我看了出题人本题的做法，感觉很难写，就自己胡了一个(O((n + m) sqrt n))的做法。
第一步我的想法与出题人一样，都是考虑容斥降维。对第(i)组询问，我们枚举两个事件中较大的一个点((a, b))，它对答案的贡献为:所有满足(r_{i, 1} leq x leq a, c_{i, 1} leq y leq b)且((x, y) eq (a, b))的点数。把这个贡献按照常见的二维前缀和的方式拆成四种贡献（有些贡献要乘以(-1)的系数）：
贡献一:所有满足(x leq a, y leq b, (x, y) eq (a, b))的点数。
贡献二：所有满足(x < r_{i, 1}, y < c_{i, 1})的点数。
贡献三：所有满足(x < r_{i, 1}, y leq b)的点数。
贡献四：所有满足(x leq a, y < c_{i, 1})的点数。
考虑贡献一只和矩形内的每个点有关，可以用树状数组预处理比每个点“小”的点数再做一次静态二维数点。贡献二只和(r_{i, 1}, c_{i, 1})有关，可以用两次二维数点解决。由对称性，我们只需要考虑贡献三如何计算（贡献四只需要把(x, y)反过来就变成贡献三了）。
贡献三里面对((a, b))有(r_{i, 1} leq a leq r_{i, 2}, c_{i, 1} leq b leq c_{i, 2})的限制，我们再把(c_{i, 1} leq b leq c_{i, 2})这个条件拆成前缀和，于是问题就变成了：
每次询问是一个三元组((l, r, w))，你需要回答满足((a, b) leq (c, d))，(a < l leq c leq r, b < d leq w)的点对数量。
接下来考虑这个三维问题怎么做。我们把(0, 1, cdots, n)中所有(lfloor sqrt{n} floor)的倍数称为关键点，建立(O(sqrt n))个关键点。对每个询问((l, r, w))，我们设(leq l)且离(l)最近的关键点为(l')，那么考虑将((l, r, w))的(l)每次减1移动到(l')的时候，答案的增量都可以用二维数点来计算。
这样，问题变成了(O(m))组(l)是关键点的询问和(O(m sqrt m))组二维数点的询问。后者可以用扫描线 + (O(sqrt n))修改，(O(1))询问的分块数据结构来解决。而前者可以枚举(l)，算出(x ge l)的每个点((x, y))对答案的贡献（这只需要一次前缀和），然后对(r)做扫描线，问题又变成了：单点加一个数，询问前缀和。这一问题可以用(O(1))修改，(O(sqrt n))询问的分块结构来解决。
总结：
- “容斥降维”在某些问题上比较常用，比如静态询问坐标上一个直角边平行于坐标轴的点数。
- 本文后半部分的操作实际上是回滚莫队的思想，再结合了lxl提出的莫队二次离线的思想。
代码如下（不要在意我的辣鸡英文水平了）：
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int N = 100600, M = 200005, LOG = 25, LIM = 400;
template <class T>
void read(T &x) {
int sgn = 1;
char ch;
x = 0;
for (ch = getchar(); (ch < '0' || ch > '9') && ch != '-'; ch = getchar()) ;
if (ch == '-') ch = getchar(), sgn = -1;
for (; '0' <= ch && ch <= '9'; ch = getchar()) x = x * 10 + ch - '0';
x *= sgn;
}
template <class T>
void write(T x) {
if (x < 0) putchar('-'), write(-x);
else if (x < 10) putchar(x + '0');
else write(x / 10), putchar(x % 10 + '0');
}
//Fenwick tree and persistent segment tree
//num_i denotes the number of integer j such that 1 <= j < i and p_j < p_i
int n, m, lim, p[N], num[N], fenwick[N];
int rt[N], sgt1[N * LOG], lch[N * LOG], rch[N * LOG], cnt = 0;
long long sgt2[N * LOG], ans[M];
//Fenwick tree
int lowbit(int x) {
return x & -x;
}
void add(int x, int val) {
for (; x <= n; x += lowbit(x)) fenwick[x] += val;
}
int query(int pos) {
int res = 0;
for (; pos; pos ^= lowbit(pos)) res += fenwick[pos];
return res;
}
void get_num() {
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) fenwick[i] = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
num[i] = query(p[i]);
add(p[i], 1);
}
}
//Persistent segment tree
int newnode() {
int x = ++cnt;
sgt1[x] = 0, sgt2[x] = 0ll;
lch[x] = rch[x] = 0;
return x;
}
int build(int l, int r) {
int x = newnode(), mid = l + r >> 1;
if (l < r) lch[x] = build(l, mid), rch[x] = build(mid + 1, r);
return x;
}
int insert(int pos, int l, int r, int now, int val1, int val2) {
int mid = l + r >> 1, x = newnode();
sgt1[x] = sgt1[now] + val1;
sgt2[x] = sgt2[now] + val2;
lch[x] = lch[now], rch[x] = rch[now];
if (l < r) {
if (pos <= mid) lch[x] = insert(pos, l, mid, lch[now], val1, val2);
else rch[x] = insert(pos, mid + 1, r, rch[now], val1, val2);
}
return x;
}
int query1(int left, int right, int l, int r, int now) {
int mid = l + r >> 1;
if (left > right) return 0;
if (l == left && r == right) return sgt1[now];
else if (right <= mid) return query1(left, right, l, mid, lch[now]);
else if (left > mid) return query1(left, right, mid + 1, r, rch[now]);
else return query1(left, mid, l, mid, lch[now]) + query1(mid + 1, right, mid + 1, r, rch[now]);
}
long long query2(int left, int right, int l, int r, int now) {
int mid = l + r >> 1;
if (left > right) return 0ll;
if (l == left && r == right) return sgt2[now];
else if (right <= mid) return query2(left, right, l, mid, lch[now]);
else if (left > mid) return query2(left, right, mid + 1, r, rch[now]);
else return query2(left, mid, l, mid, lch[now]) + query2(mid + 1, right, mid + 1, r, rch[now]);
}
void build_tree() {
rt[0] = build(1, n);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
rt[i] = insert(p[i], 1, n, rt[i - 1], 1, num[i]);
}
}
struct qry {
int id, coef;
int l, r, w;
