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  • tornado框架之路二

    二、路由系统

    路由系统其实就是 url 和 类 的对应关系,这里不同于其他框架,其他很多框架均是 url 对应 函数,Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    
    import tornado.ioloop
    import tornado.web
    
      
    class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.write("Hello, world")
    
    
    
    class WorkHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 
        def get(self,page): 
         self.write(page)
    
    
    class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self, story_id):
            self.write("You requested the story " + story_id)
    
    
    class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.write("buy.wupeiqi.com/index")
       
    
    application = tornado.web.Application([
        (r"/index", MainHandler),
        (r"/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler),
       (r"/work/(?P<page>d*)",WorkHanlder),
    ])
    
    
    application.add_handlers('buy.wupeiqi.com$', [
        (r'/index',BuyHandler),
    ])
    
      
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        application.listen(80)
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
    

    分页(一页显示五条内容,每页显示11个页码)

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import tornado.web
    import tornado.ioloop
    from work.controller import work
    
    settings={
        "template_path":"tpl",
    }
    
    application = tornado.web.Application([
        (r"/work/(?P<page>d*)",work.WorkHanlder),
    ],**settings)
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        application.listen(8888)
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
    start.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import tornado.web
    list_all = ["ssdfsdgsdsgfdf",]
    for i in range(100):
        list_all.append("123士大夫是的覅是公司的")
    class WorkHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self,page):   #page指的是当前页
            list_asd = []
            try:
                page = int(page)  #如果在浏览器上输入的值为整型则正常转
            except:
                page = 1          #如果输入的值不是int型的,则默认为第一页
            start = (page - 1)*5   #内容的开始取值范围
            end = page*5           #内容的结束取值范围
            list = list_all[start:end] #根据当前页的页码,获取相应页码的内容
            all_page ,c = divmod(len(list_all),5) #每页的内容设置为5,超出时下一页显示
            if c>0:
                all_page+= 1        # 如果余数大于0,说明还需要另一页来显示
            if all_page < 11:       #设置一页显示11个页码  如果总页数为小于11的话,无论点那一页默认显示全部
                s = 1               #页码开始为1
                t = all_page        #页码结束为总页码
            else:                #我们设置格式为显示前5后5
                if page < 6:        #当页码大于11的时候,又分当前页码如果小于6时,显示1-12的页码
                    s = 1
                    t = 12
                else:              #页码大于11且当前页码大于6时又分下面俩种
                    if all_page > page +5 :    #
                        s = page - 5
                        t = page + 5 + 1
                    else:
                        s = all_page - 11
                        t = all_page + 1
            for p in range(s,t):
                if p == page:
                    temp = "<a href='/work/%s' style='color:red'>%s</a>"%(p,p)
                else:
                    temp = "<a href='/work/%s'>%s</a>"%(p,p)
                list_asd.append(temp)
            st = "".join(list_asd)
            self.render("work.html",list_show = list ,list_page =st,)
    
        def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
            pass
    work.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    {% for item in list_show %}
    <h3>{{ item }}</h3>
    {% end %}
    
    {% raw list_page %}
    </body>
    </html>
    work.html

    css文件和js文件的引入方式

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{static_url('chouti.css')}}">
    <script src="{{static_url('jquery-1.9.1.min.js')}}"></script>
    

    Tornado中原生支持二级域名的路由,如:

    三、模板引擎

    Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似,模板引擎将模板文件载入内存,然后将数据嵌入其中,最终获取到一个完整的字符串,再将字符串返回给请求者。

    Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”,控制语句是使用 {% 和 %} 包起来的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}表达语句是使用 {{ 和 }} 包起来的

    ,例如 {{ items[0] }}

    控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。我们支持 ifforwhile 和 try,这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %} 做标记。还通过 extends 和 block 语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template 模块 的代码文档中有着详细的描述。

    注:在使用模板前需要在setting中设置模板路径:"template_path" : "tpl"

    1、基本使用

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
      
    import tornado.ioloop
    import tornado.web
      
      
    class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.render("index.html", list_info = [11,22,33])
      
    application = tornado.web.Application([
        (r"/index", MainHandler),
    ])
      
