fields.CharField(</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> initial=2,</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> )</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 单select，值为字符串</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> user = fields.ChoiceField(</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> initial=2,</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> widget=widgets.Select</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> )</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 多选select，值为列表</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),),</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> initial=[1,],</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> widget=widgets.SelectMultiple</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> )</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 单checkbox</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> user = fields.CharField(</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> widget=widgets.CheckboxInput()</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> )</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 多选checkbox,值为列表</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> initial=[2, ],</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple</span><span style="color: #008000;">
#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> )</span></pre>
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