} ;
// A data structure called D1
// O(sqrt(n)) modify
// O(1) query
struct D1 {
int pre1[LIM], pre2[N];
void init() {
for (int i = 0; i <= lim; i++) pre1[i] = 0;
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) pre2[i] = 0;
}
void add(int pos, int val) {
for (int i = pos / lim; i <= lim; i++) pre1[i] += val;
for (int i = pos; i < pos / lim * lim + lim; i++) pre2[i] += val;
}
int query(int pos) {
if (pos / lim) return pre1[pos / lim - 1] + pre2[pos];
else return pre2[pos];
}
} DS1;
// A data structure called D2
// O(1) modify
// O(sqrt(n)) query
struct D2 {
long long vec1[LIM], vec2[N];
void init() {
for (int i = 0; i <= lim; i++) vec1[i] = 0ll;
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) vec2[i] = 0ll;
}
void add(int pos, int val) {
vec1[pos / lim] += val;
vec2[pos] += val;
}
long long query(int pos) {
long long res = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < pos / lim; i++) res += vec1[i];
for (int i = pos / lim * lim; i <= pos; i++) res += vec2[i];
return res;
}
} DS2;
struct D3 {
int perm[N], num[N];
vector<qry> qry1[N], qry2[N];
void add_qry(qry q) {
qry1[q.l].push_back(q), qry2[q.r].push_back(q);
}
// We proceed the impact of O(sqrt(n)) values in the part.
// Then we can assume that lim | l or l = n.
void proceed_small() {
DS1.init();
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
DS1.add(perm[i], 1);
for (int j = 0; j < qry2[i].size(); j++) {
int id = qry2[i][j].id, coef = qry2[i][j].coef;
int l = qry2[i][j].l, w = qry2[i][j].w;
for (int i = l / lim * lim; i < l; i++) {
if (i && perm[i] <= w) {
ans[id] += coef * (DS1.query(w) - DS1.query(perm[i]));
ans[id] -= coef * num[i];
}
}
}
int ri = min(n, (i / lim + 1) * lim - 1);
for (int j = i + 1; j <= ri; j++) {
for (int k = 0; k < qry1[j].size(); k++) {
int id = qry1[j][k].id, coef = qry1[j][k].coef;
int w = qry1[j][k].w;
if (perm[i] <= w) ans[id] -= coef * (DS1.query(w) - DS1.query(perm[i]));
}
}
}
}
int tmp[N];
void proceed_big() {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i += lim) {
for (int j = 0; j <= n; j++) tmp[j] = 0;
for (int j = 1; j < i; j++) tmp[perm[j]]++;
for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) tmp[j] += tmp[j - 1];
DS2.init();
for (int j = i; j <= n; j++) {
DS2.add(perm[j], tmp[perm[j]]);
for (int k = 0; k < qry2[j].size(); k++) {
int id = qry2[j][k].id, coef = qry2[j][k].coef;
int l = qry2[j][k].l, w = qry2[j][k].w;
if (i <= l && l < i + lim) ans[id] += 1ll * coef * DS2.query(w);
}
}
}
}
} P1, P2;
//P1 and P2 denotes the two different but similar parts of the algorithm.
int main() {
read(n), read(m);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) read(p[i]);
get_num();
build_tree();
//Initialize P1 and P2.
while (lim * lim <= n) lim++;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
P1.perm[i] = p[i], P2.perm[p[i]] = i;
P1.num[i] = num[i], P2.num[p[i]] = num[i];
}
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
P1.qry1[i].clear(), P1.qry2[i].clear();
P2.qry1[i].clear(), P2.qry2[i].clear();
}
for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) {
int lx, rx, ly, ry;
read(lx), read(rx), read(ly), read(ry);
// The first part
// You can avoid persistent segment tree since offline queries are allowed.
// But as a matter of convenient, I use persistent segment tree.
ans[i] = query2(ly, ry, 1, n, rt[rx]) - query2(ly, ry, 1, n, rt[lx - 1]);
int cnt1 = query1(1, ly - 1, 1, n, rt[lx - 1]), cnt2 = query1(ly, ry, 1, n, rt[rx]) - query1(ly, ry, 1, n, rt[lx - 1]);
ans[i] += 1ll * cnt1 * cnt2;
// The second part
// We divide the whole query into four parts.
// Then we should proceed these 4m queries offline, applying block algorithm.
qry qry1 = {i, -1, lx, rx, ry}, qry2 = {i, 1, lx, rx, ly - 1};
qry qry3 = {i, -1, ly, ry, rx}, qry4 = {i, 1, ly, ry, lx - 1};
P1.add_qry(qry1), P1.add_qry(qry2);
P2.add_qry(qry3), P2.add_qry(qry4);
}
P1.proceed_small(), P1.proceed_big();
P2.proceed_small(), P2.proceed_big();
for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) write(ans[i]), putchar('
');
return 0;
}