      
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        application.listen(8888)
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
    index
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head>
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
        <title>老男孩</title>
        <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
    </head>
    <body>
    
        <div>
            <ul>
                {% for item in list_info %}
                    <li>{{item}}</li>
                {% end %}
            </ul>
        </div>
        
        <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>
        
    </body>
    </html>
    index.html
    在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用:
    
    escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
    xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
    url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名
    json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名
    squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名
    linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名
    datetime: Python 的 datetime 模组
    handler: 当前的 RequestHandler 对象
    request: handler.request 的別名
    current_user: handler.current_user 的別名
    locale: handler.locale 的別名
    _: handler.locale.translate 的別名
    static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名
    xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名
    

    2、母版

    内容的引入:

    在母版的body块中写--------------->{% block body %}{% end %}

    在子版中写------------------------{% extends 'layout.html'%} ---------->导入母版

    -----------------------------------{% block body %}---------------------->格式

    -----------------------------------<h1>work</h1>------------------------>内容

    -----------------------------------{% end %}------------------------------>格式

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
        <style>
            .c1{
                height: 40px;
                background-color: #2459a2;
            }
            .c2{
                height: 40px;
                background-color: black;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
    <div class="c1"></div>
    {% block body %}{% end %}
    <div class="c2"></div>
    </body>
    </html>
    layout.html
    {% extends 'layout.html'%}
    {% block body %}
    <h1>index</h1>
    {% end %}
    index.html
    {% extends 'layout.html'%}
    {% block body %}
    <h1>work</h1>
    {% end %}
    work.html
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import tornado.web
    
    class IndexHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.render("index.html")
        def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
            pass
    class WorkHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.render("work.html")
        def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
            pas
    extend
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import tornado.web
    import tornado.ioloop
    from work.controller import work
    from work.controller import extend
    
    settings={
        "template_path":"tpl",
    }
    
    application = tornado.web.Application([
        (r"/work",extend.WorkHanlder),
        (r"/index", extend.IndexHanlder),
    ],**settings)
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        application.listen(8888)
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
    start.py

    css的引入1:

    在母版的head块中写--------------->{% block css %}{% end %}

    在子版中写--------------------------{% block css %}------------------------------------------------------------------>格式

    ------------------------------------<link href="{{static_url('s1.css')}}" rel="stylesheet" />----------------------->内容

    ------------------------------------{% end %}------------------------------------------------------------------------->格式

    css的引入2:

    在母版的head块中写--------------->{% block css %}{% end %}

    在子版中写--------------------------{% block css %}------------------------------------------------------------------>格式

    ------------------------------------<style>-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ---------------------------------- .s1{ 30px; height: 30px; color: #2459a2; background-color: greenyellow; }

    ----------------------------------- </style>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------{% end %}------------------------------------------------------------------------->格式

    整体body块、css块、js块母版汇总:

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
        <link href="{{static_url('s1.css')}}" rel="stylesheet" />
        {% block css %}{% end %}         <!-- 这里的css和下面的JavaScript大小写都行,只要母版和子版中的一样就行---->
    </head>
    <body>
    
    <div class="c1">11111111</div>
    {% block body %}{% end %}
    <div class="c2">3333333333</div>
    
    <script src="{{static_url('js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js')}}"></script>
    {% block javascript %}{% end %}
    
    </body>
    </html>
    母版
    {% extends 'layout.html'%}
    {% block css %}
    <style>
        .s1{
            width: 30px;
            height: 30px;
            color: #2459a2;
            background-color: greenyellow;
        }
    </style>
    {% end %}
    {% block body %}
    <div class="s1">123123</div>
    <h1>work</h1>
    {% end %}
    
    <ul>
    {%  for item in li %}
        <li>{{item}}</li>
    {% end %}
    </ul>
    
    {% block javascript %}
    <script>
        alert("12121212121")
    </script>
    {% end %}
    子版

    3、导入

    <form action="">
        <input type="text">
        <input type="text">
    </form>
    form.html
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    {% include "form.html" %}
    </body>
    </html>
    index.html

    四、cookie

    1、基本操作

    Cookie是由服务器端生成,发送给User-Agent(一般是浏览器),浏览器会将Cookie的key/value保存到某个目录下的文本文件内,下次请求同一网站时就发送该Cookie给服务器(前提是浏览器设置为启用cookie)

    在后台设置cookie:

    class IndexHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            print(self.cookies) #获取http请求中携带的浏览器中的所有cookie
            print(self.get_cookie("k1"))  # 获取浏览器中的cooki
            self.set_cookie("k1","v1")  #为浏览器设置cookie
    

    在前端(浏览器上使用JavaScript):

        document.cookie               #获取浏览器中所有的cookie
        document.cookie.split(";")   #获取浏览器中具体某一个cookie,需要先分割,再操作
        document.cookie = "k1=999"   #设置cookie
    

     由于Cookie保存在浏览器端,所以在浏览器端也可以使用JavaScript来操作Cookie:

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>123</h1>
    </body>
    <script>
    /*设置cookie,指定秒数过期*/
    function setCookieBySeconds(name,value,expires){
        var current_date = new Date();  //获取当前时间
        current_date.setSeconds(current_date.getSeconds() + expires);
        document.cookie = name + "= "+ value +";expires=" + current_date.toUTCString();
    }
    /*设置cookie,指定天数过期*/
    function setCookieByDays(name,value,expires){
        var current_date = new Date();  //获取当前时间
        current_date.setDate(current_date.getDate() + expires);
        document.cookie = name + "= "+ value +";expires=" + current_date.toUTCString();
    }
    </script>
    </html>
    JavaScript操作Cookie

    2、加密cookie(签名)

    Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息,你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。 要使用这些方法,你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥,名字为 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中: 

    def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):
        hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
        for part in parts:
            hash.update(utf8(part))
        return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
    
    # 加密
    def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):
        hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
        hash.update(utf8(s))
        return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
    
    def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,
                            key_version=None):
        if version is None:
            version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION
        if clock is None:
            clock = time.time
    
        timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock())))
        value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value))
        if version == 1:
            signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)
            value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature])
            return value
        elif version == 2:
            # The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of
            # length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a
            # signature, all separated by pipes.  All numbers are in
            # decimal format with no leading zeros.  The signature is an
            # HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including
            # the final pipe.
            #
            # The fields are:
            # - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)
            # - key version (integer, default is 0)
            # - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)
            # - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)
            # - value (base64-encoded)
            # - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)
            def format_field(s):
                return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)
            to_sign = b"|".join([
                b"2",
                format_field(str(key_version or 0)),
                format_field(timestamp),
                format_field(name),
                format_field(value),
                b''])
    
            if isinstance(secret, dict):
                assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used'
                assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support'
                secret = secret[key_version]
    
            signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)
            return to_sign + signature
        else:
            raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)
    
    # 解密
    def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
        parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")
        if len(parts) != 3:
            return None
        signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])
        if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):
            gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)
            return None
        timestamp = int(parts[1])
        if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
            gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)
            return None
        if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:
            # _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the
            # parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing
            # digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the
            # signature.  For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp
            # here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.
            gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",
                            value)
            return None
        if parts[1].startswith(b"0"):
            gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)
            return None
        try:
            return base64.b64decode(parts[0])
        except Exception:
            return None
    
    
    def _decode_fields_v2(value):
        def _consume_field(s):
            length, _, rest = s.partition(b':')
            n = int(length)
            field_value = rest[:n]
            # In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must
            # use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.
            if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|':
                raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")
            rest = rest[n + 1:]
            return field_value, rest
    
        rest = value[2:]  # remove version number
        key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest)
        timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest)
        name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest)
        value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest)
        return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig
    
    
    def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
        try:
            key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)
        except ValueError:
            return None
        signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)]
    
        if isinstance(secret, dict):
            try:
                secret = secret[key_version]
            except KeyError:
                return None
    
        expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)
        if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):
            return None
        if name_field != utf8(name):
            return None
        timestamp = int(timestamp)
        if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
            # The signature has expired.
            return None
        try:
            return base64.b64decode(value_field)
        except Exception:
            return None
    
    
    def get_signature_key_version(value):
        value = utf8(value)
        version = _get_version(value)
        if version < 2:
            return None
        try:
            key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)
        except ValueError:
            return None
    
        return key_version
    内部算法

    签名Cookie的本质是:

    写cookie过程:

    • 将值进行base64加密
    • 对除值以外的内容进行签名,哈希算法(无法逆向解析)
    • 拼接 签名 + 加密值

    v1 = base64(v1)

    k1 =  v1 | 加密串(md5(v1+时间戳+自定义字符串)) | 时间戳

    读cookie过程:

    • 读取 签名 + 加密值
    • 对签名进行验证
    • base64解密,获取值内容

    五、Session(依赖于cookie)

    由于cookie中需要保存客户的很多信息,而且如果信息很多的话,服务端与客户端交互的时候也浪费流量,所以我们需要用很少的一段字符串来保存很多的信息,这就是我们所要引进的session。

    cookie 和session 的区别:

    1、cookie数据存放在客户的浏览器上,session数据放在服务器上。

    2、cookie不是很安全,别人可以分析存放在本地的COOKIE并进行COOKIE欺骗    考虑到安全应当使用session。

    3、session会在一定时间内保存在服务器上。当访问增多,会比较占用你服务器的性能    考虑到减轻服务器性能方面,应当使用COOKIE。

    4、单个cookie保存的数据不能超过4K,很多浏览器都限制一个站点最多保存20个cookie。

    5、所以个人建议:    将登陆信息等重要信息存放为SESSION    其他信息如果需要保留,可以放在COOKIE中

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import tornado.web
    import tornado.ioloop
    import hashlib
    import time
    li = {}
    class IndexHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            obj = hashlib.md5()
            obj.update(bytes(str(time.time()),encoding="utf-8"))
            random_str = obj.hexdigest()
            li[random_str]={}
            li[random_str]["k1"]=123
            li[random_str]["k2"]=456
            li[random_str]["is_login"]=True
            self.set_cookie("qqqqqq",random_str)
            self.write("成功设置cookie")
        def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
            pass
    
    class ManagerHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            random_str = self.get_cookie("qqqqqq",None)
            current_user_info = li.get(random_str,None)
            if not current_user_info:
                self.redirect("/index")
            else:
                if li[random_str]["is_login"]:
                    self.write("欢迎")
                else:
                    self.redirect("/index")
            def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
                pass
    
    settings={
        "template_path":"tpl",
         "static_path":"st",
        "cookie_secret":"123"
    }
    
    class IndeHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.render("1.html")
    application = tornado.web.Application([
        (r"/index", IndexHanlder),
        (r"/manager", ManagerHanlder),
    ],**settings)
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        application.listen(8888)
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
    利用session做用户验证
    #!/usr/bin/env/python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import tornado.web
    
    container = {}
    # container = {
    #     # "第一个人的随机字符串":{},
    #     # "第一个人的随机字符串":{'k1': 111, 'parents': '你'},
    # }
    
    class Session:
        def __init__(self, handler):
            self.handler = handler
            self.random_str = None
    
        def __genarate_random_str(self):
            import hashlib
            import time
            obj = hashlib.md5()
            obj.update(bytes(str(time.time()), encoding='utf-8'))
            random_str = obj.hexdigest()
            return random_str
    
        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
            # 在container中加入随机字符串
            # 定义专属于自己的数据
            # 在客户端中写入随机字符串
            # 判断,请求的用户是否已有随机字符串
            if not self.random_str:
                random_str = self.handler.get_cookie('__kakaka__')
                if not random_str:
                    random_str = self.__genarate_random_str()
                    container[random_str] = {}
                else:
                    # 客户端有随机字符串
                    if random_str in container.keys():
                        pass
                    else:
                        random_str = self.__genarate_random_str()
                        container[random_str] = {}
                self.random_str = random_str 
    
            container[self.random_str][key] = value
            self.handler.set_cookie("__kakaka__", self.random_str)
    
        def __getitem__(self, key):
            # 获取客户端的随机字符串
            # 从container中获取专属于我的数据
            #  专属信息【key】
            random_str =  self.handler.get_cookie("__kakaka__")
            if not random_str:
                return None
            # 客户端有随机字符串
            user_info_dict = container.get(random_str,None)
            if not user_info_dict:
                return None
            value = user_info_dict.get(key, None)
            return value
    class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def initialize(self):
            self.session = Session(self)
    class IndexHandler(BaseHandler):
        def get(self):
            if self.get_argument('u',None) in ['alex','eric']:
                self.session['is_login'] = True
                self.session['name'] =self.get_argument('u',None)
                print(container)
            else:
                self.write('请你先登录')
    class MangerHandler(BaseHandler):
        def get(self):
            val = self.session['is_login']
            if val:
                self.write(self.session['name'])
            else:
                self.write('登录失败')
    class LoginHandler(BaseHandler):
        def get(self,*args,**kwargs):
            self.render('login.html',status="")
        def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
            user = self.get_argument('user',None)
            pwd = self.get_argument('pwd',None)
            code = self.get_argument('code',None)
            check_code = self.session['CheckCode']
            if code.upper() == check_code.upper():
                self.write('验证码正确')
            else:
                self.render('login.html',status ='验证码错误')
    class CheckCodeHandler(BaseHandler):
        def get(self,*args,**kwargs):
            import io
            import check_code
            mstream = io.BytesIO()
            img, code = check_code.create_validate_code()
            img.save(mstream,'GIF')
            self.session['CheckCode']=code
            self.write(mstream.getvalue())
    class CsrfHandler(BaseHandler):
        def get(self,*args,**kwargs):
            self.render("csrf.html")
        def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
            self.write("hahahahaah")
    
    settings = {
        'template_path':'views',
        'static_path':'static',
        "xsrf_cookies":True
    }
    application = tornado.web.Application([
        (r'/index',IndexHandler),
        (r'/manger',MangerHandler),
        (r'/login',LoginHandler),
        (r'/check_code',CheckCodeHandler),
        (r'/csrf',CsrfHandler),
    ],**settings)
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        application.listen(8888)
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
    session用户验证精简版

    六、验证码

    验证码原理在于后台自动创建一张带有随机内容的图片,然后将内容通过img标签输出到页面

    安装图像处理模块:

    pip3 install pillow    
    

    步骤:1、首先下载安装pillow图像处理模块------->2、把check_code.py文件和Monaco.ttf文件放在目录下

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import tornado.ioloop
    import tornado.web
    import io
    import check_code
    li = []
    class CheckCodeHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            mstream = io.BytesIO()
            img, code = check_code.create_validate_code()
            li.append(code)   #这里可以保存到session中
            img.save(mstream, "GIF")
            self.write(mstream.getvalue())
            print(code)
    
    class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.render('login.html',status="")
        def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
            user = self.get_argument("user",None)
            pwd = self.get_argument("pwd",None)
            mima = self.get_argument("mima",None)
            if user == "alex" and pwd == "123" and mima.upper() == li[0].upper():  #不区分大小写
                self.write("登录成功")
            else:
                # self.redirect("/login")
                self.render("login.html",status = "验证码错误")
    
    settings = {
        'template_path': 'tpl',
        'static_path': 'static',
        'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
        'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',
    }
    
    application = tornado.web.Application([
        (r"/login", LoginHandler),
        (r"/check_code", CheckCodeHandler),
    ], **settings)
    
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        application.listen(8888)
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
    start.py
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    #coding:utf-8
    import random
    from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, ImageFilter
    
    _letter_cases = "abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxy"  # 小写字母,去除可能干扰的i,l,o,z
    _upper_cases = _letter_cases.upper()  # 大写字母
    _numbers = ''.join(map(str, range(3, 10)))  # 数字
    init_chars = ''.join((_letter_cases, _upper_cases, _numbers))
    
    def create_validate_code(size=(120, 30),
                             chars=init_chars,
                             img_type="GIF",
                             mode="RGB",
                             bg_color=(255, 255, 255),
                             fg_color=(0, 0, 255),
                             font_size=18,
                             font_type="Monaco.ttf",
                             length=4,
                             draw_lines=True,
                             n_line=(1, 2),
                             draw_points=True,
                             point_chance = 2):
        '''
        @todo: 生成验证码图片
        @param size: 图片的大小,格式(宽,高),默认为(120, 30)
        @param chars: 允许的字符集合,格式字符串
        @param img_type: 图片保存的格式,默认为GIF,可选的为GIF,JPEG,TIFF,PNG
        @param mode: 图片模式,默认为RGB
        @param bg_color: 背景颜色,默认为白色
        @param fg_color: 前景色,验证码字符颜色,默认为蓝色#0000FF
        @param font_size: 验证码字体大小
        @param font_type: 验证码字体,默认为 ae_AlArabiya.ttf
        @param length: 验证码字符个数
        @param draw_lines: 是否划干扰线
        @param n_lines: 干扰线的条数范围,格式元组,默认为(1, 2),只有draw_lines为True时有效
        @param draw_points: 是否画干扰点
        @param point_chance: 干扰点出现的概率,大小范围[0, 100]
        @return: [0]: PIL Image实例
        @return: [1]: 验证码图片中的字符串
        '''
    
        width, height = size # 宽, 高
        img = Image.new(mode, size, bg_color) # 创建图形
        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img) # 创建画笔
    
        def get_chars():
            '''生成给定长度的字符串,返回列表格式'''
            return random.sample(chars, length)
    
        def create_lines():
            '''绘制干扰线'''
            line_num = random.randint(*n_line) # 干扰线条数
    
            for i in range(line_num):
                # 起始点
                begin = (random.randint(0, size[0]), random.randint(0, size[1]))
                #结束点
                end = (random.randint(0, size[0]), random.randint(0, size[1]))
                draw.line([begin, end], fill=(0, 0, 0))
    
        def create_points():
            '''绘制干扰点'''
            chance = min(100, max(0, int(point_chance))) # 大小限制在[0, 100]
    
            for w in range(width):
                for h in range(height):
                    tmp = random.randint(0, 100)
                    if tmp > 100 - chance:
                        draw.point((w, h), fill=(0, 0, 0))
    
        def create_strs():
            '''绘制验证码字符'''
            c_chars = get_chars()
            strs = ' %s ' % ' '.join(c_chars) # 每个字符前后以空格隔开
    
            font = ImageFont.truetype(font_type, font_size)
            font_width, font_height = font.getsize(strs)
    
            draw.text(((width - font_width) / 3, (height - font_height) / 3),
                        strs, font=font, fill=fg_color)
    
            return ''.join(c_chars)
    
        if draw_lines:
            create_lines()
        if draw_points:
            create_points()
        strs = create_strs()
    
        # 图形扭曲参数
        params = [1 - float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 100,
                  0,
                  0,
                  0,
                  1 - float(random.randint(1, 10)) / 100,
                  float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 500,
                  0.001,
                  float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 500
                  ]
        img = img.transform(size, Image.PERSPECTIVE, params) # 创建扭曲
    
        img = img.filter(ImageFilter.EDGE_ENHANCE_MORE) # 滤镜,边界加强(阈值更大)
    
        return img, strs
    check_code.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <form action="/login" method="post">
        <p><input name="user" placeholder="用户名" type="text"></p>
        <p><input name="pwd" placeholder="密码" type="text"></p>
        <p>
          <input name="mima" placeholder="验证码" type="text" >
            <img src="/check_code" onclick='ChangeCode();' id='imgCode'>
        </p>
        <input type="submit" value="提交"><span style="color: red">{{status}}</span>
    </form>
    <script>
        function ChangeCode() {
            var code = document.getElementById('imgCode');
            code.src += '?';
        }
    </script>
    </body>
    </html>
    login.html

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/luxiaojun/p/5705311.html
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